Estimation of Current and Future Physiological States in Insular Cortex
Open accessAbstract
Interoception, the sense of internal bodily signals, is essential for physiological homeostasis, cognition, and emotions. While human insular cortex (InsCtx) is implicated in interoception, the cellular and circuit mechanisms remain unclear. We imaged mouse InsCtx neurons during two physiological deficiency states: hunger and thirst. InsCtx ongoing activity patterns reliably tracked the gradual return to homeostasis but not changes in behavior. Accordingly, while artificial induction of hunger or thirst in sated mice via activation of specific hypothalamic neurons (AgRP or SFO GLUT) restored cue-evoked food- or water-seeking, InsCtx ongoing activity continued to reflect physiological satiety. During natural hunger or thirst, food or water cues rapidly and transiently shifted InsCtx population activity to the future satiety-related pattern. During artificial hunger or thirst, food or water cues further shifted activity beyond the current satiety-related pattern. Together with circuit-mapping experiments, these findings suggest that InsCtx integrates visceral-sensory signals of current physiological state with hypothalamus-gated amygdala inputs that signal upcoming ingestion of food or water to compute a prediction of future physiological state.
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The ongoing long-timescale neural activity pattern of the mIC/pIC reliably tracks the current bodily state, but not subjective sensations or motivation, during hunger and thirst.
“A recent study shows that the ongoing long-timescale neural activity pattern of the mIC/pIC reliably tracks the current bodily state, but not subjective sensations or motivation, during two physiological deficiency states: hunger and thirst [56].”
From The Insular Cortex: An Interface Between Sensation, Emotion and Cognition (2024) · cites this paper as [56]
The Results and Discussion (pages not provided) report that ongoing insular-cortex activity reliably represented hunger and thirst states in mice and was largely distinct from motivated behavior. The paper does not directly test subjective sensations in those mice; its Discussion instead reports a separate human study finding that insular activity tracked bodily physiology rather than subjective water satiety. That narrower finding does not establish the claim about subjective sensations across both hunger and thirst. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThis framework might work at short time scales, but is best suited for longer time scales, with for instance predictions about future physiological states in insular cortex.
“This framework might work at short time scales (e.g., from one respiration cycle to the next), but is best suited for longer time scales (minutes, hours), with for instance predictions about future physiological states in insular cortex 208 .”
From Interoceptive rhythms in the brain (2023) · cites this paper as [208]
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Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Levitan D, Lin JY, Wachutka J, Mukherjee N, Nelson SB, and Katz DB (2019b). Single and population coding of taste in the gustatory cortex of awake mice. J Neurophysiol 122, 1342– 1356. 31339800 PMC6843090
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- Authors
- Livneh, Y., Sugden, A. U., Madara, J. C., Essner, R. A., Flores, V. I., Sugden, L. A., Resch, J. M., Lowell, B. B., & Andermann, M. L.
- Affiliations
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (US)
- Duquesne University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Lowell, Bradford B.
- Andermann, Mark L.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Neuron
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2020-03
- Volume
- 105
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 1094-1111.e10
- ISSN
- 0896-6273 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7083695
- OpenAlex
- W3000715106
- Cited by
- 209
- References
- 101
- Citations by year
- 2026: 22 · 2025: 34 · 2024: 29 · 2023: 32 · 2022: 41 · 2021: 28 · 2020: 23
- FWCI
- 15.90
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Neuron (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- McKnight Foundation
- Klarman Family Foundation
- National Science Foundation (DGE1745303, DP1 AT010971, DP2 DK105570, R01 DK109930)
- National Institutes of Health (K99 HL144923, T32 DK007516)
- Richard and Susan Smith Family Foundation
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Regulation of Appetite and Obesity
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural dynamics and brain function
- Keywords
- insula, physiological state, satiety, hunger, thirst, population activity, hypothalamus, amygdala, circuit mapping
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Cerebral Cortex, Clozapine, Cues, Female, Hunger, Hypothalamus, Male, Mice, Transgenic, Neural Pathways, Subfornical Organ, Thirst, Mice, Agouti-Related Protein, Optical Imaging, Optogenetics, Interoception
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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