The DOI matches its Crossref record; 89 of the 90 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Deconstructing episodic memory with construction
Abstract
It has recently been observed that the brain network supporting recall of episodic memories shares much in common with other cognitive functions such as episodic future thinking, navigation and theory of mind. It has been speculated that 'self-projection' is the key common process. However, in this Opinion article, we note that other functions (e.g. imagining fictitious experiences) not explicitly connected to either the self or a subjective sense of time, activate a similar brain network. Hence, we argue that the process of 'scene construction' is better able to account for the commonalities in the brain areas engaged by an extended range of disparate functions. In light of this, we re-evaluate our understanding of episodic memory, the processes underpinning it and other related cognitive functions.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Default network activity is associated with a wide range of imaginative processes, such as mind wandering (Andrews-Hanna, 2012, Christoff et al., 2009), mental simulation (Hassabis & Maguire, 2007), and episodic future thinking (Schacter et al., 2012).”
From Creativity and the default network: A functional connectivity analysis of the creative brain at rest (2014) · cites this paper as Hassabis & Maguire, 2007
In the citing paper
“In line with this idea, subsequent memory effects were associated with recruitment of posterior parahippocampal, retrosplenial, and posterior inferior parietal cortices, which contribute to the recovery of spatial context and scene construction (70, 71).”
From Neural mechanisms of reactivation-induced updating that enhance and distort memory (2013) · cites this paper as [70]
In the citing paper
“The role of the hippocampus in imagination, concept generation (Kumaran et al., 2009), scene construction (Hassabis and Maguire, 2007), mental exploration and goal-directed path planning (Hopfield, 2009; Ólafsdóttir et al., 2015; Brown et al., 2016) suggests that it could help to create generative models to underpin more complex inference such as program induction (Lake et al., 2015) or common-s”
From Toward an integration of deep learning and neuroscience (2016) · cites this paper as Hassabis and Maguire, 2007
Citations
Cites
A default mode of brain function
Raichle, M. E., MacLeod, A. M., Snyder, A. Z., Powers, W. J., Gusnard, D. A., & Shulman, G. L. (2001) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.98.2.676 · Cited by 12,190
(1978) · UA Campus Repository (The University of Arizona) · Cited by 8,010
LOSS OF RECENT MEMORY AFTER BILATERAL HIPPOCAMPAL LESIONS
Scoville, W. B., & Milner, B. (1957) · Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp.20.1.11 · Cited by 7,322
(1983) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 6,051
McClelland, J. L., McNaughton, B. L., & O'Reilly, R. C. (1995) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.102.3.419 · Cited by 5,256
The hippocampus as a cognitive map
Passingham, R. E. (1979) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/0306-4522(79)90015-0 · Cited by 5,128
Episodic memory: from mind to brain
Tulving, E. (2002) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.53.100901.135114 · Cited by 4,950
Tulving, E. (1985) · Canadian Psychology / Psychologie canadienne · doi:10.1037/h0080017 · Cited by 4,638
The construction of autobiographical memories in the self-memory system
Conway, M. A., & Pleydell-Pearce, C. W. (2000) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.107.2.261 · Cited by 4,089
Meeting of minds: the medial frontal cortex and social cognition
Amodio, D. M., & Frith, C. D. (2006) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn1884 · Cited by 3,782
(2007) · Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.4135/9781446212967.n15 · Cited by 3,749
Frith, C., & Frith, U. (2005) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2005.08.041 · Cited by 3,561
A cortical representation of the local visual environment
Epstein, R. A., & Kanwisher, N. (1998) · Nature · doi:10.1038/33402 · Cited by 3,096
Wandering minds: the default network and stimulus-independent thought
Mason, M. F., Norton, M. I., Van Horn, J. D., Wegner, D. M., Grafton, S. T., & Macrae, C. N. (2007) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1131295 · Cited by 2,792
Simple memory: a theory for archicortex
Marr, D. (1971) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. B, Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.1971.0078 · Cited by 2,771
Buckner, R. L., & Carroll, D. C. (2007) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2006.11.004 · Cited by 2,691
Squire, L. R., Stark, C. E. L., & Clark, R. E. (2004) · Annual Review of Neuroscience · doi:10.1146/annurev.neuro.27.070203.144130 · Cited by 2,680
The human hippocampus and spatial and episodic memory
Burgess, N., Maguire, E. A., & O'Keefe, J. (2002) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/s0896-6273(02)00830-9 · Cited by 2,401
Self-citationPeople thinking about thinking peopleThe role of the temporo-parietal junction in “theory of mind”
Saxe, R., & Kanwisher, N. (2003) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/s1053-8119(03)00230-1 · Cited by 2,316
Development and neurophysiology of mentalizing
Frith, U., & Frith, C. D. (2003) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2002.1218 · Cited by 2,306
Addis, D. R., Wong, A. T., & Schacter, D. L. (2007) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2006.10.016 · Cited by 1,949
How many memory systems are there?
Tulving, E. (1985) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.40.4.385 · Cited by 1,909
The cognitive neuroscience of constructive memory: remembering the past and imagining the future
Schacter, D. L., & Addis, D. R. (2007) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2007.2087 · Cited by 1,836
Toward a theory of episodic memory: The frontal lobes and autonoetic consciousness.
Wheeler, M. A., Stuss, D. T., & Tulving, E. (1997) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.121.3.331 · Cited by 1,751
Principles of Frontal Lobe Function
Stuss, D. T. (2002) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195134971.001.0001 · Cited by 1,731
Reverse replay of behavioural sequences in hippocampal place cells during the awake state
Foster, D. J., & Wilson, M. A. (2006) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature04587 · Cited by 1,727
Parietal lobe contributions to episodic memory retrieval
Wagner, A. D., Shannon, B. J., Kahn, I., & Buckner, R. L. (2005) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2005.07.001 · Cited by 1,571
Aging and autobiographical memory: dissociating episodic from semantic retrieval
Levine, B., Svoboda, E., Hay, J. F., Winocur, G., & Moscovitch, M. (2002) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/0882-7974.17.4.677 · Cited by 1,521
Eichenbaum (2004) · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2004.08.028 · Cited by 1,464
Patients with hippocampal amnesia cannot imagine new experiences
Hassabis, D., Kumaran, D., Vann, S. D., & Maguire, E. A. (2007) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0610561104 · Cited by 1,414
Self-citationAtance, C. M., & O'Neill, D. K. (2001) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/s1364-6613(00)01804-0 · Cited by 1,300
The reality of repressed memories.
Loftus, E. F. (1993) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037//0003-066x.48.5.518 · Cited by 1,296
The functional neuroanatomy of autobiographical memory: a meta-analysis
Svoboda, E., McKinnon, M. C., & Levine, B. (2006) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2006.05.023 · Cited by 1,274
The Mentality of Crows: Convergent Evolution of Intelligence in Corvids and Apes
Emery, N. J., & Clayton, N. S. (2004) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1098410 · Cited by 1,199
Remembering the past and imagining the future: A neural model of spatial memory and imagery.
Byrne, P., Becker, S., & Burgess, N. (2007) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.114.2.340 · Cited by 1,011
Prefrontal and medial temporal lobe interactions in long-term memory
Simons, J. S., & Spiers, H. J. (2003) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn1178 · Cited by 961
Coherent spontaneous activity identifies a hippocampal-parietal memory network
Vincent, J. L., Snyder, A. Z., Fox, M. D., Shannon, B. J., Andrews, J. R., Raichle, M. E., & Buckner, R. L. (2006) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.00048.2006 · Cited by 959
Kopelman, M., Wilson, B. A., & Baddeley, A. (1989) · Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/01688638908400928 · Cited by 939
Neural correlates of self-reflection
Johnson, S. C. (2002) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awf181 · Cited by 930
The seven sins of memory: how the mind forgets and remembers
(2001) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.39-2484 · Cited by 921
Moscovitch, M., Rosenbaum, R. S., Gilboa, A., Addis, D. R., Westmacott, R., Grady, C., McAndrews, M. P., Levine, B., Black, S., Winocur, G., et al. (2005) · Journal of Anatomy · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2005.00421.x · Cited by 893
Memory's echo: vivid remembering reactivates sensory-specific cortex
Wheeler, M. E., Petersen, S. E., & Buckner, R. L. (2000) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.97.20.11125 · Cited by 865
Spatial memory: how egocentric and allocentric combine
Burgess, N. (2006) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2006.10.005 · Cited by 827
THE COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE OF CONSTRUCTIVE MEMORY
Schacter, D. L., Norman, K. A., & Koutstaal, W. (1998) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.49.1.289 · Cited by 827
Neural substrates of envisioning the future
Szpunar, K. K., Watson, J. M., & McDermott, K. B. (2007) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0610082104 · Cited by 784
Neural correlates of consciousness in humans
Rees, G., Kreiman, G., & Koch, C. (2002) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn783 · Cited by 742
Planning for the future by western scrub-jays
Raby, C. R., Alexis, D. M., Dickinson, A., & Clayton, N. S. (2007) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature05575 · Cited by 670
Can animals recall the past and plan for the future?
Clayton, N. S., Bussey, T. J., & Dickinson, A. (2003) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn1180 · Cited by 658
Functional Anatomy of the Attentional Modulation of Time Estimation
Coull, J. T., Vidal, F., Nazarian, B., & Macar, F. (2004) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1091573 · Cited by 642
Memory for the time of past events.
Friedman, W. J. (1993) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.113.1.44 · Cited by 639
Belief and recollection of autobiographical memories
Rubin, D. C., Schrauf, R. W., & Greenberg, D. L. (2003) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/bf03196443 · Cited by 612
The retrosplenial contribution to human navigation: a review of lesion and neuroimaging findings
Maguire, E. (2001) · Scandinavian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/1467-9450.00233 · Cited by 584
Self-citationKlein, S. B., Loftus, J., & Kihlstrom, J. F. (2002) · Social Cognition · doi:10.1521/soco.20.5.353.21125 · Cited by 553
Neuroimaging studies of autobiographical event memory
Maguire, E. A. (2001) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2001.0944 · Cited by 513
Self-citationConfabulation and the control of recollection
Burgess, P. W. (1996) · Memory · doi:10.1080/096582196388906 · Cited by 509
Gilboa, A. (2004) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhh082 · Cited by 505
Cytology and functionally correlated circuits of human posterior cingulate areas
Vogt, B. A., Vogt, L., & Laureys, S. (2006) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.07.048 · Cited by 484
Gaffan, D. (1994) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn.1994.6.4.305 · Cited by 484
Recent developments in working memory
Baddeley, A. (1998) · Current Opinion in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/s0959-4388(98)80145-1 · Cited by 443
The Long and the Short of It: Relational Memory Impairments in Amnesia, Even at Short Lags
Hannula, D. E., Tranel, D., & Cohen, N. J. (2006) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.5222-05.2006 · Cited by 436
The case of K.C.: contributions of a memory-impaired person to memory theory
Rosenbaum, R. S., Köhler, S., Schacter, D. L., Moscovitch, M., Westmacott, R., Black, S. E., Gao, F., & Tulving, E. (2005) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2004.10.007 · Cited by 433
Schacter, D. L., & Addis, D. R. (2007) · Nature · doi:10.1038/445027a · Cited by 411
Recollective qualities modulate hippocampal activation during autobiographical memory retrieval
Addis, D. R., Moscovitch, M., Crawley, A. P., & McAndrews, M. P. (2004) · Hippocampus · doi:10.1002/hipo.10215 · Cited by 383
Memory for events and their spatial context: models and experiments
Burgess, N., Becker, S., King, J. A., & O'Keefe, J. (2001) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2001.0948 · Cited by 377
Routes to remembering: the brains behind superior memory
Maguire, E. A., Valentine, E. R., Wilding, J. M., & Kapur, N. (2002) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn988 · Cited by 370
Self-citationReconsolidation: the advantage of being refocused
Dudai, Y. (2006) · Current Opinion in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.conb.2006.03.010 · Cited by 357
Mental time travel in animals?
Suddendorf, T., & Grant, J. B. (2003) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/s1364-6613(03)00187-6 · Cited by 338
Navigation around London by a taxi driver with bilateral hippocampal lesions
Maguire, E. A., Nannery, R., & Spiers, H. J. (2006) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awl286 · Cited by 335
Self-citationThe neural basis of episodic memory: evidence from functional neuroimaging
Rugg, M. D., Otten, L. J., & Henson, R. N. A. (2002) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2002.1102 · Cited by 326
Specialization in the medial temporal lobe for processing of objects and scenes
Lee, A. C. H., Buckley, M. J., Pegman, S. J., Spiers, H. J., Scahill, V. L., Gaffan, D., Bussey, T. J., Davies, R., Kapur, N., Hodges, J. R., et al. (2005) · Hippocampus · doi:10.1002/hipo.20101 · Cited by 320
The Neuropsychology of autobiographical memory
GREENBERG, D., & RUBIN, D. (2003) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/s0010-9452(08)70860-8 · Cited by 318
Spiers, H. J., Maguire, E. A., & Burgess, N. (2001) · Neurocase · doi:10.1076/neur.7.5.357.16245 · Cited by 249
Self-citationPrinciples of Frontal Lobe Function
Miller, B. L. (2003) · Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology · doi:10.1097/00146965-200306000-00007 · Cited by 234
The Human Hippocampus: Cognitive Maps or Relational Memory?
Kumaran, D., & Maguire, E. A. (2005) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1103-05.2005 · Cited by 218
Self-citationChronesthesia: Conscious Awareness of Subjective Time
Tulving, E. (2002) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195134971.003.0020 · Cited by 191
The Neuroanatomy of Remote Memory
Bayley, P. J., Gold, J. J., Hopkins, R. O., & Squire, L. R. (2005) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2005.04.034 · Cited by 178
Handbook of Binding and MemoryPerspectives from Cognitive Neuroscience
Zimmer, H. D., Mecklinger, A., & Lindenberger, U. (2006) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198529675.001.0001 · Cited by 169
Sugiura, M., Shah, N. J., Zilles, K., & Fink, G. R. (2005) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/0898929053124956 · Cited by 167
A fragmentation hypothesis of memory: Cued recall of pictures and of sequential position.
Jones, G. V. (1976) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037/0096-3445.105.3.277 · Cited by 159
Neurophysiological correlates of memory for experienced and imagined events
Conway, M. A., Pleydell-Pearce, C. W., Whitecross, S. E., & Sharpe, H. (2003) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/s0028-3932(02)00165-3 · Cited by 156
Dudai, Y., & Carruthers, M. (2005) · Nature · doi:10.1038/434567a · Cited by 150
Maguire, E. A., Henson, R. N., Mummery, C. J., & Frith, C. (2001) · Neuroreport · doi:10.1097/00001756-200103050-00004 · Cited by 146
Self-citationThe neural basis of autobiographical and semantic memory: New evidence from three PET studies
GRAHAM, K. S., LEE, A. C. H., BRETT, M., & PATTERSON, K. (2003) · Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/cabn.3.3.234 · Cited by 140
Use of plan schemata in the recall and recognition of goal-directed actions.
Brewer, W. F., & Dupree, D. A. (1983) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037/0278-7393.9.1.117 · Cited by 103
Discriminating imagined from perceived information engages brain areas implicated in schizophrenia
Simons, J., Davis, S., Gilbert, S., Frith, C., & Burgess, P. (2006) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2006.04.209 · Cited by 101
Episodic memory—From brain to mind
Ferbinteanu, J., Kennedy, P., & Shapiro, M. L. (2006) · Hippocampus · doi:10.1002/hipo.20204 · Cited by 99
Graham, K. S., & Gaffan, D. (2005) · The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section B · doi:10.1080/02724990544000059 · Cited by 36
Part or parcel? Contextual binding of events in episodic memory
Trinkler, I., King, J. A., Spiers, H. J., & Burgess, N. (2006) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198529675.003.0003 · Cited by 14
Cortico-hippocampal communication by way of parallel parahippocampal-subicular pathways.
Lavenex (2000) · Pure Amsterdam UMC · doi:10.1002/1098-1063(2000)10:4 · Cited by 1
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 90 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
The Brain's Default Network: Anatomy, Function, and Relevance to Disease
Buckner, R. L., Andrews‐Hanna, J. R., & Schacter, D. L. (2008) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1196/annals.1440.011 · Cited by 9,761
Buckner, R. L., Sepulcre, J., Talukdar, T., Krienen, F. M., Liu, H., Hedden, T., Andrews-Hanna, J. R., Sperling, R. A., & Johnson, K. A. (2009) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.5062-08.2009 · Cited by 2,862
Functional-anatomic fractionation of the brain’s default network
Andrews-Hanna, J. R., Reidler, J. S., Sepulcre, J., Poulin, R., & Buckner, R. L. (2010) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2010.02.005 · Cited by 2,767
Remembering the past to imagine the future: the prospective brain
Schacter, D. L., Addis, D. R., & Buckner, R. L. (2007) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn2213 · Cited by 2,394
Andrews‐Hanna, J. R., Smallwood, J., & Spreng, R. N. (2014) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/nyas.12360 · Cited by 2,102
Metadata
- Authors
- Hassabis, D., & Maguire, E. A.
- Affiliations
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Hassabis, Demis
- Maguire, Eleanor A.
- Venue
- Trends in Cognitive Sciences
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2007-07
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 299-306
- ISSN
- 1364-6613 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2073840350
- Cited by
- 1,229
- References
- 90
- Citations by year
- 2026: 46 · 2025: 86 · 2024: 78 · 2023: 58 · 2022: 71 · 2021: 71 · 2020: 72 · 2019: 106 · 2018: 57 · 2017: 74 · 2016: 86 · 2015: 75 · 2014: 68 · 2013: 60 · 2012: 72
- FWCI
- 2.85
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Trends in Cognitive Sciences (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Wellcome Trust (071173)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Functions and Memory
- Keywords
- episodic memory, scene construction, episodic future thinking, self-projection, memory retrieval, navigation, theory of mind, brain networks, subjective time
- MeSH terms
- Association Learning, Brain, Brain Mapping, Cognition, Humans, Imagination, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Memory, Nerve Net, Perception, Mental Recall, Thinking, Personal Construct Theory
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review