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Cited by 707Psychosomatic Disorders and Their TreatmentsHeart Rate Variability and Autonomic ControlTactile and Sensory Interactions

The emerging science of Interoception: sensing, integrating, interpreting, and regulating signals within the self

Open access
Chen, Wen G., Schloesser, Dana, Arensdorf, Angela M., Simmons, Janine M., Cui, Changhai, Valentino, Rita, Gnadt, James W., Nielsen, Lisbeth +5 more·2021·Trends in Neurosciences
DOI 10.1016/j.tins.2020.10.007PMC PMC7780231
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Abstract

Interoception refers to the representation of the internal states of an organism, and includes the processes by which it senses, interprets, integrates, and regulates signals from within itself. This review presents a unified research framework and attempts to offer definitions for key terms to describe the processes involved in interoception. We elaborate on these definitions through illustrative research findings, and provide brief overviews of central aspects of interoception, including the anatomy and function of neural and non-neural pathways, diseases and disorders, manipulations and interventions, and predictive modeling. We conclude with discussions about major research gaps and challenges.

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Crossref · 10.1016/j.tins.2020.10.007

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  • From a PNE perspective, interoceptive skills-building helps a person notice relationships between inputs-physiology and biopsychosocial factors that influence threat or safety-and the output or experience of pain.

    “From a PNE perspective, interoceptive skills-building helps the person notice relationships between inputs (physiology, and BPS factors that influence threat or safety), and the output/experience of pain.58,59”

    From Remotely Delivered Psychologically Informed Mindful Movement Physical Therapy for Pain Care: A Framework for Operationalization (2023) · cites this paper as [58]

    The sections on interoceptive signals and on manipulations and interventions describe conscious attention to bodily states and behavioral approaches that may affect interoceptive processing. The diseases and disorders section also links altered interoceptive networks with chronic pain. The paper does not establish that interoceptive skills-building helps a person identify relationships between biopsychosocial threat-or-safety factors and their experience of pain. (LLM, conf=0.82)

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  • These insights empower a person to recognize their own unique triggers with less judgement, to build trust in themselves, and to find ways to change the relationships and reactions to bodily activations.

    “These insights empower the person to recognize their own unique triggers with less judgement, to build trust in themselves, and to find ways to change the relationships and reactions to these bodily activations.”

    From Remotely Delivered Psychologically Informed Mindful Movement Physical Therapy for Pain Care: A Framework for Operationalization (2023) · cites this paper as [58]

    The “Functional Impact and Dynamics” section links interoception to emotions and adaptive behavior, and “Manipulations and Interventions” discusses behavioral approaches that may affect interoceptive signals. Neither section says these insights help a person identify unique triggers without judgment, build self-trust, or change their relationship to bodily sensations. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.78)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Interoceptive sensation is mediated by two primary ascending neural pathways: the spinal nerve pathway and the vagal nerve pathway.

    “The interoceptive sensation is mediated by two primary ascending neural pathways: the spinal nerve pathway and the vagal nerve pathway [55].”

    From The Insular Cortex: An Interface Between Sensation, Emotion and Cognition (2024) · cites this paper as [55]

  • Interoception impairment is a core feature that can occur in multiple clinical conditions.

    “Interoception impairment (i.e., difficulties in the sensing, perceiving, and anticipating of signals arising from within the body) is a core feature that can occur in multiple clinical conditions.1, 2, 3”

    From Altered spatiotemporal brain dynamics of interoception in behavioural-variant frontotemporal dementia (2025) · cites this paper as [2]

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Authors
Chen, W. G., Schloesser, D., Arensdorf, A. M., Simmons, J. M., Cui, C., Valentino, R., Gnadt, J. W., Nielsen, L., Hillaire-Clarke, C. S., Spruance, V., Horowitz, T. S., Vallejo, Y. F., & Langevin, H. M.
Affiliations
National Institutes of Health (US)
Corresponding author
Chen, Wen G.
ORCID
Venue
Trends in Neurosciences
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2021-01
Volume
44
Issue
1
Pages
3-16
ISSN
0166-2236 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1016/j.tins.2020.10.007
PMC
PMC7780231
OpenAlex
W3115649676
Cited by
707
References
119
Citations by year
2026: 145 · 2025: 155 · 2024: 138 · 2023: 133 · 2022: 85 · 2021: 48 · 2020: 3
FWCI
11.16
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Trends in Neurosciences (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders
NIH Blueprint for Neuroscience Research
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Psychosomatic Disorders and Their Treatments
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Heart Rate Variability and Autonomic Control
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Tactile and Sensory Interactions
Keywords
interoception, interoceptive signals, signal integration, neural pathways, predictive modeling, research framework
MeSH terms
Humans, Interoception

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