Direct activation of sparse, distributed populations of cortical neurons by electrical microstimulation

Histed, Mark H.; Bonin, Vincent; Reid, R. Clay

doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2009.07.016

Cited by 604Neuroscience and Neural EngineeringNeural dynamics and brain functionNeuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research

Direct activation of sparse, distributed populations of cortical neurons by electrical microstimulation

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Histed, Mark H., Bonin, Vincent, Reid, R. Clay·2009·Neuron

DOI 10.1016/j.neuron.2009.07.016PMC PMC2874753

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Abstract

For over a century, electrical microstimulation has been the most direct method for causally linking brain function with behavior. Despite this long history, it is still unclear how the activity of neural populations is affected by stimulation. For example, there is still no consensus on where activated cells lie or on the extent to which neural processes such as passing axons near the electrode are also activated. Past studies of this question have proven difficult because microstimulation interferes with electrophysiological recordings, which in any case provide only coarse information about the location of activated cells. We used two-photon calcium imaging, an optical method, to circumvent these hurdles. We found that microstimulation sparsely activates neurons around the electrode, sometimes as far as millimeters away, even at low currents. Our results indicate that the pattern of activated neurons likely arises from the direct activation of axons in a volume tens of microns in diameter.

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Stimulation in V1 with intracortical electrodes is estimated to activate tens to thousands of neurons, resulting in the perception of often 'featureless' white dots of light with a circular shape.
“Stimulation in V1 with intracortical electrodes is estimated to activate tens to thousands of neurons (Histed et al., 2009), resulting in the perception of often ‘featureless’ white dots of light with a circular shape (Brindley and Lewin, 1968; Bak et al., 1990; Schmidt et al., 1996; Niketeghad et al., 2020; Fernández et al., 2021).”
From Towards biologically plausible phosphene simulation for the differentiable optimization of visual cortical prostheses (2024) · cites this paper as Histed et al., 2009
The Results (‘Activation is sparse and distributed’; page unavailable) report that intracortical stimulation activated a small, distributed fraction of neurons and that the authors estimated the number activated at increasing currents. The copy does not substantiate the claimed range of tens to thousands of neurons, and the experiments were in rodent area 17 and cat area 18, not human V1. The description of white-dot percepts is attached to other citations in the citing sentence, so it is not assessed against Histed et al. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
In animal studies, researchers have found that stimulation activates interconnected neurons distant from the electrode, even at low currents.
“In animal studies, researchers have found that stimulation activates interconnected neurons distant from the electrode, even at low currents [145].”
From Advances in visual prostheses: engineering and biological challenges (2022) · cites this paper as [145]

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“Stimulation in V1 with intracortical electrodes is estimated to activate tens to thousands of neurons ( Histed et al., 2009 ), resulting in the perception of often ‘featureless’ white dots of light with a circular shape ( Brindley and Lewin, 1968 ; Bak et al., 1990 ; Schmidt et al., 1996 ;…”
Background
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“[22, 23] and nonlinear neural integration [24].”

Authors: Histed, M. H., Bonin, V., & Reid, R. C.
Affiliations: Harvard University (US)
Corresponding author: Histed, Mark H.
Reid, R. Clay
ORCID: Histed, Mark H.
Bonin, Vincent
Reid, R. Clay
Venue: Neuron
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2009-08
Volume: 63
Issue: 4
Pages: 508-522
ISSN: 0896-6273 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2009.07.016
PMC: PMC2874753
OpenAlex: W2137011456
Cited by: 604
References: 96
Citations by year: 2026: 34 · 2025: 32 · 2024: 25 · 2023: 40 · 2022: 37 · 2021: 36 · 2020: 36 · 2019: 49 · 2018: 34 · 2017: 35 · 2016: 31 · 2015: 27 · 2014: 48 · 2013: 38 · 2012: 34
FWCI: 14.00
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/open-access/userlicense/1.0/ (vor, 1446 d)
doi.org/10.15223/policy-017 (stm-asf)
doi.org/10.15223/policy-037 (stm-asf)
doi.org/10.15223/policy-012 (stm-asf)
doi.org/10.15223/policy-029 (stm-asf)
doi.org/10.15223/policy-004 (stm-asf)
Locations: Neuron (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Lirias (submittedVersion)
Funders: Microsoft Research
National Institutes of Health (R01 EY010115, R01 EY018742, R21 NS061203, T32 NS007484)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neural Engineering
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural dynamics and brain function
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
Keywords: electrical microstimulation, cortical neurons, two-photon calcium imaging
MeSH terms: Action Potentials, Animals, Cats, Cerebral Cortex, Electric Stimulation, Memory, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Microelectrodes, Neurons, Rats, Long-Evans, Mice, Rats

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Direct activation of sparse, distributed populations of cortical neurons by electrical microstimulation

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