Expanding the canon: An inclusive neurobiology of thalamic and subthalamic fear circuits
Open accessAbstract
Appropriate expression of fear in the face of threats in the environment is essential for survival. The sustained expression of fear in the absence of threat signals is a central pathological feature of trauma- and anxiety-related disorders. Our understanding of the neural circuitry that controls fear inhibition coalesces around the amygdala, hippocampus, and prefrontal cortex. By discussing thalamic and sub-thalamic influences on fear-related learning and expression in this review, we suggest a more inclusive neurobiological framework that expands our canonical view of fear. First, we visit how fear-related learning and expression is influenced by the aforementioned canonical brain regions. Next, we review emerging data that shed light on new roles for thalamic and subthalamic nuclei in fear-related learning and expression. Then, we highlight how these neuroanatomical hubs can modulate fear via integration of sensory and salient stimuli, gating information flow and calibrating behavioral responses, as well as maintaining and updating memory representations. Finally, we propose that the presence of this thalamic and sub-thalamic neuroanatomy in parallel with the tripartite prefrontal cortex-amygdala-hippocampus circuit allows for dynamic modulation of information based on interoceptive and exteroceptive signals. This article is part of the Special Issue on "Fear, Anxiety and PTSD".
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These ROIs have been previously associated with fear memory and align with work at the circuit level.
“These ROIs have been previously associated with fear memory56,59-66 and align with work at the circuit level62.”
From Magnetic resonance microscopy maps widespread effects of Alzheimer’s disease on brain structures and behavior in mice (2026) · cites this paper as [59]
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- [77]Cho JH, Deisseroth K, Bolshakov VY, Synaptic encoding of fear extinction in mPFCamygdala circuits. Neuron 80, 1491– 1507 (2013). 24290204 PMC3872173
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- Authors
- Venkataraman, A., & Dias, B. G.
- Affiliations
- University of San Francisco (US)
- University of Southern California (US)
- Corresponding author
- Dias, Brian George
- Venue
- Neuropharmacology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2023-03
- Volume
- 226
- Pages
- 109380
- ISSN
- 0028-3908 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC9984284
- OpenAlex
- W4313397549
- Cited by
- 26
- References
- 193
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 3
- FWCI
- 0.70
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Neuropharmacology (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Funders
- NIMH
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Keywords
- fear circuit, thalamus, subthalamic nucleus, amygdala, hippocampus, prefrontal cortex, fear extinction, anxiety disorders, post-traumatic stress disorder, interoception, exteroception, memory updating, neural circuits
- MeSH terms
- Anxiety Disorders, Brain, Fear, Humans, Learning, Thalamus
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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