Satellite Cell Heterogeneity in Skeletal Muscle Homeostasis
Open accessAbstract
The cellular turnover required for skeletal muscle maintenance and repair is mediated by resident stem cells, also termed satellite cells. Satellite cells normally reside in a quiescent state, intermittently entering the cell cycle to fuse with neighboring myofibers and replenish the stem cell pool. However, the mechanisms by which satellite cells maintain the precise balance between self-renewal and differentiation necessary for long-term homeostasis remain unclear. Recent work has supported a previously unappreciated heterogeneity in the satellite cell compartment that may underlie the observed variability in cell fate and function. In this review, we examine the work supporting this notion as well as the potential governing principles, developmental origins, and principal determinants of satellite cell heterogeneity.
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Transcription factors like Pax7 governing satellite cell activation exhibit differential expression, affecting individual muscle adaptation to caloric surplus.
“Additionally, transcription factors like Pax7 that govern satellite cell activation exhibit differential expression, affecting individual muscle adaptation to caloric surplus [60].”
From Beyond Calories: Individual Metabolic and Hormonal Adaptations Driving Variability in Weight Management—A State-of-the-Art Narrative Review (2024) · cites this paper as [60]
Variability in satellite cell activation and fusion capacity impacts muscle growth potential.
“Variability in satellite cell activation and fusion capacity impacts muscle growth potential.”
From Beyond Calories: Individual Metabolic and Hormonal Adaptations Driving Variability in Weight Management—A State-of-the-Art Narrative Review (2024) · cites this paper as [60]
Satellite cells are crucial for muscle hypertrophy, as they fuse to existing muscle fibers, increasing muscle mass.
“Satellite cells, which are muscle stem cells, are crucial for muscle hypertrophy, as they fuse to existing muscle fibers, increasing muscle mass.”
From Beyond Calories: Individual Metabolic and Hormonal Adaptations Driving Variability in Weight Management—A State-of-the-Art Narrative Review (2024) · cites this paper as [60]
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“Myogenin works downstream to trigger advancement to the myocyte stage and subsequent terminal differentiation [9].”
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“Myogenin works downstream to trigger advancement to the myocyte stage and subsequent terminal differentiation [9].”
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“Although transdifferentiation to fibrogenic and adipogenic fates has been described in satellite cells [67,68], here we focus on plasticity within the myogenic lineage.”
BackgroundConboy, M. J., Karasov, A. O., & Rando, T. A. (2007) · PLoS Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0050102 · Cited by 287 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Cell adhesion regulates DNA segregation and satellite cell fate during asymmetric division in situ and in vitro [35,51,52]; thus, monitoring satellite cell division dynamics within their native microenvironment is of critical importance.”
BackgroundGünther, S., Kim, J., Kostin, S., Lepper, C., Fan, C.-M., & Braun, T. (2013) · Cell Stem Cell · doi:10.1016/j.stem.2013.07.016 · Cited by 280 · see citing works
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“The Notch signaling pathway integrates juxtacrine, or contact-dependent, information to promote satellite cell self-renewal [33].”
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“The Notch ligand Delta is also present on the myofiber surface and positively regulates this transition [93].”
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“Reorienting the remaining basal lamina by surgical manipulation increased the rate of apical-basal division but led to disorganized tissue repair, indicating that this 3D architecture favors planar division for proper regeneration [53].”
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BackgroundMouse Germ Line Stem Cells Undergo Rapid and Stochastic Turnover
Klein, A. M., Nakagawa, T., Ichikawa, R., Yoshida, S., & Simons, B. D. (2010) · Cell stem cell · doi:10.1016/j.stem.2010.05.017 · Cited by 246 · see citing works
Autocrine and Paracrine Angiopoietin 1/Tie-2 Signaling Promotes Muscle Satellite Cell Self-Renewal
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“Angiopoietin-1/Tie2/TEK signaling and ERK1/2 pathway activation promote satellite cell quiescence [99].”
BackgroundThe Ordered Architecture of Murine Ear Epidermis Is Maintained by Progenitor Cells with Random Fate
Doupé, D. P., Klein, A. M., Simons, B. D., & Jones, P. H. (2010) · Developmental Cell · doi:10.1016/j.devcel.2009.12.016 · Cited by 224 · see citing works
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“Notably, Rbpj-mediated Notch activity in satellite cell precursors themselves is required for niche colonization [92].”
BackgroundMuscle fiber pattern is independent of cell lineage in postnatal rodent development
Hughes, S. M., & Blau, H. M. (1992) · Cell · doi:10.1016/0092-8674(92)90142-y · Cited by 198 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Although several studies have described behavioral diversity on the basis of myofiber type association [28,29] or embryological origin, including those derived from craniofacial and extraocular muscles [30,31], we focus on satellite cells of somitic origin that reside in the limb.”
BackgroundEx Vivo Expansion and In Vivo Self-Renewal of Human Muscle Stem Cells
Charville, G. W., Cheung, T. H., Yoo, B., Santos, P. J. F., Lee, G., Shrager, J. B., & Rando, T. A. (2015) · Stem Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.stemcr.2015.08.004 · Cited by 196 · see citing works
Progenitors of skeletal muscle satellite cells express the muscle determination gene, MyoD
Kanisicak, O., Mendez, J. J., Yamamoto, S., Yamamoto, M., & Goldhamer, D. J. (2009) · Developmental Biology · doi:10.1016/j.ydbio.2009.05.554 · Cited by 192 · see citing works
Evidence of fusion between host and donor myoblasts in skeletal muscle grafts
Partridge, T. A., Grounds, M. D., & Sloper, J. C. (1978) · Nature · doi:10.1038/273306a0 · Cited by 190 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Grafting experiments demonstrated that endogenous myogenic cells directly participate in myofiber repair [2], but direct evidence identifying satellite cells as the resident stem cell population remained elusive for several years.”
BackgroundChakkalakal, J. V., Christensen, J., Xiang, W., Tierney, M. T., Boscolo, F. S., Sacco, A., & Brack, A. S. (2014) · Development · doi:10.1242/dev.100842 · Cited by 148 · cited 2× · see citing works
“LRCs more efficiently contribute to muscle repair and stem cell pool repopulation following transplantation from healthy, aged, and dystrophic muscle [61,64].”
BackgroundSelf-citationTwo Cell Lineages, myf5 and myf5-Independent, Participate in Mouse Skeletal Myogenesis
Haldar, M., Karan, G., Tvrdík, P., & Capecchi, M. R. (2008) · Developmental Cell · doi:10.1016/j.devcel.2008.01.002 · Cited by 142 · cited 1× · see citing works
“The ablation of Myf5+ cells only temporarily delays myogenesis before full recovery during the late fetal stages [86,87], consistent with the possible satellite stem cell reserve having never expressed Myf5 [32].”
BackgroundHuman Satellite Cell Transplantation and Regeneration from Diverse Skeletal Muscles
Xu, X., Wilschut, K. J., Kouklis, G. K., Tian, H., Hesse, R., Garland, C. B., Sbitany, H., Hansen, S. L., Seth, R., Knott, P. D., et al. (2015) · Stem Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.stemcr.2015.07.016 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Biomarker system for studying muscle, stem cells, and cancer in vivo
Nishijo, K., Hosoyama, T., Bjornson, C. R. R., Schaffer, B. S., Prajapati, S. I., Bahadur, A. N., Hansen, M. S. T., Blandford, M. C., McCleish, A. T., Rubin, B. P., et al. (2009) · The FASEB Journal · doi:10.1096/fj.08-128116 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
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“Active Notch signaling is required for the maintenance of quiescence [95,96] but is antagonized by excessive levels of TGFβdependent pSmad3 activity [48].”
BackgroundChromosome-specific nonrandom sister chromatid segregation during stem-cell division
Yadlapalli, S., & Yamashita, Y. M. (2013) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature12106 · Cited by 131 · cited 1× · see citing works
“While Pax7HI satellite cells performing TDSS may represent an enduring stem cell subpopulation, work in the male germline shows that non-random sister chromatid segregation is often interrupted and without a clear proliferative or differentiation phenotype, questioning its ability to truly protect against errors in DN…”
BackgroundYamaguchi, M., Watanabe, Y., Ohtani, T., Uezumi, A., Mikami, N., Nakamura, M., Sato, T., Ikawa, M., Hoshino, M., Tsuchida, K., et al. (2015) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2015.08.083 · Cited by 124 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Calcitonin receptor, a G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR), suppressed emergence from the niche in a cAMP-dependent manner [98].”
BackgroundPrevention of Muscle Aging by Myofiber-Associated Satellite Cell Transplantation
Hall, J. K., Banks, G. B., Chamberlain, J. S., & Olwin, B. B. (2010) · Science Translational Medicine · doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.3001081 · Cited by 116 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Functional repopulation assays verified the capacity of satellite cells for long-term self-renewal over serial rounds of regeneration but also observed disparity with regard to repopulation efficiency [26,27].”
BackgroundGensch, N., Borchardt, T., Schneider, A., Riethmacher, D., & Braun, T. W. (2008) · Development · doi:10.1242/dev.019331 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Slow-dividing satellite cells retain long-term self-renewal ability in adult muscle
Ono, Y., Masuda, S., Nam, H.-S., Benezra, R., Miyagoe‐Suzuki, Y., & Takeda, S. (2012) · Journal of Cell Science · doi:10.1242/jcs.096198 · Cited by 109 · cited 1× · see citing works
“The functional implications are significant, as cycling activity is inversely correlated to long-term self-renewal potential with age and through telomere shortening [60,90,91].”
BackgroundMyoblasts transferred to the limbs of embryos are committed to specific fibre fates
DiMario, J. X., Fernyak, S. E., & Stockdale, F. E. (1993) · Nature · doi:10.1038/362165a0 · Cited by 106 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Although several studies have described behavioral diversity on the basis of myofiber type association [28,29] or embryological origin, including those derived from craniofacial and extraocular muscles [30,31], we focus on satellite cells of somitic origin that reside in the limb.”
BackgroundTierney, M. T., Gromova, A., Sesillo, F. B., Sala, D., Spenlé, C., Orend, G., & Sacco, A. (2016) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2016.01.072 · Cited by 98 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Autonomous ECM remodeling underlies distinct stem cell functionalities observed between fetal satellite cell precursors and their adult counterparts, regulating their regenerative potential in a stage-specific manner [94].”
BackgroundSelf-citationMuscle satellite cell proliferation and association: new insights from myofiber time-lapse imaging
Siegel, A. L., Kuhlmann, P., & Cornelison, D. (2011) · Skeletal Muscle · doi:10.1186/2044-5040-1-7 · Cited by 82 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Intravital imaging experiments have observed apical-basal division events in vivo less frequently than has been reported on isolated single myofibers [22,53].”
BackgroundNumb is required to prevent p53-dependent senescence following skeletal muscle injury
Le Roux, I., Konge, J., Le Cam, L., Flamant, P., & Tajbakhsh, S. (2015) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms9528 · Cited by 81 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Although Numb-deficient satellite cells exhibit myostatin-dependent proliferative defects [36], Numb is also able to prevent p53-dependent senescence during muscle repair [37].”
BackgroundYennek, S., Burute, M., Théry, M., & Tajbakhsh, S. (2014) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2014.04.016 · Cited by 81 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Cell adhesion regulates DNA segregation and satellite cell fate during asymmetric division in situ and in vitro [35,51,52]; thus, monitoring satellite cell division dynamics within their native microenvironment is of critical importance.”
BackgroundStuelsatz, P., Shearer, A. M., Li, Y., Muir, L. A., Ieronimakis, N. M., Shen, Q. W., Kirillova, I., & Yablonka‐Reuveni, Z. (2014) · Developmental Biology · doi:10.1016/j.ydbio.2014.08.035 · Cited by 79 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Although several studies have described behavioral diversity on the basis of myofiber type association [28,29] or embryological origin, including those derived from craniofacial and extraocular muscles [30,31], we focus on satellite cells of somitic origin that reside in the limb.”
BackgroundKolahgar, G., Suijkerbuijk, S. J. E., Kuciński, I., Poirier, E. Z., Mansour, S., Simons, B. D., & Piddini, E. (2015) · Developmental Cell · doi:10.1016/j.devcel.2015.06.010 · Cited by 76 · cited 1× · see citing works
“These findings do not rule out intrinsic factors as a contributing variable, especially in pathological circumstances, as genetic perturbations and environmental disruption can lead to non-neutral competition and altered fitness [58,59].”
BackgroundMyoD-expressing progenitors are essential for skeletal myogenesis and satellite cell development
Wood, W. M., Etemad, S. A., Yamamoto, M., & Goldhamer, D. J. (2013) · Developmental Biology · doi:10.1016/j.ydbio.2013.09.012 · Cited by 71 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Ablation of Myod1+ cells abruptly halts myofiber formation during primary myogenesis and eliminates Pax7+ cells by fetal stages [89].”
BackgroundMuscle Stem Cell Fate Is Controlled by the Cell-Polarity Protein Scrib
Ono, Y., Urata, Y., Goto, S., Nakagawa, S., Humbert, P. O., Li, T., & Zammit, P. S. (2015) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2015.01.045 · Cited by 59 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Another member of the cell polarity complex, Scrib, is upregulated during satellite cell activation and also asymmetrically distributed to the progenitor-like daughter cell [41].”
BackgroundNumb-deficient satellite cells have regeneration and proliferation defects
George, R. M., Biressi, S., Beres, B. J., Rogers, E., Mulia, A. K., Allen, R. E., Rawls, A., Rando, T. A., & Wilson‐Rawls, J. (2013) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1311628110 · Cited by 55 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Although Numb-deficient satellite cells exhibit myostatin-dependent proliferative defects [36], Numb is also able to prevent p53-dependent senescence during muscle repair [37].”
BackgroundTwo distinct muscle progenitor populations coexist throughout amniote development
Picard, C. A., & Marcelle, C. (2012) · Developmental Biology · doi:10.1016/j.ydbio.2012.10.018 · Cited by 36 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Behavioral heterogeneity emerges quickly in satellite cell precursors, given the differences in proliferative rate observed during embryonic myogenesis [84].”
BackgroundSlow-dividing satellite cells retain long-term self-renewal ability in adult muscle
Ono, Y., Masuda, S., Nam, H.-S., Benezra, R., Miyagoe‐Suzuki, Y., & Takeda, S. (2012) · Development · doi:10.1242/dev.080978 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
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Single-cell sequencing reveals dissociation-induced gene expression in tissue subpopulations
van den Brink, S. C., Sage, F., Vértesy, Á., Spanjaard, B., Peterson-Maduro, J., Baron, C. S., Robin, C., & van Oudenaarden, A. (2017) · Nature Methods · doi:10.1038/nmeth.4437 · Cited by 1,072 · see citing works
Zammit, P. S. (2017) · Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology · doi:10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.11.011 · Cited by 887 · see citing works
Control of satellite cell function in muscle regeneration and its disruption in ageing
Sousa-Victor, P., García-Prat, L., & Muñoz-Cánoves, P. (2022) · Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology · doi:10.1038/s41580-021-00421-2 · Cited by 476 · see citing works
Perspectives on skeletal muscle stem cells
Relaix, F., Bencze, M., Borok, M. J., Vartanian, A. D., Gattazzo, F., Mademtzoglou, D., Perez-Diaz, S., Prola, A., Fernandez, P. C. R., Rotini, A., et al. (2021) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-020-20760-6 · Cited by 389 · see citing works
De Micheli, A. J., Laurilliard, E. J., Heinke, C. L., Ravichandran, H., Fraczek, P., Soueid-Baumgarten, S., De Vlaminck, I., Elemento, O., & Cosgrove, B. D. (2020) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2020.02.067 · Cited by 373 · see citing works
ERBB3 and NGFR mark a distinct skeletal muscle progenitor cell in human development and hPSCs
Hicks, M. R., Hiserodt, J., Paras, K. I., Fujiwara, W., Eskin, A., Jan, M., Xi, H., Young, C. S., Evseenko, D. A., Nelson, S. F., et al. (2017) · Nature Cell Biology · doi:10.1038/s41556-017-0010-2 · Cited by 194 · see citing works
Gomis, R. R., & Gawrzak, S. (2016) · Molecular Oncology · doi:10.1016/j.molonc.2016.09.009 · Cited by 190 · see citing works
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“In vivo, mouse SMPCs contribute to muscle establishment and growth, whereas SCs in mature muscles are typically quiescent and enter the cell cycle in the event of injury (Tierney and Sacco, 2016).”
Crosstalk between YAP/TAZ and Notch Signaling
Totaro, A., Castellan, M., Biagio, D. D., & Piccolo, S. (2018) · Trends in Cell Biology · doi:10.1016/j.tcb.2018.03.001 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
“differentiate to fuse with each other or to pre-existing myofibers, as such those regenerating the muscle or mediating hypertrophy [70].”
BackgroundFunctionally heterogeneous human satellite cells identified by single cell RNA sequencing
Barruet, E., Garcia, S. M., Striedinger, K., Wu, J., Lee, S., Byrnes, L. E., Wong, A., Sun, X., Tamaki, S. J., Brack, A. S., et al. (2020) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.51576 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Fujimaki, S., Seko, D., Kitajima, Y., Yoshioka, K., Tsuchiya, Y., Masuda, S., & Ono, Y. (2017) · Stem Cells · doi:10.1002/stem.2743 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Satellite cells in ageing: use it or lose it
Chen, W., Datzkiw, D., & Rudnicki, M. A. (2020) · Open Biology · doi:10.1098/rsob.200048 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
“The satellite cell population maintains a level of functional heterogeneity, with subpopulations of satellite cells mounting differential responses depending on environmental stimuli [113,114].”
BackgroundShort‐term disuse promotes fatty acid infiltration into skeletal muscle
Pagano, A. F., Brioche, T., Arc-Chagnaud, C., Demangel, R., Chopard, A., & Py, G. (2017) · Journal of Cachexia, Sarcopenia and Muscle · doi:10.1002/jcsm.12259 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Gasdermin D-mediated metabolic crosstalk promotes tissue repair
Chi, Z., Chen, S., Yang, D., Cui, W., Lu, Y., Wang, Z., Li, M., Yu, W., Zhang, J., Jiang, Y., et al. (2024) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-024-08022-7 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Induction of muscle stem cell quiescence by the secreted niche factor Oncostatin M
Sampath, S. C., Sampath, S. C., Ho, A. T. V., Corbel, S. Y., Millstone, J. D., Lamb, J. R., Walker, J. R., Kinzel, B., Schmedt, C., & Blau, H. M. (2018) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-018-03876-8 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
“2b), and adds to our knowledge of heterogeneity within the stem cell pool 43, 44 .”
BackgroundEstrogen Receptor β Controls Muscle Growth and Regeneration in Young Female Mice
Seko, D., Fujita, R., Kitajima, Y., Nakamura, K., Imai, Y., & Ono, Y. (2020) · Stem Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.stemcr.2020.07.017 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
“With aging, the ability and the number of satellite cells to repair injured muscles is progressively impaired due to the alterations in both niche environment and cell-intrinsic mechanisms, which ultimately hinder skeletal muscle homeostasis (Kuang and Rudnicki, 2008; Tierney and Sacco, 2016).”
BackgroundThe cell biology of quiescent yeast – a diversity of individual scenarios
Sagot, I., & Laporte, D. (2019) · Journal of Cell Science · doi:10.1242/jcs.213025 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
“This heterogeneity is markedly exemplified by muscle (Sutcu and Ricchetti, 2018; Tierney and Sacco, 2016) and hematopoietic (Nakamura-Ishizu et al.”
BackgroundChellini, F., Tani, A., Zecchi‐Orlandini, S., & Sassoli, C. (2019) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms20030683 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
“There is evidence indicating that a small percentage of satellite cells are true stem cells, capable of self-renewal, thereby ensuring the replenishment of the basal pool of resident satellite cells that are recruitable in the case of muscle re-injury [16,23,24].”
BackgroundChen, Z., Li, L., Wu, W., Liu, Z., Huang, Y., Yang, L., Luo, Q., Chen, J., Hou, Y., & Song, G. (2020) · Theranostics · doi:10.7150/thno.43577 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
“Additionally, we induced repeated muscle injuries in mice and observed the preserved number of Pax7+ cells in myofibers in exercise mice compared with their counterparts (Figure S2D, E).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialBioprocessing technology of muscle stem cells: implications for cultured meat
Guan, X., Zhou, J., Du, G., & Chen, J. (2021) · Trends in biotechnology · doi:10.1016/j.tibtech.2021.11.004 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Exercise promotes satellite cell contribution to myofibers in a load-dependent manner
Masschelein, E., D’Hulst, G., Zvick, J., Hinte, L. C., Soro-Arnáiz, I., Gorski, T., von Meyenn, F., Bar‐Nur, O., & Bock, K. D. (2020) · Skeletal Muscle · doi:10.1186/s13395-020-00237-2 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Long acting GLP-1 analog liraglutide ameliorates skeletal muscle atrophy in rodents
Gurjar, A. A., Kushwaha, S., Chattopadhyay, S., Das, N., Pal, S., China, S. P., Kumar, H., Trivedi, A. K., Guha, R., Chattopadhyay, N., et al. (2020) · Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2019.154044 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Defining and identifying satellite cell-opathies within muscular dystrophies and myopathies
Ganassi, M., Francesco Muntoni, A., & Zammit, P. S. (2021) · Experimental Cell Research · doi:10.1016/j.yexcr.2021.112906 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Sassoli, C., Vallone, L., Tani, A., Chellini, F., Nosi, D., & Zecchi‐Orlandini, S. (2018) · Cell and Tissue Research · doi:10.1007/s00441-018-2792-3 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Telocytes: An Emerging Component of Stem Cell Niche Microenvironment
Rosa, I., Marini, M., & Manetti, M. (2021) · Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry · doi:10.1369/00221554211025489 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Abnormalities in Skeletal Muscle Myogenesis, Growth, and Regeneration in Myotonic Dystrophy
André, L. M., Ausems, C. R. M., Wansink, D. G., & Wieringa, B. (2018) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2018.00368 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
“This seemingly stochastic nature of fate adoption, which is associated with a high-degree of heterogeneity and plasticity of the satellite cell population in the natural environment of the muscle (203), is a complicating factor during the period that they regain proliferative activity as myoblasts.”
Ma, L., Meng, Y., An, Y., Han, P., Zhang, C., Yue, Y., Wen, C., Shi, X., Jin, J., Yang, G., et al. (2024) · Journal of Cachexia Sarcopenia and Muscle · doi:10.1002/jcsm.13484 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Mechanisms of muscle cells alterations and regeneration decline during aging
Chinvattanachot, G., Rivas, D., & Duque, G. (2024) · Ageing Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.arr.2024.102589 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
“Furthermore, recent studies have described the heterogeneity within SC populations (Collins et al., 2005; Biressi and Rando, 2010; Tierney and Sacco, 2016).”
Differentiation of the human PAX7-positive myogenic precursors/satellite cell lineage in vitro
Tanoury, Z. A., Rao, J., Tassy, O., Gobert, B., Gapon, S., Garnier, J., Wagner, E. K., Hick, A., Hall, A. J., Gussoni, E., et al. (2020) · Development · doi:10.1242/dev.187344 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
“The mouse Pax7 population is heterogeneous, with different populations of cells exhibiting different regenerative capacities (Cornelison, 2018; Tierney and Sacco, 2016).”
BackgroundMechanisms of cooperative cell-cell interactions in skeletal muscle regeneration
Koike, H., Manabe, I., & Oishi, Y. (2022) · Inflammation and Regeneration · doi:10.1186/s41232-022-00234-6 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
“Muscle regeneration is achieved via the coordinated regulation of activation, proliferation, and differentiation of MuSCs [19, 20].”
BackgroundKimmel, J. C., Chang, A. Y., Brack, A. S., & Marshall, W. F. (2018) · PLoS Computational Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1005927 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
“Heterogeneity within the MuSC population is well appreciated [11], suggesting that motility behavior may also be heterogenous during activation.”
BackgroundSassoli, C., Pierucci, F., Zecchi‐Orlandini, S., & Meacci, E. (2019) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms20225545 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
“There is evidence suggesting that, in parallel, a small percentage of satellite cells undergo to self-renewal thereby ensuring the replenishment of the basal pool of resident satellite cells, ready for responding to future demands [175].”
BackgroundSaleh, K. K., Xi, H., Switzler, C., Skuratovsky, E., Romero, M. A., Chien, P., Gibbs, D. E., Gane, L., Hicks, M. R., Spencer, M. J., et al. (2022) · iScience · doi:10.1016/j.isci.2022.105415 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
“MuSC has been demonstrated to be a heterogeneous population influenced by microenvironment signaling (Motohashi and Asakura, 2014; Tierney and Sacco, 2016).”
BackgroundManetti, M., Tani, A., Rosa, I., Chellini, F., Squecco, R., Idrizaj, E., Zecchi‐Orlandini, S., Ibba‐Manneschi, L., & Sassoli, C. (2019) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-019-51078-z · Cited by 52 · see citing works
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“It is well established that muscle satellite cells are a heterogeneous population (Tierney and Sacco 2016) that is regulated to maintain quiescence (Subramaniam et al.”
BackgroundWang, Y., Wang, D., Guo, Y.-C., Liu, J., & Pan, J. (2020) · Regenerative Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.reth.2020.11.002 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
“Although some scholars have believed that satellite cells were able to replace the injured skeletal muscle fibers and keep cell pools in stable states [35], whether satellite cells have enough ability to promote skeletal muscle regeneration is not clear.”
BackgroundDeep Convolutional and Recurrent Neural Networks for Cell Motility Discrimination and Prediction
Kimmel, J. C., Brack, A. S., & Marshall, W. F. (2019) · IEEE Transactions on Computational Biology and Bioinformatics · doi:10.1109/tcbb.2019.2919307 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
“Heterogeneous fitness for regeneration within the MuSC pool is well appreciated [16], and analysis of heterogeneous motility behaviors may provide an additional lens through which to decompose different MuSC phenotypes.”
BackgroundTichy, E. D., Sidibe, D. K., Tierney, M. T., Stec, M. J., Sharifi‐Sanjani, M., Hosalkar, H. S., Mubarak, S. J., Johnson, F. B., Sacco, A., & Mourkioti, F. (2017) · Stem Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.stemcr.2017.08.003 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
“Over the last few years it became widely accepted that MuSCs are a heterogeneous population (Ono et al., 2010; Tierney and Sacco, 2016).”
BackgroundSelf-citationThe mechanosensitive ion channel PIEZO1 promotes satellite cell function in muscle regeneration
Hirano, K., Tsuchiya, M., Shiomi, A., Takabayashi, S., Suzuki, M., Ishikawa, Y., Kawano, Y., Takabayashi, Y., Nishikawa, K., Nagao, K., et al. (2022) · Life Science Alliance · doi:10.26508/lsa.202201783 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
“The importance of MuSCs is further demonstrated by the fact that their impaired function is closely associated with sarcopenia and a class ofmuscle diseases (i.e., muscular dystrophy) (Dumont et al, 2015; Tierney & Sacco, 2016; Feige et al, 2018).”
BackgroundTranscriptional reprogramming of skeletal muscle stem cells by the niche environment
Lazure, F., Farouni, R., Sahinyan, K., Blackburn, D. M., Hernández-Corchado, A., Perron, G., Lu, T., Osakwe, A., Ragoussis, J., Crist, C. G., et al. (2023) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-023-36265-x · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Macrophage Involvement in Aging-Associated Skeletal Muscle Regeneration
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“SCs are the sole myogenic adult stem cells in skeletal muscle [25,26] and they are located between the sarcolemma and the basal lamina in each myofiber [27].”
BackgroundHalevy, O. (2020) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2020.00235 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Technical requirements for cultured meat production: a review
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“Unlike the fast-dividing SCs, which have a limited ability to form secondary myogenic colonies after passage and instead undergo differentiation, the slow dividing SCs form secondary myogenic colonies when passaged (23,24).”
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“This is followed by expansion and differentiation of progenitor cells, coinciding with decreased Pax7 and increased Myogenin expression.(3) The ability of satellite cells to proliferate and return to quiescence is critical for the maintenance of the stem cell population.”
BackgroundEmpowering Muscle Stem Cells for the Treatment of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy
Filippelli, R. L., & Chang, N. C. (2021) · Cells Tissues Organs · doi:10.1159/000514305 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
“…muscle is dependent on a heterogenous population of satellite cells consisting of satellite stem cells and committed progenitor cells, with distinct functional roles and varied cell fate potential for self-renewal and commitment to differentiation [Biressi and Rando, 2010; Tierney and Sacco, 2016].”
BackgroundInfluentialRejuvenating stem cells to restore muscle regeneration in aging
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A robust Pax7EGFP mouse that enables the visualization of dynamic behaviors of muscle stem cells
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Visualization of PAX7 protein dynamics in muscle satellite cells in a YFP knock-in-mouse line
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FNDC1 is a myokine that promotes myogenesis and muscle regeneration
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“…an ordered series of cellular events including satellite cell activation, migration, alignment, adhesion, and membrane fusion, generating new multinucleated myo fi bers or fusing with existing ones, which is critical for the repair of damaged myo fi bres (Park et al, 2016; Tierney and Sacco, 2016).”
Loss of heterogeneity, quiescence, and differentiation in muscle stem cells
Sutcu, H. H., & Ricchetti, M. (2018) · Stem Cell Investigation · doi:10.21037/sci.2018.03.02 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“The origins and the function of this heterogeneity are not clear, but it is believed that it endows satellite cells with a level of plasticity that is necessary to adapt to different needs of skeletal muscle growth, homeostasis, regeneration (3), and resistance to unfavorable conditions.”
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“Skeletal muscle is a low-turnover tissue maintained by muscle stem cells (MuSCs), which are required for tissue growth and repair (Brack and Rando, 2012; Tierney and Sacco, 2016).”
BackgroundSelf-citationMuscle Satellite Cell Heterogeneity: Does Embryonic Origin Matter?
Rodríguez-Outeiriño, L., Hernández‐Torres, F., Acuña, F. R.-D., Matías-Valiente, L., Sánchez–Fernández, C., Franco, D., & Aránega, A. E. (2021) · Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology · doi:10.3389/fcell.2021.750534 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
“The process by which SCs emerge from their quiescent status and enter the myogenic program is well established; however, several studies have highlighted the existence of different SC responses related to their performance during the muscle repair process (Tierney and Sacco, 2016; Cornelison, 2018).”
BackgroundXu, J., Strasburg, G., Reed, K., & Velleman, S. G. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0262576 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Nitric oxide treatment attenuates muscle atrophy during hind limb suspension in mice
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Quiescence, an individual journey
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“These cells are pre-quiescent and pass through distinct cell states during myogenic commitment accompanied by a characteristic time-dependent myogenic marker expression profile [36, 59, 60].”
BackgroundAndré, L. M., van Cruchten, R. T. P., Willemse, M. P., Bezstarosti, K., Demmers, J., van Agtmaal, E. L., Wansink, D. G., & Wieringa, B. (2019) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms20225685 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“The onset of differentiation and gradual transition of muscle progenitor cells and the subsequent fusion for the formation of terminally differentiated myofibers is controlled by an intricate network of factors and machinery for the control of transcription, RNA processing and translation [2], and the turnover of gene…”
BackgroundMuscle stem cells get a new look: Dynamic cellular projections as sensors of the stem cell niche
Krauss, R. S., & Kann, A. P. (2023) · BioEssays · doi:10.1002/bies.202200249 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“In homeostatic adult muscle, MuSCs comprise a functionally heterogeneous population.[18,19] Various means have been used to purify MuSC subpopulations with stem cell activity which exceeds that of the remaining MuSC population (this is generally assessed by ability to engraft into injured muscle and repopulate the ste…”
BackgroundMethodSexual dimorphisms in skeletal muscle: current concepts and research horizons
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Sestrins regulate muscle stem cell metabolic homeostasis
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“After activation, myogenic progenitors (myoblasts) fusewiththemselvesandexistingmyofibers to regenerate and repair damaged tissue (Tierney and Sacco, 2016).”
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Avian Satellite Cell Plasticity
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“Furthermore, they consist of cells that only react in the need of muscle remodeling or reconstruction of significant scale [6].”
BackgroundXu, J., Strasburg, G. M., Reed, K. M., & Velleman, S. G. (2021) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2021.667814 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“Satellite cells (SCs) are a heterogenous stem cell population (Schultz, 1974; Kuang et al., 2007; Biressi and Rando, 2010; Smith et al., 2013; Tierney and Sacco, 2016), functioning in hypertrophic growth of post-hatch muscle (Moss and Leblond, 1971; Cardiasis and Cooper, 1975).”
BackgroundCell Therapy for Anal Sphincter Incontinence: Where Do We Stand?
Balaphas, A., Meyer, J., Meier, R. P. H., Liot, É., Buchs, N. C., Roche, B., Toso, C., Bühler, L. H., Gonelle‐Gispert, C., & Ris, F. (2021) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells10082086 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“Satellite cells have typical features such as the expression of the transcription factor PAX7 (Figure 1) [104] but there is currently a lack of standardization in the nomenclature and characterization of other myogenic cells [120].”
BackgroundImage Based Tumor Cells Identification Using Convolutional Neural Network and Auto Encoders
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“, the layers of AI models can locate an appropriate portrayal of info pictures as far as visual element maps [23, 24].”
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“5) compared with adult activated (2-month-old) PAX7+ cells (Tierney and Sacco, 2016).”
BackgroundBioenergetics mechanisms regulating muscle stem cell self-renewal commitment and function
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Healthy skeletal muscle aging: The role of satellite cells, somatic mutations and exercise
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Metabolic regulation in adult and aging skeletal muscle stem cellsPreprint
Sartorelli, V., & Ciuffoli, V. (2024) · Genes & Development · doi:10.1101/gad.352277.124 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“Several observations suggest that the heterogeneity of MuSCs and muscle progenitors (Tierney and Sacco 2016) may be linked to their metabolic states.”
Quality Control of Stem Cell-Based Cultured Meat According to Specific Differentiation Abilities
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“Understanding the characteristics of cells in bovine tissue and predicting their differentiation potential would help regulate meat quality and lead to sustainable meat production technology.”
BackgroundThe Combination of Lactoferrin and Creatine Ameliorates Muscle Decay in a Sarcopenia Murine Model
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“The mTOR signaling pathway activates Mtor , which in turn activates its downstream e ff ectors ribosomal protein S6 kinase (S6K) and eIF4E-binding proteins (4E-BPs) to enhance mRNA translation and protein synthesis. mTOR signaling pathway activates Mtor which in turn activates its downstream…”
BackgroundInfluentialCould we also be regenerative superheroes, like salamanders?
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“Upon skeletal muscle injury, mice and humans share with axolotls and paedamorphic newts similar skeletal muscle regeneration mechanisms that rely on muscle stem cells, rather than myofiber de-differentiation, for repair [22, 24, 59].”
BackgroundInfluentialStem cells in skeletal muscle growth and regeneration in amniotes and teleosts: Emerging themes
Ruparelia, A. A., Ratnayake, D., & Currie, P. D. (2019) · Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews Developmental Biology · doi:10.1002/wdev.365 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“While the source of this inherent heterogeneity still remains elusive, it is suggested that it conveys satellite cells plasticity such that they are able to adapt to fulfill the varying needs that emerge during growth, homeostasis and repair (Tierney & Sacco, 2016).”
BackgroundTrentesaux, C., Striedinger, K., Pomerantz, J. H., & Klein, O. D. (2020) · Current Opinion in Cell Biology · doi:10.1016/j.ceb.2020.01.004 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
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“Muscle stem cells (MuSCs), which are required for muscle growth and regeneration (Brack and Rando, 2012; Yin et al., 2013; Tierney and Sacco, 2016; Evano and Tajbakhsh, 2018; Fuchs and Blau, 2020; Relaix et al., 2021), can be generated from mouse or human pluripotent stem cells by either treatment with defined molecul…”
BackgroundMyogenic Satellite Cells: Biological Milieu and Possible Clinical Applications
Said, R. S., Mustafa, A., Asfour, H. A., & Shaqour, E. I. (2016) · Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences · doi:10.3923/pjbs.2017.1.11 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
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“Through RNA sequencing, it was described that quiescent murine MuSCs are molecularly and phenotypically heterogeneous [12, 13].”
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“Satellite cells comprise a heterogeneous population (Schultz, 1974; Kuang et al., 2007; Tierney and Sacco, 2016) of multipotential stem cells (Asakura et al.”
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“Numerous studies focusing on cell dynamics, such as quiescence, activation, proliferation, and differentiation, have shown that satellite cells exhibit heterogeneities based on the expression patterns of key transcription factors and cellular membrane proteins and determine the cell fate/linage [33,34].”
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Irgm1 knockout indirectly inhibits regeneration after skeletal muscle injury in mice
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The San Diego Nathan Shock Center: tackling the heterogeneity of aging
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Whole Genome Chromatin IP-Sequencing (ChIP-Seq) in Skeletal Muscle Cells
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“Satellite cells are composed of a heterogeneous population of cells [26, 28, 29].”
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“Initially identi fi ed by Mauro (1961), SCs are located between the sarcolemma and the basal lamina of myo fi bers and comprise a heterogenous population of muscle stem cells (Schultz, 1974; Biressi and Rando, 2010; Tierney and Sacco, 2016).”
Ex vivo two-photon imaging of whole-mount skeletal muscles to visualize stem cell behavior
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- Authors
- Tierney, M. T., & Sacco, A.
- Affiliations
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute (US)
- Corresponding author
- Sacco, Alessandra
- Venue
- Trends in Cell Biology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2016-06
- Volume
- 26
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 434-444
- ISSN
- 0962-8924 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4877266
- OpenAlex
- W2291414087
- Cited by
- 151
- References
- 108
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 21 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 18 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 6
- FWCI
- 1.50
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- europepmc.org
- Locations
- Trends in Cell Biology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (F31AR065923, R01AR064873, P30AR061303, R03AR063328)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Muscle Physiology and Disorders
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Adipose Tissue and Metabolism
- Keywords
- satellite cells, cellular heterogeneity, skeletal muscle homeostasis, muscle stem cells, self-renewal, cell differentiation, quiescence, myofiber fusion, cell fate, developmental origins
- MeSH terms
- Cell Self Renewal, Animals, Cell Compartmentation, Homeostasis, Humans, Models, Biological, Muscle, Skeletal, Satellite Cells, Skeletal Muscle
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