Mental health prevalence and predictors among university students in nine countries during the COVID-19 pandemic: a cross-national study
Open accessAbstract
The student population has been highly vulnerable to the risk of mental health deterioration during the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. This study aimed to reveal the prevalence and predictors of mental health among students in Poland, Slovenia, Czechia, Ukraine, Russia, Germany, Turkey, Israel, and Colombia in a socioeconomic context during the COVID-19 pandemic. The study was conducted among 2349 students (69% women) from May-July 2020. Data were collected by means of the Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD-7), Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-8), Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10), Gender Inequality Index (GII), Standard & Poor's Global Ratings, the Oxford COVID-19 Government Response Tracker (OxCGRT), and a sociodemographic survey. Descriptive statistics and Bayesian multilevel skew-normal regression analyses were conducted. The prevalence of high stress, depression, and generalized anxiety symptoms in the total sample was 61.30%, 40.3%, and 30%, respectively. The multilevel Bayesian model showed that female sex was a credible predictor of PSS-10, GAD-7, and PHQ-8 scores. In addition, place of residence (town) and educational level (first-cycle studies) were risk factors for the PHQ-8. This study showed that mental health issues are alarming in the student population. Regular psychological support should be provided to students by universities.
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- Authors
- Ochnik, D., Rogowska, A. M., Kuśnierz, C., Jakubiak, M., Schütz, A., Held, M. J., Arzenšek, A., Benatov, J., Berger, R., Korchagina, E. V., Pavlova, I., Blažková, I., Aslan, I., Çınar, O., & Cuero-Acosta, Y. A.
- Affiliations
- Akademia Śląska (PL)
- University of Opole (PL)
- Opole University of Technology (PL)
- Maria Curie-Skłodowska University (PL)
- University of Bamberg (DE)
- University of Primorska (SI)
- University of Haifa (IL)
- Tel Aviv University (IL)
- Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University (RU)
- Mendel University in Brno (CZ)
- Ağrı İbrahim Çeçen University (TR)
- Corresponding author
- Held, Marco J.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Scientific Reports
- Published
- 2021-09-20
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 18644-18644
- ISSN
- 2045-2322 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC8452732
- OpenAlex
- W3198966822
- Cited by
- 220
- References
- 104
- Citations by year
- 2026: 20 · 2025: 28 · 2024: 52 · 2023: 60 · 2022: 54 · 2021: 6
- FWCI
- 29.29
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Scientific Reports (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Ağrı İbrahim Çeçen University Institutional Repository (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Otto-Friedrich-Universität Bamberg
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Student Stress and Coping
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Keywords
- student mental health, COVID-19 pandemic, depression, generalized anxiety disorder, perceived stress, university students, cross-national comparison, gender differences, socioeconomic factors, psychological support, risk factors
- MeSH terms
- COVID-19, Anxiety Disorders, Bayes Theorem, Depression, Female, Geography, Humans, Male, Mental Health, Regression Analysis, Stress, Psychological, Students, Universities, Prevalence, Multilevel Analysis, Pandemics
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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