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Variation in oxytocin is related to variation in affiliative behavior in monogamous, pairbonded tamarins
Open accessAbstract
Oxytocin plays an important role in monogamous pairbonded female voles, but not in polygamous voles. Here we examined a socially-monogamous cooperatively breeding primate where both sexes share in parental care and territory defense for within species variation in behavior and female and male oxytocin levels in 14 pairs of cotton-top tamarins (Saguinus oedipus), In order to obtain a stable chronic assessment of hormones and behavior, we observed behavior and collected urinary hormonal samples across the tamarins’ three week ovulatory cycle. We found similar levels of urinary oxytocin in both sexes. However, basal urinary oxytocin levels varied ten-fold across pairs and pair-mates displayed similar oxytocin levels. Affiliative behavior (contact, grooming, sex) also varied greatly across the sample and explained more than half the variance in pair oxytocin levels. The variables accounting for variation in oxytocin levels differed by sex. Mutual contact and grooming explained most of the variance in female oxytocin levels whereas sexual behavior explained most of the variance in male oxytocin levels. The initiation of contact by males and solicitation of sex by females were related to increased levels of oxytocin in both. This study demonstrates within-species variation in oxytocin that is directly related to levels of affiliative and sexual behavior. However, different behavioral mechanisms influence oxytocin levels in males and females and a strong pair relationship (as indexed by high levels of oxytocin) may require the activation of appropriate mechanisms for both sexes.
Overview
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
In 14 pairs of cotton-top tamarins, urinary oxytocin varied ten-fold across individuals but did not differ by sex, and pair mates had correlated oxytocin levels. Affiliative and sexual behavior explained substantial variance in oxytocin, with different behavioral predictors for females and males.
Key findings
- No sex difference in mean urinary oxytocin: females 23.69 ± 5.25 vs males 16.26 ± 3.56 pg/mg Cr, t(26)=1.17, P=0.25; within pairs, male and female oxytocin levels were significantly correlated (RS=0.714, N=14, P=0.02).
- Oxytocin varied ten-fold across individuals: females ranged 4.5 to 46.4 pg/mg Cr and males ranged 3.89 to 39.92 ng/mg Cr, as reported. Pair oxytocin correlated with affiliative behavior (RS=0.783, N=14, P<0.01), and remained significant when sexual behavior was excluded (RS=0.72, N=14, P<0.02).
- Stepwise regressions: mean pair oxytocin was predicted by total sexual behavior plus affiliative frequency (F(2,11)=9.54, P=0.004, adjusted r²=0.57); female oxytocin by affiliation duration and frequency (F(3,10)=3.937, P=0.04, adjusted r²=0.40); male oxytocin by sexual behavior only (F(1,12)=7.46, P=0.02, adjusted r²=0.33).
- Individual behaviors explained more pair oxytocin variance: male sexual behavior, male huddle initiation, and female solicitation (F(3,10)=21.54, P=.001, adjusted r²=0.83).
Methods
- Subjects were 14 male-female cotton-top tamarin pairs housed together for more than one year; one animal per pair was sterilized for colony management but all had intact gonads, and no offspring were present.
- Behavior was observed in 30-min sessions three times weekly, and first-morning urine samples were collected three times weekly across the female’s three-week ovarian cycle; hormonal and behavioral measures were averaged to assess chronic/basal levels.
- Urinary oxytocin was measured by enzyme immunoassay, creatinine-corrected, with biological validation via estradiol implants and pairing; analyses used Spearman rank correlations, t-tests, and stepwise multiple regressions.
Limitations
- The paper states that the data represent chronic/baseline hormone and behavior levels, and that it is unknown whether or how quickly oxytocin levels change in response to sexual behavior or female fertility.
- Evident from the text: the study is correlational with a small sample of 14 captive pairs, so causal direction between oxytocin and behavior cannot be established; urinary oxytocin is used as a peripheral proxy for biobehavioral oxytocin function.
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Claims the paper makes
0 of 5 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We found similar levels of urinary oxytocin in both sexes.”
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
“Male and female oxytocin levels did not differ across the sample (Mean ± SEM: Female 23.69 ± 5.25, Male 16.26 ± 3.56 pg/mg Cr, t (26) = 1.17, P = 0.25).”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
“we found no sex differences in oxytocin levels.”
§ Variation in Oxytocin is Related to Variation in Affiliative Behavior in Monogamous, Pairbonded Tamarins > Abstract
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Also stated in: § Results · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The model that explained the greatest variance in mean pair oxytocin levels included both total sexual behavior and frequency of affiliative behavior (F (2, 11) = 9.54, P = 0.004, adjusted r square = 0.57”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
“Our multiple regression analyses identified two pair behavioral components (sexual behavior and frequency of affiliative contact) that explained 60% of the variance in the mean oxytocin levels within pairs.”
§ Variation in Oxytocin is Related to Variation in Affiliative Behavior in Monogamous, Pairbonded Tamarins > Results
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Pair oxytocin levels correlated significantly with affiliative behavior (RS = 0.783, N = 14, P < 0.01; Figure 3).”
§ Variation in Oxytocin is Related to Variation in Affiliative Behavior in Monogamous, Pairbonded Tamarins > Results
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The model that explained the greatest variance included male huddle initiation and female solicitation (F (2, 11) = 8.53, P =0.006, adjusted r square = 0.54”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
“Male initiation of huddles with females and female solicitation of sex were both important variables in explaining variation in both pair and female oxytocin levels.”
§ Variation in Oxytocin is Related to Variation in Affiliative Behavior in Monogamous, Pairbonded Tamarins > Results
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Affiliative behavior (contact, grooming, sex) also varied greatly across the sample”
- Also stated in: § Results · boosted
“The striking within-species variation also appeared for the behavioral measures with sexual behavior ranging from 1.5 to 6.9 acts per 30 min, huddling and grooming duration ranging from 14.6 to 556.8 sec per 30 min and huddling and grooming frequency ranging from 1.9 to 18.2 acts per 30 min.”
§ Variation in Oxytocin is Related to Variation in Affiliative Behavior in Monogamous, Pairbonded Tamarins > Abstract
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Also stated in: § Results · boosted
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“One significant model (male erections) explained variance in male oxytocin levels (F (1, 12) = 10.69, P = 0.006, adjusted r-square= 0.43, beta for erection = 0.69, t = 3.31, P = 0.006).”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
“male erections explained 43% of the variance.”
§ Variation in Oxytocin is Related to Variation in Affiliative Behavior in Monogamous, Pairbonded Tamarins > Results
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“When predictors of male oxytocin levels were tested, the significant model included sexual behavior as the only significant variable (F (1, 12) = 7.46, P = 0.02, adjusted r square = 0.33; beta coefficient for sexual behavior = 0.62, t = 2.731, P = 0.02).”
§ Variation in Oxytocin is Related to Variation in Affiliative Behavior in Monogamous, Pairbonded Tamarins > Results
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For predictors of variance in female oxytocin levels the model excluded sex but included both affiliation duration and affiliation frequency (F (3, 10) = 3.937, P = 0.04 adjusted r square = 0.40).”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
“For females the best model excluded sexual behavior but showed that 40% of the variance in female oxytocin could be explained by the frequency and duration of contact behavior and grooming.”
§ Variation in Oxytocin is Related to Variation in Affiliative Behavior in Monogamous, Pairbonded Tamarins > Results
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“When sexual behavior was removed as a variable using only the rank order based on huddling and grooming frequency and duration the correlation with pair oxytocin rank was still highly significant (RS = 0.72, N = 14, P < 0.02).”
§ Variation in Oxytocin is Related to Variation in Affiliative Behavior in Monogamous, Pairbonded Tamarins > Results
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“pair-mates displayed similar oxytocin levels”
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
“a significant Spearman rank order correlation between mates (RS =0.714, N = 14, P = 0.02)”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
“We also found a significant correlation between oxytocin levels in both males and females within tamarin pairs”
§ Variation in Oxytocin is Related to Variation in Affiliative Behavior in Monogamous, Pairbonded Tamarins > Abstract
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Also stated in: § Results · plain
- Probably not a substantial claim. 9
- It may state two separate claims as one. 10
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We measured cortisol levels according to the methods of Ziegler et al. (1995), but found no significant relationships between cortisol and oxytocin or cortisol and behavior and do not discuss this further.”
§ Variation in Oxytocin is Related to Variation in Affiliative Behavior in Monogamous, Pairbonded Tamarins > Methods > Hormonal Assays
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Mean intra-assay coefficients of variation were 5.85% and inter-assay coefficients of variation were 16.11%.”
§ Variation in Oxytocin is Related to Variation in Affiliative Behavior in Monogamous, Pairbonded Tamarins > Methods > Hormonal Assays
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“We have reported (Snowdon and Ziegler, 2007) that rates of nonconceptive sex and female solicitation increase after minor threats to the relationship (brief separations, and olfactory stimuli from novel reproductive females) suggesting that nonconceptive sex may be important in restoring or maintaining a relationship.”
§ Variation in Oxytocin is Related to Variation in Affiliative Behavior in Monogamous, Pairbonded Tamarins > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Snowdon and Ziegler, 2007
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We suggest that the amount and quality of close contact and non-conceptive sex may also play an important role in predicting the quality and duration of human heterosexual relationships.”
§ Variation in Oxytocin is Related to Variation in Affiliative Behavior in Monogamous, Pairbonded Tamarins > Discussion
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All observers were trained to a criterion of >85% reliability prior to observations.”
§ Variation in Oxytocin is Related to Variation in Affiliative Behavior in Monogamous, Pairbonded Tamarins > Methods > Data collection
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“A direct enzyme immunoassay (EIA) (Assay Designs, Ann Arbor, MI) has been shown to have greater specificity than the earlier RIA, responding only to the fraction eluded at the location of oxytocin (Carter et al., 2007). EIA reactivity with arginine vasopressin was less than 0.3%.”
§ Variation in Oxytocin is Related to Variation in Affiliative Behavior in Monogamous, Pairbonded Tamarins > Methods > Hormonal Assays
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Carter et al., 2007 source
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In contrast to previous research on rodents (polygynous rats and monogamous prairie voles) where sexually-naïve females had increased levels of oxytocin compared to sexually-naïve males (Kramer et al., 2004) we found no sex differences in oxytocin levels.”
§ Variation in Oxytocin is Related to Variation in Affiliative Behavior in Monogamous, Pairbonded Tamarins > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Kramer et al., 2004 source
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These results based on pair behaviors suggest males and females have complementary behavioral strategies with female oxytocin levels being influenced by amount of proximity and contact they receive whereas male levels are affected by amount of sexual activity.”
§ Variation in Oxytocin is Related to Variation in Affiliative Behavior in Monogamous, Pairbonded Tamarins > Discussion
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The natural establishment of pairbonds in prairie voles is usually accompanied by extensive sexual behavior over one to two days (Carter 1998) which also induces ovulation in females.”
§ Variation in Oxytocin is Related to Variation in Affiliative Behavior in Monogamous, Pairbonded Tamarins > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Carter 1998 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Serial diluted pooled tamarin urine was parallel to oxytocin standards (t = 1.21, P >0.05) and accuracy was 101.9 + 4.7% (mean +SEM).”
§ Variation in Oxytocin is Related to Variation in Affiliative Behavior in Monogamous, Pairbonded Tamarins > Methods > Hormonal Assays
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These results suggest that these behaviors may have a tonic effect on oxytocin levels, and that peripheral oxytocin levels reflect the quality of a pair relationship.”
§ Variation in Oxytocin is Related to Variation in Affiliative Behavior in Monogamous, Pairbonded Tamarins > Discussion
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A good relationship between pair mates may be one where each sex can respond to the behavioral needs of its mate.”
§ Variation in Oxytocin is Related to Variation in Affiliative Behavior in Monogamous, Pairbonded Tamarins > Discussion
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The demonstration that both sexes of tamarins have equal levels of oxytocin within a pair, but that these levels are influenced by different behaviors for each sex and that each sex engages in behavior that complements the needs of the mate suggest ways in which human relationships might be improved.”
§ Variation in Oxytocin is Related to Variation in Affiliative Behavior in Monogamous, Pairbonded Tamarins > Discussion
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Our results suggest that variation in affiliative and sexual behavior may have a significant effect on hormones or vice versa.”
§ Variation in Oxytocin is Related to Variation in Affiliative Behavior in Monogamous, Pairbonded Tamarins > Discussion
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All concentrations were divided by creatinine levels to control for variation in urine concentration.”
§ Variation in Oxytocin is Related to Variation in Affiliative Behavior in Monogamous, Pairbonded Tamarins > Methods > Hormonal Assays
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
The paper relies on this without support.
In both marmosets and tamarins, sexual roles are not highly differentiated, with both sexes taking part in infant care, vigilance, and territory defense.
“In both marmosets and tamarins sexual roles are not highly differentiated, with both taking part in infant care, vigilance and territory defense, which may be related to the lack of sex differences in peripheral oxytocin levels.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“In primates, a study in pair-bonded tamarins examining behavioral correlates over time with repeated samples of urinary oxytocin, showed that pairs that had a closer bond, defined as engaging in higher rather than lower rates of affiliative and sexual behaviors over several weeks also had higher urinary oxytocin concentrations during the same time period (Snowdon et al., 2010).”
From Endogenous peripheral oxytocin measures can give insight into the dynamics of social relationships: a review (2014) · cites this paper as Snowdon et al., 2010
In the citing paper
“Congruent patterns are observed when linking social behaviors to endogenous measures of oxytocin in plasma, urine or saliva in non-human primates (Seltzer and Ziegler, 2007; Maestripieri et al., 2009; Snowdon et al., 2010; Crockford et al., 2013) and humans (Christensson et al., 1989; Holt-Lunstad et al., 2008; Morhenn et al., 2008; Gordon et al., 2010).”
From Endogenous peripheral oxytocin measures can give insight into the dynamics of social relationships: a review (2014) · cites this paper as Snowdon et al., 2010
In the citing paper
“In tamarins, for example, Snowdon et al. (2010) implanted three males with an estradiol pellet (1.5 mg continuous release over 30 days) and collected urine samples before and during the period of the implant. Estradiol increased significantly in all three males (t = 3.64, P = 0.04) ensuring the effectiveness of the pellets in raising estradiol. Male oxytocin response varied substantially, but two”
From Endogenous peripheral oxytocin measures can give insight into the dynamics of social relationships: a review (2014) · cites this paper as Snowdon et al., 2010
In the citing paper
“Validations to test for this have been performed for several primate species (cotton-top tamarins: Snowdon et al., 2010; marmoset: Seltzer and Ziegler, 2007; humans: Seltzer et al., 2010; chimpanzees: Ziegler et al., unpublished data).”
From Endogenous peripheral oxytocin measures can give insight into the dynamics of social relationships: a review (2014) · cites this paper as Snowdon et al., 2010
In the citing paper
“Urinary levels of OT co-vary with social behavior in male and female cotton-top tamarins (Saguinus oedipus), with variance in female OT levels associated with grooming behavior and mutual physical contact with a partner, and variance in male OT levels associated with sexual behavior (Snowdon et al., 2010).”
From Oxytocin facilitates fidelity in well-established marmoset pairs by reducing sociosexual behavior toward opposite-sex strangers (2014) · cites this paper as Snowdon et al., 2010
Statistics that don’t add up
Each reported p-value recomputed from its test statistic and degrees of freedom.
Inconsistent p-value: F (1, 12) = 10.69, p = .006
MinorThe paper reports p = .006 here; recomputing from the test statistic and its degrees of freedom gives p = .007. The check cannot tell whether the statistic or the p-value is the misprint.
Reported p = .006 · recomputed p = .007
“F (1, 12) = 10.69, P = 0.006”
Statistics recomputed
Every reported test result, recomputed from its test statistic and degrees of freedom. A result shows as not adding up only once an independent check has confirmed it.
- Doesn’t add upF(1, 12) = 10.69reported p = .006 · recomputed p = .007
“F (1, 12) = 10.69, p = .006”
- Consistentt(26) = 1.17reported p = .25 · recomputed p = .253
“t (26) = 1.17, p = .25”
- Consistentt(13) = 1.35reported p = .199 · recomputed p = .200
“t (13) = 1.35, p = .199”
- ConsistentF(2, 11) = 9.54reported p = .004 · recomputed p = .004
“F (2, 11) = 9.54, p = .004”
- ConsistentF(3, 10) = 3.937reported p = .04 · recomputed p = .043
“F (3, 10) = 3.937, p = .04”
- ConsistentF(1, 12) = 7.46reported p = .02 · recomputed p = .018
“F (1, 12) = 7.46, p = .02”
- ConsistentF(3, 10) = 21.54reported p = .001 · recomputed p < .001
“F (3, 10) = 21.54, p = .001”
The paper prints p at a floor (such as p < .001)
- ConsistentF(2, 11) = 8.53reported p = .006 · recomputed p = .006
“F (2, 11) = 8.53, p = .006”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Female regression lists two predictors but reports three predictor degrees of freedom
MinorThe description identifies affiliation duration and frequency as the model's predictors and says sex was excluded. Its F(3, 10) statistic instead indicates three predictors, leaving a predictor unaccounted for.
“the model excluded sex but included both affiliation duration and affiliation frequency”
“F (3, 10) = 3.937, P = 0.04 adjusted r square = 0.40”
Erection-model F statistic does not equal the squared t statistic
MinorFor a regression with one predictor, the predictor's t statistic squared must equal the model F statistic. The reported t of 3.31 gives 10.9561, rather than the reported F of 10.69; the gap exceeds rounding to the printed precision.
Reported 10.69 · recomputed 10.9561
“F (1, 12) = 10.69, P = 0.006, adjusted r-square= 0.43, beta for erection = 0.69, t = 3.31, P = 0.006”
Male oxytocin range uses inconsistent units
MinorThe male range is given in ng/mg Cr, whereas the assay values and the reported male mean are in pg/mg Cr. The stated units differ by a factor of 1,000.
“males (3.89 to 39.92 ng/mg Cr)”
“Male 16.26 ± 3.56 pg/mg Cr”
Male sexual behavior does not explain the stated 45% of variance
MinorThe discussion says sexual behavior explained 45% of male oxytocin variance. The corresponding results report an adjusted R-squared of 0.33; their F statistic gives an unadjusted R-squared of about 0.38, not 0.45.
“For males, frequency of pair sexual behavior explained 45% of the variance”
“F (1, 12) = 7.46, P = 0.02, adjusted r square = 0.33; beta coefficient for sexual behavior = 0.62, t = 2.731, P = 0.02”
Citations
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Neuroendocrine perspectives on social attachment and love
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“Some studies have shown that sexual activities as well as gentle stroking and touching can elicit increased oxytocin levels in humans (Uvnäs-Moberg, 1998; Krüger et al., 2003; Light et al., 2005).”
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Oxytocin receptor distribution reflects social organization in monogamous and polygamous voles
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Adult attachment predicts maternal brain and oxytocin response to infant cues.
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Neurophysiological Correlates of Affiliative Behaviour between Humans and Dogs
Odendaal, J. S. J., & Meintjes, R. A. (2003) · The Veterinary Journal · doi:10.1016/s1090-0233(02)00237-x · Cited by 742
Neuropeptidergic regulation of affiliative behavior and social bonding in animals
Lim, M. M., & Young, L. J. (2006) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2006.06.028 · Cited by 624
Oxytocin is associated with human trustworthiness
ZAK, P., KURZBAN, R., & MATZNER, W. (2005) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2005.07.009 · Cited by 595
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Snowdon, 2007, Growing up cooperatively: family processes and infant development in marmosets and tamarins, J. Devel. Proc., 2, 40
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Oxytocin and social affiliation in humans
Feldman, R. (2012) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2012.01.008 · Cited by 767
“…1995): intracerebroventricular infusion of OT facilitates partner's attachment in female prairie voles (Williams et al., 1994), blockade of OT receptors impairs bond formation (Cho et al., 1999), and peripheral levels of OT correlate with partners' affiliative behavior (Snowdon et al., 2010).”
BackgroundThe Evolutionary Origins of Friendship
Seyfarth, R. M., & Cheney, D. L. (2011) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-120710-100337 · Cited by 476
“In a study of monogamously bonded tamarins (Saguinus oedipus), for example, Snowdon et al. (2010) found that both males and females exhibited a tenfold variation in levels of oxytocin.”
BackgroundUrinary oxytocin and social bonding in related and unrelated wild chimpanzees
Crockford, C., Wittig, R. M., Langergraber, K., Ziegler, T. E., Zuberbühler, K., & Deschner, T. (2013) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2012.2765 · Cited by 347
Self-citationvan Anders, S. M., Goldey, K. L., & Kuo, P. X. (2011) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2011.06.001 · Cited by 321
“OT is also implicated in sexual intimacy, including orgasm, satiety, and activity (Carter, 1992; Insel et al., 1998; Young et al., 2008; Snowdon et al., 2010).”
InfluentialA practical guide to the study of social relationships
Silk, J., Cheney, D., & Seyfarth, R. (2013) · Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews · doi:10.1002/evan.21367 · Cited by 252
Wittig, R. M., Crockford, C., Deschner, T., Langergraber, K. E., Ziegler, T. E., & Zuberbühler, K. (2014) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2013.3096 · Cited by 235
“Significantly, peripheral measures of oxytocin from plasma or urine correlate positively with psychological and behavioural patterns, such as aversion reduction in male mice [19], social contact in marmosets [40], lactation in rhesus macaques [41], rates of affiliative behaviours in pair-bonded tamarins [42] and groom…”
BackgroundSelf-citationEllingsen, D., Leknes, S., Løseth, G. E., Wessberg, J., & Olausson, H. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01986 · Cited by 214
“This effect was potentiated by intranasal administration of an oxytocin receptor agonist (Ellingsen et al., 2014) (See below for more on oxytocin).”
BackgroundFreeman, S. M., Inoue, K., Smith, A. L., Goodman, M. M., & Young, L. J. (2014) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2014.03.023 · Cited by 185
“Behavioral studies in NHPs suggest that OT modulates social behaviors related to affiliation, sexual behavior, and pair bonding (Smith et al., 2010; Snowdon et al., 2010).”
BackgroundCrockford, C., Deschner, T., Ziegler, T. E., & Wittig, R. M. (2014) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2014.00068 · Cited by 187
Self-citationAdvances in human oxytocin measurement: challenges and proposed solutions
Tabak, B. A., Leng, G., Szeto, A., Parker, K. J., Verbalis, J. G., Ziegler, T. E., Lee, M. R., Neumann, I. D., & Mendez, A. J. (2023) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-022-01719-z · Cited by 170
“[122] found increases in urinary oxytocin concentrations in non-human primates, and Francis et al.”
BackgroundSelf-citationAffiliation, empathy, and the origins of theory of mind
Seyfarth, R. M., & Cheney, D. L. (2013) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1301223110 · Cited by 164
“In socially monogamous tamarins (Saguinus oedipus), strongly bonded pairs exhibit higher oxytocin levels than more weakly bonded pairs (17).”
BackgroundThe role of oxytocin in male and female reproductive behavior
Veening, J. G., A, T. R. D. J., Waldinger, M. D., Korte, S. M., & Olivier, B. (2014) · European Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2014.07.045 · Cited by 156
“not typical for humans and rodents, since similar ‘nonapeptideeffects’ have been observed in a variety of other species, from mollusks via teleosts and birds to primates, including man (Churchland and Winkielman, 2012; Insel, 2010; Knobloch and Grinevich, 2014; Snowdon et al., 2010).”
BackgroundSemantic Space Theory: A Computational Approach to Emotion
Cowen, A., & Keltner, D. J. (2020) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2020.11.004 · Cited by 189
“…love is linked to both tactile and vocal signals [106 – 113] informs hypotheses regarding the animal homologies of fi lial touch [108,110,111,113,114] and nurturant prosody [109,112,115,116], and helps explain their overlapping endocrinological underpinnings, such as why both of these behaviors…”
MacDonald, K., MacDonald, T. M., Brüne, M., Lamb, K., Wilson, M. P., Golshan, S., & Feifel, D. (2013) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2013.05.014 · Cited by 140
“In spite of its shortcomings, an ethological and behavioral perspective is particularly salient in regards to OT, which has been shown to bias relational behavior in a prosocial direction in a diverse variety of mammalian species (Kendrick et al., 1987; Madden and Clutton-Brock, 2011; Neumann, 2008; Saito and Nakamura…”
BackgroundNon-invasive monitoring of physiological markers in primates
Behringer, V., & Deschner, T. (2017) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2017.02.001 · Cited by 145
“Within a pair bond in tamarins, rates of affiliative behaviors are linked to OT levels (Snowdon et al., 2010) and pairs with strong social bonds have more synchronized longitudinal fluctuations of OT levels (Finkenwirth et al., 2015).”
BackgroundOxytocin-like receptors mediate pair bonding in a socially monogamous songbird
Klatt, J. D., & Goodson, J. L. (2012) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2012.2396 · Cited by 140
Dogs' endocrine and behavioural responses at reunion are affected by how the human initiates contact
Rehn, T., Handlin, L., Uvnäs‐Moberg, K., & Keeling, L. J. (2013) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2013.10.009 · Cited by 127
Seltzer, L. J., Ziegler, T. E., Connolly, M. J., Prososki, A. R., & Pollak, S. D. (2013) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/cdev.12136 · Cited by 121
“…the central nervous system, OT has numerous effects that are relevant to adaptive social behavior, such as the development of trust, affiliation, pair bonding, grooming, maternal–infant attachment, and stress buffering (Carter, 1998; Gimpl & Fahrenholz, 2001; Insel, 1997; Snowdon et al., 2010).”
BackgroundSelf-citationPlasma oxytocin concentrations following MDMA or intranasal oxytocin in humans
Kirkpatrick, M. G., Francis, S. M., Lee, R., de Wit, H., & Jacob, S. (2014) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2014.04.006 · Cited by 106
“This kit has been validated in a range of species and across different biological media including urine (Wismer-Fries et al., 2005; Carter et al., 2007; Gray et al., 2007; Seltzer and Ziegler, 2007; Seltzer et al., 2010; Snowdon et al., 2010; Feldman et al., 2011).”
BackgroundMaternal oxytocin response predicts mother-to-infant gaze
Kim, S., Fonagy, P., Koos, O., Dorsett, K., & Strathearn, L. (2014) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2013.10.050 · Cited by 102
The role of oxytocin in mating and pregnancy
Borrow, A. P., & Cameron, N. M. (2012) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2011.11.001 · Cited by 101
Finkenwirth, C., Martins, E. G., Deschner, T., & Burkart, J. M. (2016) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2016.01.008 · Cited by 98
“This result is surprising given that OT typically shows a positive rather than negative association with affiliative behaviors (Crockford et al., 2013; Insel, 2010; Snowdon et al., 2010; but see Bartz et al., 2011; De Dreu, 2012; Mustoe et al., 2015).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialThe Development of Small Primate Models for Aging Research
Fischer, K. E., & Austad, S. N. (2011) · ILAR Journal · doi:10.1093/ilar.52.1.78 · Cited by 98
“Most research in captive colonies to date has focused on cognition, reproduction, and social behavior as it relates to reproduction (Abbott et al. 2003; Almond et al. 2008; Snowdon et al. 2010; Ziegler and Snowdon 2000; Ziegler et al. 2000).”
BackgroundSalubrious effects of oxytocin on social stress-induced deficits
Smith, A. S., & Wang, Z. (2012) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2011.11.010 · Cited by 88
“As positive social contact is vital to promote relationships (reviewed in Dunbar, 2010), the neuroendocrine systems that regulate these bond-promoting behavior such as the oxytocin system (e.g., Williams et al., 1992; Winslow et al., 1993; Williams et al., 1994; Insel and Hulihan, 1995; Cho et al., 1999; Ross et al.,…”
BackgroundAntiaggressive activity of central oxytocin in male rats
Calcagnoli, F., de Boer, S. F., Althaus, M., den Boer, J. A., & Koolhaas, J. M. (2013) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-013-3124-7 · Cited by 90
Kleszczyńska, A., Sokołowska, E., & Kulczykowska, E. (2011) · General and Comparative Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.ygcen.2011.11.022 · Cited by 89
Adaptations for social cognition in the primate brain
Platt, M. L., Seyfarth, R. M., & Cheney, D. L. (2016) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2015.0096 · Cited by 94
“For example, in socially monogamous tamarins (Saguinus oedipus), strongly bonded pairs exhibit higher OT levels than more weakly bonded pairs [111].”
BackgroundPedersen, A., & Tomaszycki, M. L. (2012) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2012.05.009 · Cited by 87
“In cotton-top tamarins, sexual behavior and affiliation are correlated with increased OT in both sexes (Snowdon et al., 2010).”
InfluentialMoscovice, L. R., Surbeck, M., Fruth, B., Hohmann, G., Jaeggi, A. V., & Deschner, T. (2019) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2019.104581 · Cited by 85
Social Monogamy in Nonhuman Primates: Phylogeny, Phenotype, and Physiology
French, J. A., Cavanaugh, J., Mustoe, A. C., Carp, S. B., & Womack, S. L. (2017) · The Journal of Sex Research · doi:10.1080/00224499.2017.1339774 · Cited by 76
Chang, S. W. C., & Platt, M. L. (2014) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2013.11.006 · Cited by 71
“Available online at www.sciencedirect.com www.elsevier.com/locate/brainres b r a i n r e s e a r c h 1 5 8 0 ( 2 0 1 4 ) 5 7 – 6 8 0006-8993/$ - see fro http://dx.doi.org/10 nCorresponding a E-mail addresses”
BackgroundCavanaugh, J., Mustoe, A. C., Taylor, J. H., & French, J. A. (2014) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2014.06.020 · Cited by 72
“…levels of OT co-vary with social behavior in male and female cotton-top tamarins (Saguinus oedipus), with variance in female OT levels associated with grooming behavior and mutual physical contact with a partner, and variance in male OT levels associated with sexual behavior (Snowdon et al., 2010).”
Higham, J. P., Barr, C. S., Hoffman, C. L., Mandalaywala, T. M., Parker, K. J., & Maestripieri, D. (2011) · Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.1037/a0022695 · Cited by 69
“Since OT is also associated with sexual behavior in primates (e.g., humans, Carmichael et al., 1987; Carter, 1992; cotton-top tamarins, Snowdon et al., 2010), the observed higher levels of OT among NPNL females homozygous for the C allele may indicate that such females are more motivated to mate as…”
Neuropeptide diversity and the regulation of social behavior in New World primates
French, J. A., Taylor, J. H., Mustoe, A. C., & Cavanaugh, J. (2016) · Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.yfrne.2016.03.004 · Cited by 66
Jiang, Y., & Platt, M. L. (2018) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-018-25607-1 · Cited by 69
Fernández‐Duque, E., Huck, M., Belle, S. V., & Fiore, A. D. (2020) · American Journal of Physical Anthropology · doi:10.1002/ajpa.24017 · Cited by 60
Strongly bonded family members in common marmosets show synchronized fluctuations in oxytocin
Finkenwirth, C., van Schaik, C., Ziegler, T. E., & Burkart, J. M. (2015) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2015.07.034 · Cited by 59
Neuroendocrine control in social relationships in non-human primates: Field based evidence
Ziegler, T. E., & Crockford, C. (2017) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2017.03.004 · Cited by 58
“When measuring endogenous urinary oxytocin in cotton-top tamarin pairs, mates showed similar levels to each other, and variation in oxytocin levels positively correlatedwith rates of affiliative and sexual behavior between the pairs (Snowdon et al., 2010).”
Self-citationOxytocin secretion is pulsatile in men and is related to social-emotional functioning
Baskaran, C., Plessow, F., Silva, L., Asanza, E., Marengi, D., Eddy, K. T., Sluss, P. M., Johnson, M. L., Misra, M., & Lawson, E. A. (2017) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2017.07.486 · Cited by 50
Mooney, S. J., Douglas, N. R., & Holmes, M. M. (2014) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2014.02.003 · Cited by 52
Evolving the neuroendocrine physiology of human and primate cooperation and collective action
Trumble, B. C., Jaeggi, A. V., & Gurven, M. (2015) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2015.0014 · Cited by 50
Spence‐Aizenberg, A., Fiore, A. D., & Fernández‐Duque, E. (2015) · Primates · doi:10.1007/s10329-015-0489-8 · Cited by 48
Stability and strength of male-female associations in a promiscuous primate society
Baniel, A., Cowlishaw, G., & Huchard, É. (2016) · Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology · doi:10.1007/s00265-016-2100-8 · Cited by 47
“1994; Cushing and Carter 2000), non-human primates (Smith et al. 2010; Snowdon et al. 2010) and humans (Grewen et al.”
BackgroundEvolution of affiliation: patterns of convergence from genomes to behaviour
Fischer, E. K., Nowicki, J. P., & O’Connell, L. A. (2019) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2018.0242 · Cited by 46
Urinary and plasma oxytocin changes in response to MDMA or intranasal oxytocin administration
Francis, S. M., Kirkpatrick, M. G., de Wit, H., & Jacob, S. (2016) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2016.08.011 · Cited by 46
Preis, A., Samuni, L., Mielke, A., Deschner, T., Crockford, C., & Wittig, R. M. (2018) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2018.07.009 · Cited by 42
“A possible candidate is the oxytocinergic system, which has been shown to be involved in a variety of social behaviors and processes including affiliative and approach behaviors, bond maintenance and social support, all of which are central elements of PC affiliations (Carter, 1998; Insel and Young, 2001; Crockford et…”
Oxytocin regulates reunion affiliation with a pairmate following social separation in marmosets
Cavanaugh, J., Mustoe, A. C., & French, J. A. (2018) · American Journal of Primatology · doi:10.1002/ajp.22750 · Cited by 42
“…pair-bonded males and females (Cavanaugh, Mustoe, Taylor, & French, 2014; Finkenwirth, van Schaik, Ziegler, & Burkart, 2015; Smith, Ågmo, Birnie, & French, 2010; Snowdon et al., 2010), and cooperation and altruism in food sharing tasks (Mustoe, Cavanaugh, Harnisch, Thompson, & French, 2015).”
Cronin, K. A., & Sánchez, Á. (2012) · Advances in Complex Systems · doi:10.1142/s021952591250066x · Cited by 43
Self-citationVariation in Prolactin Is Related to Variation in Sexual Behavior and Contact Affiliation
Snowdon, C. T., & Ziegler, T. E. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0120650 · Cited by 39
Self-citationKlatt, J. D., & Goodson, J. L. (2013) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2013.10.001 · Cited by 38
Marmosets treated with oxytocin are more socially attractive to their long-term mate
Cavanaugh, J., Huffman, M. C., Harnisch, A. M., & French, J. A. (2015) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2015.00251 · Cited by 36
Olazábal, D. E. (2014) · Journal of Physiology-Paris · doi:10.1016/j.jphysparis.2014.10.002 · Cited by 35
“Several studies have also shown that the major behavioral effects of OXT release, treatment, and manipulation were similar in both males and females tested for social stressors, anxiety, and affiliative, among other behaviors (Engelmann et al., 1999; McGregor and Bowen, 2013; Sabihi et al., 2014; Snowdon et al., 2010).”
BackgroundAn evolutionary perspective on the behavioral consequences of exogenous oxytocin application
Ebitz, R. B., & Platt, M. L. (2014) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2013.00225 · Cited by 35
Urinary oxytocin in capuchin monkeys: Validation and the influence of social behavior
Benítez, M. E., Sosnowski, M. J., Tomeo, O. B., & Brosnan, S. F. (2018) · American Journal of Primatology · doi:10.1002/ajp.22877 · Cited by 34
“…Hochfelder, Cavanaugh, & French, 2016 Saito & Nakamura, 2011; Samuni et al., 2017; Simpson et al., 2014; Smith et al., 2010; Callicebus spp.; Snowdon et al., 2010; Winslow & Insel, 1992; Saimuri sciureus; Wittig et al., 2014) with the vast majority of studies conducted on pair-bonding…”
BackgroundHathaway, G. A., Faykoo-Martinez, M., Peragine, D. E., Mooney, S. J., & Holmes, M. M. (2015) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2015.12.001 · Cited by 32
Wirobski, G., Range, F., Schaebs, F. S., Palme, R., Deschner, T., & Marshall‐Pescini, S. (2020) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2020.104901 · Cited by 34
Moscovice, L. R., & Ziegler, T. E. (2012) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2012.08.011 · Cited by 31
“…and across different biological media including urine (Feldman et al., 2011; Gray et al., 2007; Seltzer and Ziegler, 2007; Seltzer et al., 2010; Snowdon et al., 2010; Wismer-Fries et al., 2005), plasma and saliva (Carter et al., 2007; Feldman et al., 2011) and CSF (Toni Ziegler, unpublished…”
InfluentialSelf-citationCrespi, B. J., & Procyshyn, T. L. (2017) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.05.004 · Cited by 32
“…condition is that among mammals oxytocin levels and their neurological rewards are expressed, in mother-offspring or human reciprocal situations, through forms of grooming and other direct contact such as hugging (e.g., Snowdon et al., 2010; Anacker and Beery, 2013; Carter and Wilkinson, 2015).”
Gnanadesikan, G. E., Hammock, E. A. D., Tecot, S. R., Carter, C. S., & MacLean, E. L. (2021) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2021.105368 · Cited by 32
“…both peripherally as a hormone and within the central nervous system as a neurotransmitter (Buijs and Heerikhuize, 1982) and neuromodulator (Ludwig, 1998; Stoop, 2012), sometimes in a coordinated fashion and sometimes independently (reviewed in Jurek and Neumann, 2018; Landgraf and Neumann, 2004).”
BackgroundGnanadesikan, G. E., Hammock, E. A. D., Tecot, S. R., Lewis, R. J., Hart, R., Carter, C. S., & MacLean, E. L. (2022) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2022.105827 · Cited by 27
Aubert, Y., Gustison, M. L., Gardner, L. A., Bohl, M. A., Lange, J. R., Allers, K. A., Sommer, B., Datson, N. A., & Abbott, D. H. (2012) · The Journal of Sexual Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1743-6109.2011.02616.x · Cited by 27
“Thus, the aggression-inducing effect of 8-OH-DPAT and the affiliationenhancing effect of flibanserin may create relationship environments that either diminish or facilitate sexual interactions between marmoset pairmates, respectively, likely mediated by neurotransmitter systems implicated in the regulation of social b…”
Heintz, M. R., Fuller, G. A., & Allard, S. M. (2019) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani9090604 · Cited by 28
“Pair-bonded titi monkeys (Callicebus cupreus) showed an increase in cerebrospinal fluid oxytocin following short-term separation [64], and urinary oxytocin levels increased in cotton-top tamarin (Saguinus oedipus) pairs when they were reunited following separation [65].”
BackgroundBaker, K. C., Crockett, C. M., Lee, G. H., Oettinger, B. C., Schoof, V. A. M., & Thom, J. P. (2012) · Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science · doi:10.1080/10888705.2012.658330 · Cited by 25
Measuring peripheral oxytocin and vasopressin in nonhuman primates
Ziegler, T. E. (2018) · American Journal of Primatology · doi:10.1002/ajp.22871 · Cited by 25
“…has been tested and published: Prairie vole plasma: (Carter et al., 2007); common marmoset urine: (Finkenwirth et al., 2015); baboon urine: (Moscovice & Ziegler, 2012), human urine: (Reyes et al., 2014), chimpanzee urine: (Crockford et al., 2013); cottontop tamarin urine: (Snowdon et al., 2010).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationTripp, J. A., Feng, N. Y., & Bass, A. H. (2018) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2017.2742 · Cited by 23
Leeds, A., Dennis, P. M., Lukas, K. E., Stoinski, T. S., Willis, M. A., & Schook, M. W. (2018) · Primates · doi:10.1007/s10329-018-0678-3 · Cited by 23
Alyousefi-van Dijk, K., van ‘t Veer, A. E., Meijer, W. M., Lotz, A. M., Rijlaarsdam, J., Witteman, J., & Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J. (2019) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2019.00105 · Cited by 22
“Next to OT, AVP is also considered to be functionally significant in parental behavior (Wang et al., 2000; Ahern and Young, 2009; Ahern et al., 2010; Gouin et al., 2010; Snowdon et al., 2010; Apter-Levi et al., 2014).”
BackgroundRagen, B., Mendoza, S. P., Mason, W. A., & Bales, K. L. (2012) · American Journal of Primatology · doi:10.1002/ajp.22026 · Cited by 21
“, 1993], as well as monogamous primates [Jarcho et al., 2011; Seltzer and Ziegler, 2007; Smith et al., 2010a; Snowdon et al., 2010].”
BackgroundThe Pituitary Gland: Functional Relationship with the Hypothalamus, Structure, and Physiology
Al-Suhaimi, E. A., & Khan, F. A. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-16-9016-7_4 · Cited by 20
Oxytocin increases after affiliative interactions in male Barbary macaques
Rincon, A. V., Deschner, T., Schülke, O., & Ostner, J. (2020) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2019.104661 · Cited by 21
Oxytocin, vasopressin, and the evolution of mating systems in mammals
Freeman, S. M., & Young, L. J. (2013) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139017855.011 · Cited by 19
Madlon‐Kay, S., Montague, M. J., Brent, L. J. N., Ellis, S., Zhong, B. L., Snyder‐Mackler, N., Horvath, J. E., Skene, J. H. P., & Platt, M. L. (2018) · American Journal of Primatology · doi:10.1002/ajp.22873 · Cited by 21
Oxytocin and vasopressin increase male-directed threats and vocalizations in female macaques
Jiang, Y., & Platt, M. L. (2018) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-018-36332-0 · Cited by 20
Boose, K. J., White, F. J., Brand, C. M., Meinelt, A., & Snodgrass, J. J. (2018) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2018.04.012 · Cited by 18
Oxytocin and vasopressin in non-human primates
Ragen, B., & Bales, K. L. (2013) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139017855.019 · Cited by 18
Lowrey, E. M., & Tomaszycki, M. L. (2014) · Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.1037/a0035416 · Cited by 17
Forebrain neuropeptide regulation of pair association and behavior in cooperating cleaner fish
Cardoso, S. C., Grutter, A. S., Paula, J. R., André, G. I., Messias, J. P. M., Gozdowska, M., Kulczykowska, E., & Soares, M. C. (2015) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2015.03.024 · Cited by 17
Babb, P. L., Fernandez-Duque, E., & Schurr, T. G. (2015) · Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution · doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2015.05.006 · Cited by 16
Wild female vervet monkeys change grooming patterns and partners when freed from feeding constraints
García, M. G., Farine, D. R., Brachotte, C., Borgeaud, C., & Bshary, R. (2021) · Animal Behaviour · doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2021.08.027 · Cited by 17
Wirobski, G., Schaebs, F. S., Range, F., Marshall‐Pescini, S., & Deschner, T. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-92356-z · Cited by 15
Behavioral Roles of Oxytocin and Vasopressin
Benjamin, C. (2012) · InTech eBooks · doi:10.5772/50422 · Cited by 14
“Oxytocin’s major physiological roles are to facilitate uterine contractions during birth through a positive feedback mechanism during the second and third stages of labor, and to mediate milk letdown.”
BackgroundNonhuman Primate Paternal Care: Species and Individual Differences in Behavior and Mechanisms
Ziegler, T. E., Tecot, S. R., Fernández‐Duque, E., Savage, A., & Snowdon, C. T. (2022) · Advances in neurobiology · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-97762-7_7 · Cited by 13
Self-citationOxytocin modulates mate-guarding behavior in marmoset monkeys
Cavanaugh, J., Mustoe, A. C., Womack, S. L., & French, J. A. (2018) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2018.10.009 · Cited by 13
Individual differences in social attachment: A multi‐disciplinary perspective
Gustison, M. L., & Phelps, S. M. (2022) · Genes Brain & Behavior · doi:10.1111/gbb.12792 · Cited by 15
Can male white-faced saki monkeys (Pithecia pithecia) detect female reproductive state?
Thompson, C. L., Whitten, P. L., & Norconk, M. A. (2011) · Behaviour · doi:10.1163/000579511x605227 · Cited by 11
“Additionally, Snowdon et al. (2010) found that sexual behavior in tamarin monkeys was associated with levels of the pair-bonding hormone oxytocin, suggesting that non-conceptive copulations could function to promote the pair-bond.”
BackgroundOxytocin and pair compatibility in adult male rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta)
Berg, M. R., Heagerty, A., & Coleman, K. (2019) · American Journal of Primatology · doi:10.1002/ajp.23031 · Cited by 11
“…and nonsexual behavior in bonded pairs (sexual monogamous pairs or genetically related individuals) have been documented in studies across various species including chimpanzees (Crockford et al., 2013; Wittig et al., 2014), capuchins (Benitez et al., 2017) and tamarins (Snowdon et al., 2010).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialFrom pathology to pleasure: Reframing mechanistic studies on same-sex sexual behavior in primates
Cunningham, E., & Benítez, M. E. (2024) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2024.105476 · Cited by 10
Saito, A., Hamada, H., Kikusui, T., Mogi, K., Nagasawa, M., Mitsui, S., Higuchi, T., Hasegawa, T., & Hiraki, K. (2014) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2014.00217 · Cited by 9
Prosocial effects of prolactin in male rats: Social recognition, social approach and social learning
Donhoffner, M. E., Saleh, S. A., Schink, O., & Wood, R. I. (2017) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2017.09.011 · Cited by 10
“…Pedersen and Prange, 1979) and lordosis in female rats (Arletti and Bertolini, 1985; Drago and Lissandrello, 2000), penile erections in male rats (Argiolas et al., 1986; Drago and Lissandrello, 2000), and pair-bonding in monogamous tamarin monkeys (Snowdon et al., 2010; Snowdon and Ziegler, 2015).”
Neuroendocrinology and Behavior
Sumiyoshi, T. (2012) · InTech eBooks · doi:10.5772/1666 · Cited by 9
Tomaszycki, M. L., & Atchley, D. (2017) · Integrative and Comparative Biology · doi:10.1093/icb/icx043 · Cited by 8
Михайлович, Ч. С., Gerasimenko, M., Yuhi, T., Shabalova, A. A., Zhu, H., Yokoyama, S., Salmina, A. B., Munesue, S.-I., Harashima, A., Yamamoto, Y., et al. (2021) · Peptides · doi:10.1016/j.peptides.2021.170649 · Cited by 7
Brief touch is different from a massage: insights from nonhuman primates
Aureli, F., & Schino, G. (2021) · Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.cobeha.2021.10.008 · Cited by 6
Behavioral and Neuroendocrine Interactions in Affiliation
Snowdon, C. T. (2011) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-9520-9_18 · Cited by 6
Self-citationSocial Relationships, Social Cognition, and the Evolution of Mind in Primates
Seyfarth, R. M., & Cheney, D. L. (2012) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118133880.hop203021 · Cited by 7
“For example, in a study of monogamously bonded tamarins (Saguinus oedipus), Snowdon et al., (2010) found that both males and females exhibited a”
BackgroundRahim, F., Qasim, N. H., Karlygash, T., Khozhamkul, F., Dzhusupov, K. O., Tekmanova, A. K., & Kussaiynova, E. (2024) · Review Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s40489-024-00428-3 · Cited by 7
Utility of Downstream Biomarkers to Assess and Optimize Intranasal Delivery of Oxytocin
DuBois, M. C., Tseng, A., Francis, S. M., Haynos, A. F., Peterson, C. B., & Jacob, S. (2022) · Pharmaceutics · doi:10.3390/pharmaceutics14061178 · Cited by 5
“/Enzo Life Sciences, Ann Arbor, MI, USA), which have been validated in both plasma and urine media [37,39,40,51,52,54,55].”
BackgroundEffects of mesotocin manipulation on the behavior of male and female common waxbills
Trigo, S., Silva, P. A., Cardoso, G. C., & Soares, M. C. (2023) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2023.114226 · Cited by 5
The Neurochemical Basis of Motivation for Affiliative Touch
Løseth, G. E., Leknes, S., & Ellingsen, D. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-6418-5_15 · Cited by 5
Primate Social Cognition: Evidence from Primate Field Studies
Ostner, J. (2018) · Interdisciplinary evolution research · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-93776-2_7 · Cited by 5
Metadata
- Authors
- Snowdon, C. T., Pieper, B. A., Boe, C. Y., Cronin, K. A., Kurian, A. V., & Ziegler, T. E.
- Affiliations
- University of Wisconsin–Madison (US)
- University of Wisconsin System (US)
- Corresponding author
- Snowdon, Charles T.
- Venue
- Hormones and Behavior
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2010-09
- Volume
- 58
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 614-618
- ISSN
- 0018-506X (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2933949
- OpenAlex
- W2105122295
- Semantic Scholar
- 9ee3a5c7e1485fed3d1ce8b026bf4f80dc824966
- Cited by
- 133
- References
- 41
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 15 · 2013: 16 · 2012: 12
- FWCI
- 16.18
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Hormones and Behavior (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics (submittedVersion)
- Max Planck Digital Library (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (RR000167, P51OD011106)
- U.S. Public Health Service
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH 035215, R01MH035215)
- National Center for Research Resources (RR 000167, P51RR000167)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Neuroendocrine regulation and behavior
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics › Primate Behavior and Ecology
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics › Animal Behavior and Reproduction
- Keywords
- oxytocin, affiliative behavior, pair bonding, monogamy, cotton-top tamarin, Saguinus oedipus, grooming, sexual behavior, contact behavior, sex differences, social bonds, ovulatory cycle
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Behavior, Animal, Estradiol, Female, Hydrocortisone, Individuality, Male, Oxytocin, Pair Bond, Saguinus, Social Behavior
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