Linking Electrical Stimulation of Human Primary Visual Cortex, Size of Affected Cortical Area, Neuronal Responses, and Subjective Experience
Open accessAbstract
Electrical brain stimulation (EBS) complements neural measurements by probing the causal relationship between brain and perception, cognition, and action. Many fundamental questions about EBS remain unanswered, including the spatial extent of cortex responsive to stimulation, and the relationship between the circuitry engaged by EBS and the types of neural responses elicited by sensory stimulation. Here, we measured neural responses and the effects of EBS in primary visual cortex in four patients implanted with intracranial electrodes. Using stimulation, behavior, and retinotopic mapping, we show the relationship between the size of affected cortical area and the magnitude of electrical charge. Furthermore, we show that the spatial location of electrically induced visual sensations is matched to the receptive field of the cortical site measured with broadband field potentials, and less so with event related potentials. Together, these findings broaden our knowledge about the mechanism of EBS and the neuromodulation of the human brain.
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Phosphene size, stimulation threshold, and brightness depend on stimulation parameters such as pulse width, train length, amplitude, and frequency of stimulation.
“Furthermore, phosphene size, stimulation threshold (defined as the minimum current to produce a visible phosphene 50% of the time) and brightness depend on stimulation parameters such as the pulse width, train length, amplitude, and frequency of stimulation (Bak et al., 1990; Schmidt et al., 1996; Winawer and Parvizi, 2016; Bosking et al., 2017; Niketeghad et al., 2020; Fernández et al., 2021).”
From Towards biologically plausible phosphene simulation for the differentiable optimization of visual cortical prostheses (2024) · cites this paper as Winawer and Parvizi, 2016
The Results sections report that phosphene size increased with deposited charge and that perceived intensity varied with charge and stimulation frequency (page not provided). The Electrical Brain Stimulation procedures say pulse width, amplitude, frequency, and duration were varied, but the passages do not establish a separate effect for each parameter or address the stated 50% phosphene-detection threshold. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredOur simulator is the first to incorporate empirical models of current spread in cortical tissue to simulate the effects of stimulation current on phosphene size.
“However, our simulator is the first to incorporate empirical models of the current spread in cortical tissue (Tehovnik and Slocum, 2007; Winawer and Parvizi, 2016; Bosking et al., 2017) to simulate the effects of stimulation current on the phosphene size.”
From Towards biologically plausible phosphene simulation for the differentiable optimization of visual cortical prostheses (2024) · cites this paper as Winawer and Parvizi, 2016
The Results section (page not provided) reports an empirical relationship between electrical charge, phosphene size, and the inferred area of activated V1 cortex. It does not measure or model current spread through cortical tissue directly; its spatial-spread estimate comes from projecting phosphene outlines onto a retinotopic map. The claim that the citing authors’ simulator is the first to use such models is their own claim, not one attributed to this source. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe present results support previous findings and show that the border between V1 and V2, located near the occipital pole, is a suitable place for a cortical visual prosthesis.
“Our present results support previous findings (5, 10, 38, 39, 41, 42) and show that the border between V1 and V2, which is located near the occipital pole, is a suitable place for a cortical visual prosthesis (37).”
From Visual percepts evoked with an intracortical 96-channel microelectrode array inserted in human occipital cortex (2021) · cites this paper as [42]
The Introduction (page unavailable) reports that electrical stimulation of V1 produced localized visual sensations, which is relevant to a cortical visual prosthesis. The Electrode localization section (page unavailable) says the electrodes studied were in V1, but the paper does not identify the V1–V2 border near the occipital pole as a suitable prosthesis site. The citing authors’ statement about their own results is not a finding attributed to this source. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe size of the phosphene increases with its eccentricity due to cortical magnification.
“Due to the cortical magnification (the foveal information is represented by a relatively large surface area in the visual cortex as a result of variation of retinal RF size) the size of the phosphene increases with its eccentricity (Winawer and Parvizi, 2016; Bosking et al., 2017).”
From Towards biologically plausible phosphene simulation for the differentiable optimization of visual cortical prostheses (2024) · cites this paper as Winawer and Parvizi, 2016
Some recent studies developed descriptive models of the phosphene size or brightness as a function of the stimulation parameters.
“Some recent studies developed descriptive models of the phosphene size or brightness as a function of the stimulation parameters (Winawer and Parvizi, 2016; Bosking et al., 2017).”
From Towards biologically plausible phosphene simulation for the differentiable optimization of visual cortical prostheses (2024) · cites this paper as Winawer and Parvizi, 2016
The effects elicited by iES vary with the frequency and amplitude of stimulation, with higher parameter values tending to elicit more potent responses across many domains.
“This is critical because the effects elicited by iES are known to vary with the frequency and amplitude of stimulation (Mohan et al., 2020), with higher parameter values tending to elicit more potent responses across many domains, including visual (Winawer and Parvizi, 2016;Bosking et al., 2017), physiological (Inman et al., 2018), and emotional effects (Yih et al., 2019).”
From Does the Prefrontal Cortex Play an Essential Role in Consciousness? Insights from Intracranial Electrical Stimulation of the Human Brain (2021) · cites this paper as Winawer and Parvizi, 2016
More elongated and more complex phosphene shapes have been reported.
“However, more elongated shapes and more complex shapes have been reported as well (Bosking et al., 2017; Winawer and Parvizi, 2016; Bak et al., 1990).”
From Towards biologically plausible phosphene simulation for the differentiable optimization of visual cortical prostheses (2024) · cites this paper as Winawer and Parvizi, 2016
The Experimental Procedures (Phosphene recordings; page not provided) say participants drew phosphene outlines, but do not describe those outlines as elongated or complex. The Results passages discuss size, location, and intensity rather than shape complexity; searches for “elongated,” “complex,” and “shape” found no passage establishing the claim. (LLM, conf=0.72)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredRecent evidence suggests a link between phosphenes derived from brain stimulation and areas identified through retinal visual stimulus.
“Recent evidence suggests that there is a link between the phosphenes derived from brain stimulation and areas identified through retinal visual stimulus [7], but more studies are needed to determine how reliable and reproducible these percept overlaps would be.”
From Eye movements and the perceived location of phosphenes generated by intracranial primary visual cortex stimulation in the blind (2021) · cites this paper as [7]
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- Authors
- Winawer, J., & Parvizi, J.
- Affiliations
- New York University (US)
- Stanford University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Winawer, Jonathan
- Parvizi, Josef
- Venue
- Neuron
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2016-12
- Volume
- 92
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 1213-1219
- ISSN
- 0896-6273 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5182175
- OpenAlex
- W2560238712
- Cited by
- 95
- References
- 36
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 13
- FWCI
- 6.38
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
- www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
- www.elsevier.com/open-access/userlicense/1.0/ (vor, 385 d)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-017 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-037 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-012 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-029 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-004 (stm-asf)
- Locations
- Neuron (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Eye Institute (EY022116)
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (R01NS078396)
- National Institute of Mental Health (1R01MH109954-01)
- National Science Foundation (BCS1358907)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neural Engineering
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Visual perception and processing mechanisms
- Keywords
- electrical brain stimulation, primary visual cortex, retinotopic mapping, receptive fields, subjective visual perception, intracranial electrodes, neuromodulation, event-related potentials
- MeSH terms
- Electrocorticography, Adult, Electrodes, Implanted, Epilepsies, Partial, Female, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Visual Cortex, Visual Perception, Deep Brain Stimulation, Young Adult, Functional Neuroimaging
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