Drivers of food waste and their implications for sustainable policy development

May combine two claims.

The production of lost and wasted food globally accounts for 24 percent of total freshwater resources used in food production, 23 percent of global cropland, and 23 percent of global fertilizer use.

“The production of this lost and wasted food globally has been estimated to account for 24 percent of total freshwater resources used in food production, 23 percent of global cropland, and 23 percent of global fertilizer use (Kummu et al. 2012).”

• cites Kummu et al. 2012 sourceNot checked yet

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May combine two claims.

In the U.S., the production of wasted food requires over 25 percent of total freshwater used, about 300 million barrels of oil, and represents two percent of annual energy consumption.

“In the U.S., the production of wasted food requires the expenditure of over 25 percent of the total freshwater used in the U.S., about 300 million barrels of oil (Hall et al. 2009), and represents two percent of annual energy consumption (Cuellar and Webber 2010).”

• cites Hall et al. 2009 sourceNot checked yet

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• cites Cuellar and Webber 2010 sourceNot checked yet

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May combine two claims.

Food waste generation is a function of cultural, personal, political, geographic, and economic forces that influence behavior in specific ways, and it may differ from person to person, year to year, or from society to society.

“Therefore, food waste generation is a function of cultural, personal, political, geographic, and economic forces that influence behavior in specific ways (Pearson et al. 2013) and it may differ from person to person, year to year, or from society to society.”

• cites Pearson et al. 2013Not checked yet

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May combine two claims.

Food waste tends to degrade faster than other landfilled organic materials, has a high methane yield, and does not contribute to considerable biogenic sequestration in landfills; therefore, reducing the amount of food waste landfilled should be a priority.

“Food waste tends to degrade faster than other landfilled organic materials, has a high methane yield, and does not contribute to considerable biogenic sequestration in landfills (Levis and Barlaz 2011); therefore, reducing the amount of food waste landfilled should be a priority.”

• cites Levis and Barlaz 2011Not checked yet

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May combine two claims.

Higher incomes are associated with a more varied diet, and growth in household incomes is associated with a decline in starchy food staples and a diversification of diet toward more meats, dairy, fish, and poultry.

“Growth in household incomes is associated with a decline in starchy food staples and a diversification of diet toward more meats, dairy, fish, and poultry (Fischler 1999, Parfitt et al. 2010), per Bennett's Law (food share of starchy staples decreases as income increases) (Bennett 1941).”

• cites Drewnowski 1999Not checked yet

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• cites Pingali and Khwaja 2004Not checked yet

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• cites Fischler 1999Not checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Urbanization is expected to continue increasing globally; one estimate was that 70 percent of people worldwide will live in urban environments by 2015.

“Urbanization is expected to continue increasing globally; one estimate was 70 percent of people worldwide will live in urban environments by 2015 (United Nations 2008).”

• cites United Nations 2008Not checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Since food sources are not local, there are more opportunities to market diverse foods different from those grown locally.

“Since food sources are not local, there are more opportunities to market diverse foods, different from those grown locally.”

May combine two claims.

Urbanization leads to diet diversification and a disconnection from food sources, which may increase food waste.

“It leads to diet diversification and a disconnection from food sources which ultimately may increase food waste.”

May combine two claims.

Definitions of food waste are not universally agreed upon, which makes studying and quantifying food waste difficult.

“Definitions of food waste are not universally agreed upon (Lebersorger and Schneider 89 2011), which makes studying and quantifying food waste difficult (Buzby and Hyman 2012).”

• cites Lebersorger and Schneider 2011Not checked yet

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• cites Buzby and Hyman 2012 sourceNot checked yet

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May combine two claims.

Western diets, with vulnerable, shorter shelf-life foods, are associated with greater food waste and a greater drain on environmental resources.

“Western diets, with vulnerable, shorter shelf-life foods, are associated with greater food waste and a greater drain on environmental resources (Lundqvist et al. 2008).”

• cites Lundqvist et al. 2008Not checked yet

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May combine two claims.

There are far fewer farms and farmers in urbanized areas, so fewer people interact directly with agricultural processes or live near food production, hindering knowledge about food origins.

“There are far fewer farms and farmers in urbanized areas, so fewer people interact directly with agricultural processes or live near places where food is produced, hindering knowledge about food origins.”

May combine two claims.

In wealthy countries, such as the U.S., food is relatively inexpensive compared to other expenses and people can afford to waste food.

“In wealthy countries, such as the U.S., food is relatively inexpensive compared to other expenses (e.g., housing) and people can afford to waste food (Pearson et al. 2013).”

• cites Pearson et al. 2013Not checked yet

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May combine two claims.

Industrialization of food systems affects the foods people consume, the types and quantities of food waste, and contributes to increased physical distancing of people from food production and preparation.

“Industrialization of food systems, which results in a transition of food production and preparation from the home to factory and from handcraft to purchasing (Strasser 1999), affects the foods that people consume, the types and quantities of food waste, and contributes to increased physical distancing of people from food production and preparation.”

• cites Strasser 1999Not checked yet

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May combine two claims.

Disconnection from food means people have no sense of what their food is made of or how it was produced.

“This promotes disconnections from food (Parfitt et al. 2010), so that people have no sense of what their food is made of or how it was produced (Fischler 1999).”

• cites Parfitt et al. 2010 sourceNot checked yet

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• cites Fischler 1999Not checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Food supply globalization was made possible by social and technological changes occurring after food supply industrialization.

“Food supply globalization was made possible by social and technological changes occurring after food supply industrialization (Robertson 1990).”

• cites Robertson 1990 sourceNot checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The difference in Spanish and U.K. managers' views is possibly due to recent campaigns in the U.K. emphasizing food waste as a problem.

“This is possibly due to recent campaigns in the U.K. emphasizing food waste as a problem.”

May combine two claims.

Countries such as France have deep food cultures which are deeply embedded in culture and which have been developed over long periods of time.

“Countries such as France have deep food cultures which are deeply embedded in culture and which have been developed over long periods of time (Gatley et al. 2014).”

• cites Gatley et al. 2014 sourceNot checked yet

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May combine two claims.

Culture plays a fundamental role in shaping food, eating, and nutrition, as well as waste generation.

“Culture plays a fundamental role in shaping food, eating, and nutrition (Rozin 2005, Sobal 1998), as well as waste generation.”

• cites Rozin 2005 sourceNot checked yet

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• cites Sobal 1998 sourceNot checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The U.S. has an unhealthy relationship with food, and overall, the U.S. food culture places little value on food, leading to waste.

“Bloom (2010) has argued that the U.S. has an unhealthy relationship with food, and overall, the U.S. food culture places little value on food, leading to waste.”

• cites Bloom (2010)Not checked yet

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May combine two claims.

Surveys of attitudes and behaviors have shown some correlations between food wasting behaviors and certain socio-demographic characteristics, although there is no clear consensus regarding which socio-demographic factors relate to more waste.

“Surveys of attitudes and behaviors have shown some correlations between food wasting behaviors and certain socio-demographic characteristics (Pearson et al. 2013), although there is no clear consensus regarding which socio-demographic factors relate to more waste.”

• cites Pearson et al. 2013Not checked yet

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May combine two claims.

Spanish retail food managers did not see food wastage as a major problem, but managers in the U.K. placed waste on a higher agenda.

“Mena et al. (2015) found that Spanish retail food managers did not see food wastage as a major problem, but managers in the U.K. placed waste on a higher agenda.”

• cites Mena et al. (2015)Not checked yet

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May combine two claims.

French attitudes toward food tend to emphasize moderation and quality, rather than abundance and quantity as in the U.S.

“French attitudes toward food tend to emphasize moderation and quality, rather than abundance and quantity as in the U.S. (Rozin 2005).”

• cites Rozin 2005 sourceNot checked yet

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May combine two claims.

New dietary patterns reflect global patterns and may differ significantly from traditional food practices, particularly because non-local foods are available and there is an overall increase in the range and quantities of available foods.

“New dietary patterns reflect global patterns and may differ significantly from traditional food practices, particularly because non-local foods are available for consumption and there is an overall increase in the range and quantities of available foods (Pingali and Khwaja 2004).”

• cites Pingali and Khwaja 2004Not checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Understanding demographic patterns can lead to a better understanding of how wastage patterns may change as demographics change.

“Understanding demographic patterns can lead to a better understanding of how wastage patterns may change as demographics change (e.g., ageing populations).”

May combine two claims.

Food now travels long distances and to more supermarkets in place of small, local markets, so consumers purchase more non-local foods.

“Food now travels long distances (Pretty et al. 2005), and to more supermarkets in place of small, local markets, and so consumers purchase more non-local foods.”

• cites Pretty et al. 2005 sourceNot checked yet

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May combine two claims.

In Australia, food waste fell sharply as age increased; among 18 to 24 year olds, 38 percent of respondents wasted more than $30 (Australian) on fresh food over two weeks, compared to seven percent of people aged 70 and up.

“In Australia, food waste fell sharply as age increased; among 18 to 24 year olds, 38 percent of respondents wasted more than $30 (Australian) on fresh food over two weeks, compared to seven percent of people aged 70 and up (Hamilton et al. 2005).”

• cites Hamilton et al. 2005Not checked yet

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May combine two claims.

People from different cultures regard different foods and food parts as edible, and throw different parts away.

“People from different cultures regard different foods and food parts as edible, and throw different parts away (Strasser 1999).”

• cites Strasser 1999Not checked yet

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May combine two claims.

Some cultures, particularly the U.S. and Australia, have weak food traditions of their own, meaning there are few longstanding rules and rituals about what to eat and when to eat it, and there are weak connections between the production and preparation of food and its consumption.

“Pollan (2007) points out that some cultures, particularly the U.S. and Australia, have weak food traditions of their own, meaning there are few longstanding rules and rituals about what to eat and when to eat it, and there are weak connections between the production and preparation of food and its consumption.”

• cites Pollan (2007)Not checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Changes in diets spurred by globalization affect the type of food that is disposed; people may be more likely to waste food as they do not have a deep connection and understanding of it.

“Changes in diets spurred by globalization affect the type of food that is disposed; people also may be more likely to waste food as they do not have a deep connection and understanding of it.”

May combine two claims.

In developing countries, consumers generally buy smaller amounts of food each time they shop compared to developed countries, often just enough for meals that day, which may reduce waste.

“In developing countries, consumers generally buy smaller amounts of food each time they shop (compared to developed countries), often just enough for meals that day (Pearson et al. 2013), which may reduce waste.”

• cites Pearson et al. 2013Not checked yet

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Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Food safety inspections or food labeling requirements mandate the disposal of food that is not allowed to be sold or consumed, such as food that is improperly labeled or inadequately stored.

“Food safety inspections or food labeling requirements mandate the disposal of food that is not allowed to be sold or consumed, such as food that is improperly labeled or inadequately stored.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The USDA and the European Union have recognized that food safety policies contribute to waste, but consider human health protection the primary concern.

“The USDA and the European Union (EU) have recognized that food safety policies contribute to waste, but consider human health protection the primary concern.”

May combine two claims.

There is no clear consensus on attitudes toward food waste, although food waste awareness has been shown to reduce waste.

“There is no clear consensus on attitudes toward food waste, although food waste awareness has been shown to reduce waste (Parizeau et al. 2015).”

• cites Parizeau et al. 2015 sourceNot checked yet

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May combine two claims.

Koivupuro et al. (2012) found no significant difference in waste per capita based on household size, but people that lived alone generated the most waste per capita.

“Koivupuro et al. (2012) found no significant difference in waste per capita based on household size, but people that lived alone generated the most waste per capita.”

• cites Koivupuro et al. (2012) sourceNot checked yet

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May combine two claims.

Cohen et al. (2014) evaluated plate waste at several schools before and after the 2012 standards were implemented, and found substantial amounts of food waste both before and after the 2012 policy.

“However, Cohen et al. (2014) evaluated plate waste at several schools before and after the 2012 standards were implemented, and found substantial amounts of food waste both before and after the 2012 policy.”

• cites Cohen et al. (2014) sourceNot checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Schwartz et al. (2015) found that the standard reduced plate waste in middle schools.

“Schwartz et al. (2015) found that the standard reduced plate waste in middle schools; so, it is unclear whether the standard causes increased food wastage.”

• cites Schwartz et al. (2015)Not checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Others found little or no correlation between income and food wastage.

“However, others found little or no correlation between income and food wastage (Koivupuro et al. 2012, Van Garde and Woodburn 1987, Wenlock et al. 1980).”

• cites Koivupuro et al. 2012 sourceNot checked yet

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• cites Van Garde and Woodburn 1987Not checked yet

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• cites Wenlock et al. 1980 sourceNot checked yet

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May combine two claims.

Lower food waste has been found in low-income compared to high-income households, and food waste has also been shown to increase with household income.

“Lower food waste has been found in low-income compared to high-income households (Cox andDowning 2007, WasteMinz 2014) and food waste has also been shown to increase with household income (Baker et al. 2009).”

• cites Cox andDowning 2007Not checked yet

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• cites WasteMinz 2014Not checked yet

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• cites Baker et al. 2009Not checked yet

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May combine two claims.

Policies that contribute to food waste aim to achieve some overall benefit such as food safety or enhanced nutrition, but they may also lead to increased food wastage.

“These policies aim to achieve some overall benefit (food safety or enhanced nutrition), but they may also lead to increased food wastage.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The 2010 Healthy, Hunger-Free Kids Act has been criticized for leading to substantially more food waste because students dislike the new meals and are throwing away fruits and vegetables that they are required to take.

“This policy has been criticized for leading to substantially more food waste because students dislike the new meals and are throwing away fruits and vegetables that they are required to take (Jalonick 2014).”

• cites Jalonick 2014Not checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Cultural, political, economic, geographic, and sociodemographic drivers may cause food waste behaviors, but so can personal preference, values, and attitudes.

“Cultural, political, economic, geographic, and sociodemographic drivers described in section 4 may cause the behaviors, but so can personal preference, values, and attitudes.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Older participants felt that wasting food was wrong, which may be based on the fact that many people of this age group experienced austerity and food rationing during World War II, establishing attitudes against wastefulness.

“These older participants felt that wasting food was wrong, which may be based on the fact that many people of this age group experienced austerity and food rationing during World War II, establishing attitudes against wastefulness (Quested et al. 2013).”

• cites Quested et al. 2013 sourceNot checked yet

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May combine two claims.

Larger households waste less per capita than smaller households, especially those where people live alone.

“Larger households waste less per capita than smaller households (Baker et al. 2009, Parizeau et al. 2015, WasteMinz 2015, Williams et al. 2012), especially those where people live alone (WasteMinz 2014).”

• cites Baker et al. 2009Not checked yet

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• cites Parizeau et al. 2015 sourceNot checked yet

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• cites WasteMinz 2014Not checked yet

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May combine two claims.

Specific causes of retail and institutional food waste include unpurchased specialty holiday food, damaged packaging, damaged or inadequately prepared items, overstocking or over-preparation of food, routine kitchen preparation waste, and out-grading/quality control.

“Specific causes include (1) unpurchased specialty holiday food; (2) damaged packaging; (3) damaged or inadequately prepared items; (4) overstocking or over-preparation of food; (5) routine kitchen preparation waste; and (6) out-grading/quality control (Buzby and Hyman 2012).”

• cites Buzby and Hyman 2012 sourceNot checked yet

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May combine two claims.

Over-provisioning is both intentional and unintentional, as cooks may find it difficult to estimate how much to cook, but they also would rather prepare too much food than not enough.

“Over-provisioning is both intentional and unintentional, as cooks may find it difficult to estimate how much to cook, but they also would rather prepare too much food than not enough (Pearson et al. 2013).”

• cites Pearson et al. 2013Not checked yet

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May combine two claims.

In the home, wastes may be generated due to preparing too much food or preparing food inadequately.

“In the home, wastes may be generated due to preparing too much food (Koivupuro et al. 2012) or preparing food inadequately.”

• cites Koivupuro et al. 2012 sourceNot checked yet

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May combine two claims.

People may lack the skills to prepare food well, or to reuse leftovers.

“People may lack the skills to prepare food well, or to reuse leftovers.”

May combine two claims.

Food is commonly purchased without much thought as to how it will be used, which can contribute to wastage.

“Food is commonly purchased without much thought as to how it will be used (Gustavsson et al. 2011) which can contribute to wastage.”

• cites Gustavsson et al. 2011Not checked yet

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May combine two claims.

In food service, plate waste is a significant contributor to food waste, and results from large portion sizes and undesired accompaniments.

“In food service, plate waste is a significant contributor to food waste (NRDC 2012), and results from large portion sizes and undesired accompaniments.”

• cites NRDC 2012Not checked yet

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May combine two claims.

These large portions encourage both waste and obesity.

“These large portions encourage both waste and obesity (Young and Nestle 2002).”

• cites Young and Nestle 2002Not checked yet

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May combine two claims.

Differences in wastage across commodity types may be attributed to packaging differences, susceptibility to damage, and the public's knowledge and familiarity with certain foods.

“These differences may be attributed to packaging differences, susceptibility to damage, and the public's knowledge and familiarity with certain foods.”

May combine two claims.

Overstocking is an issue because retailers would rather put more stock out than run out of items and restaurants prefer to have a wide array of available menu options.

“Overstocking also is an issue because retailers would rather put more stock out than run out of items and restaurants prefer to have a wide array of available menu options (Stuart 2009).”

• cites Stuart 2009Not checked yet

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May combine two claims.

In U.S. supermarkets, the percentage of fresh produce delivered that was not sold for any reason ranged from 2.2 percent for sweet corn to 62.9 percent for turnip greens; the range for fruits was smaller, from 4.1 percent for bananas to 43.1 percent for papaya.

“Buzby et al. (2015) found that in U.S. supermarkets, the percentage of fresh produce delivered to U.S. supermarkets that was not sold for any reason ranged from 2.2 (sweet corn) to 62.9 (turnip greens) percent; the range for fruits was smaller, ranging from 4.1 (bananas) to 43.1 (papaya) percent.”

• cites Buzby et al. (2015) sourceNot checked yet

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May combine two claims.

Poor planning at the shopping stage leads to over-provisioning and impulse or bulk purchases, which are significant contributors to food waste.

“Poor planning at the shopping stage leads to over-provisioning and impulse or bulk purchases (Koivupuro et al. 2012), which are significant contributors to food waste (Pearson et al. 2013).”

• cites Koivupuro et al. 2012 sourceNot checked yet

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• cites Pearson et al. 2013Not checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Some work has found a lack of concern and awareness regarding food waste and a perception that food waste prevention is not a priority.

“Some work has found a lack of concern and awareness regarding food waste (Buzby et al. 2011, Pearson et al. 2013) and a perception that food waste prevention is not a priority (Graham-Rowe et al. 2014).”

• cites Buzby et al. 2011 sourceNot checked yet

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• cites Pearson et al. 2013Not checked yet

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• cites Graham-Rowe et al. 2014 sourceNot checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

A package of prevention policies are necessary to prevent food waste; they should encompass three key aspects: Values, Skills, and Logistics.

“It can be concluded that a package of prevention policies are necessary to prevent food waste; they should encompass three key aspects: Values, Skills, and Logistics.”

May combine two claims.

Confusion and general misconceptions about food safety and high sensitivities to food safety are contributors to food waste.

“This confusion and general misconceptions about food safety and high sensitivities to food safety are contributors to food waste (Pearson et al. 2013).”

• cites Pearson et al. 2013Not checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

Food waste is a complex, interdisciplinary, and international issue which can have profound effects for global sustainability.

“This paper demonstrated that food waste is a complex, interdisciplinary, and international issue which can have profound effects for global sustainability.”

May combine two claims.

Food spoilage due to improper or suboptimal storage, poor visibility in refrigerators, and partially used ingredients leads to wastage.

“Food spoilage due to improper or suboptimal storage, poor visibility in refrigerators, and partially used ingredients, leads to wastage (NRDC 2012).”

• cites NRDC 2012Not checked yet

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May combine two claims.

National circumstances and cultural norms have been linked to food wastage, so wastage patterns may differ from region to region and country to country.

“National circumstances and cultural norms have also been linked to food wastage (BioIntelligence Service 2011), so wastage patters may differ from region to region and country to country.”

• cites BioIntelligence Service 2011Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Values involves addressing values and perceptions which drive behavior.

“The first aspect, Values, involves addressing values and perceptions which drive behavior.”

May combine two claims.

State rules vary in coverage and what the dates mean, which leads to consumer confusion, and often results in safe, edible food being thrown away.

“State rules vary in coverage and what the dates mean which leads to consumer confusion (Kosa et al. 2007), and often results in safe, edible food being thrown away.”

• cites Kosa et al. 2007 sourceNot checked yet

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May combine two claims.

Portion sizes in the home, as measured in the sizes of bowls, glasses, and dinner plates, and serving sizes as presented in cookbooks, have been increasing.

“Portion sizes in the home, as measured in the sizes of bowls, glasses, and dinner plates, and serving sizes as presented in cookbooks, have been increasing.”

May combine two claims.

A survey of U.K. households found 47 percent more fresh food was wasted compared to frozen foods because fresh food spoils faster.

“A survey of U.K. households found 47 percent more fresh food was wasted compared to frozen foods because fresh food spoils faster (Martindale 2014).”

• cites Martindale 2014 sourceNot checked yet

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Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Values policy options should address identified concerns regarding food wastage, which include: food waste is a waste of resources; wasting food is wrong and yields feelings of guilt; and food waste negatively impacts the environment.

“Values policy options should address identified concerns regarding food wastage, which include: (1) food waste is a waste of resources (money and edible food); (2) wasting food is wrong (WasteMinz 2014) and yields feelings of guilt (Graham-Rowe et al. 2014); and (3) food waste negatively impacts the environment (Doron 2013).”

• cites WasteMinz 2014Not checked yet

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• cites Graham-Rowe et al. 2014 sourceNot checked yet

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• cites Doron 2013Not checked yet

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Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

It is necessary to address multiple prevention mechanisms simultaneously because prevention is not created by one, but by many behaviors.

“It is necessary to address multiple prevention mechanisms simultaneously because prevention is not created by one, but by many behaviors (Cox et al. 2010).”

• cites Cox et al. 2010 sourceNot checked yet

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May combine two claims.

There are an array of attitudes, preferences, values, and behaviors toward food which contribute to the propensity to waste food at residential, institutional, and commercial sectors; these factors may differ from person to person.

“Sections 4 and 5 demonstrated that there are an array of attitudes, preferences, values, and behaviors toward food which contribute to the propensity to waste food at residential, institutional, and commercial sectors; these factors may differ from person to person.”

May combine two claims.

Waste prevention requires changes in people's behavior, both collectively and individually.

“Waste prevention requires changes in people's behavior, both collectively (e.g., companies) and individually (BioIntelligence Service 2011, Wilson 1996).”

• cites BioIntelligence Service 2011Not checked yet

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• cites Wilson 1996 sourceNot checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

Examination of the diverse range of food wastage drivers and behaviors provides insight into the best ways to achieve successful food waste prevention, which possibly can reverse the trend of increased food wastage.

“Examination of the diverse range of food wastage drivers and behaviors provides insight into the best ways to achieve successful food waste prevention, which possibly can reverse the trend of increased food wastage.”

May combine two claims.

Large quantities of food are currently wasted, and food waste disposal has been shown to increase with time.

“Table 4 illustrated that large quantities of food is currently wasted, and food waste disposal has been shown to increase with time (Thyberg et al. 2015).”

• cites Thyberg et al. 2015Not checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

People should be trained in food management skills to empower them to reduce waste.

“Graham-Rowe (2014) also determined that people should be trained in food management skills to empower them to reduce waste.”

• cites Graham-Rowe (2014) sourceNot checked yet

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Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Data from monitoring and evaluation can serve as critical resources for designing future waste prevention programs and improving existing programs.

“These data can serve as critical resources for designing future waste prevention programs and improving existing programs (Thyberg and Tonjes 2015).”

• cites Thyberg and Tonjes 2015Not checked yet

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May combine two claims.

Packaging may be used to increase product protection, facilitate temperature control, or prevent damage during distribution.

“Packaging may be used to increase product protection, facilitate temperature control, or prevent damage during distribution (Verghese et al. 2015).”

• cites Verghese et al. 2015 sourceNot checked yet

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May combine two claims.

Logistical barriers to donation may be substantial, but they can be overcome to some degree with strong coordination efforts.

“Logistical barriers to donation may be substantial (Schneider 2013b), but they be overcome to some degree with strong coordination efforts.”

• cites Schneider 2013bNot checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Better employee training could address this skill-deficit.

“Better employee training could address this skill-deficit.”

May combine two claims.

Improving forecasting practices and using up-to-date data mining models can reduce forecast error and ultimately wastage.

“Improving forecasting practices and using up-to-date data mining models are examples of logistical improvements which can reduce forecast error and ultimately wastage (Mena et al. 2011).”

• cites Mena et al. 2011 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

Logistical improvements at the institutional level, particularly schools, include enabling the storage of intact food for later use, modification of policies which encourage waste, and changes to daily operations.

“Logistical improvements at the institutional level, particularly schools, which have been identified include enabling the storage of intact food for later use, modification of policies which encourage waste (e.g., mandating students take certain foods), and changes to daily operations (e.g., increasing time students have to eat) (Blondin et al. 2015).”

• cites Blondin et al. 2015 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

Logistics facilitates food waste prevention and minimizes inconvenience, both of which have been identified as key aspects of successful food waste prevention programs.

“The final aspect of a policy package is Logistics which facilitates food waste prevention and minimizes inconvenience, both of which have been identified as key aspects of successful food waste prevention programs (Graham-Rowe et al. 2014).”

• cites Graham-Rowe et al. 2014 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Waste prevention in general has frequently been ignored in waste management.

“Waste prevention in general has frequently been ignored in waste management, as signaled by states that define waste goals in terms of recycling or diversion, rather than using indicators that capture prevention success.”