Neuropeptidergic regulation of affiliative behavior and social bonding in animals
Abstract
Social relationships are essential for maintaining human mental health, yet little is known about the brain mechanisms involved in the development and maintenance of social bonds. Animal models are powerful tools for investigating the neurobiological mechanisms regulating the cognitive processes leading to the development of social relationships and for potentially extending our understanding of the human condition. In this review, we discuss the roles of the neuropeptides oxytocin and vasopressin in the regulation of social bonding as well as related social behaviors which culminate in the formation of social relationships in animal models. The formation of social bonds is a hierarchical process involving social motivation and approach, the processing of social stimuli and formation of social memories, and the social attachment itself. Oxytocin and vasopressin have been implicated in each of these processes. Specifically, these peptides facilitate social affiliation and parental nurturing behavior, are essential for social recognition in rodents, and are involved in the formation of selective mother-infant bonds in sheep and pair bonds in monogamous voles. The convergence of evidence from these animal studies makes oxytocin and vasopressin attractive candidates for the neural modulation of human social relationships as well as potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of psychiatric disorders associated with disruptions in social behavior, including autism.
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Preclinical studies have found that oxytocin may regulate social-emotional functioning.
“Preclinical studies have found that the neuropeptide, oxytocin, may regulate socialemotional functioning (Dölen et al., 2013;Hicks et al., 2012;Lim and Young, 2006;Lukas et al., 2011;Onaka et al., 2012).”
From Meta-analysis of the effects of intranasal oxytocin on interpretation and expression of emotions (2017) · cites this paper as Lim and Young, 2006
Duration of affiliative contact was included as a control predictor in the anticipation model to control for its effects on urinary oxytocin levels.
“We also included duration of affiliative contact as a control predictor in the anticipation model (affiliation duration) to control for its effects on urinary oxytocin levels (26).”
From Oxytocin reactivity during intergroup conflict in wild chimpanzees (2017) · cites this paper as [26]
Oxytocin acts in the brain by reducing anxiety and fear, enhancing social memory, and activating neural reward circuits.
“Physiologically, oxytocin acts in the brain by reducing anxiety and fear [19,20], enhancing social memory [16][17][18]21] and activating neural reward circuits [21].”
From Food sharing is linked to urinary oxytocin levels and bonding in related and unrelated wild chimpanzees (2014) · cites this paper as [21]
Sharers may experience a mutual increase in positive attitude, resulting in the promotion of stronger social bonds and longer-term benefits of more frequent cooperation.
“Also, as oxytocin is thought to act on positive feedback circuits [16,17,21], sharers may experience a mutual increase in positive attitude [15,79,80], resulting in the promotion of stronger social bonds and longer-term benefits of more frequent cooperation [23,26,80].”
From Food sharing is linked to urinary oxytocin levels and bonding in related and unrelated wild chimpanzees (2014) · cites this paper as [21]
The display of social behaviors is globally controlled by sex hormones and neuromodulators whose level is modulated by sexual experience.
“The display of social behaviors is globally controlled by sex hormones and neuromodulators (Lim and Young, 2006; Yang and Shah, 2014) whose level is modulated by sexual experience (Ross and Young, 2009; Wu and Gore, 2009).”
From Neuronal Representation of Social Information in the Medial Amygdala of Awake Behaving Mice (2017) · cites this paper as Lim and Young, 2006
Safety outcomes from a modified maximum-tolerated-dose study in ASD confirm the mild to moderate side effects reported in adult studies, but the open-label design limits interpretations about these reports.
“Safety outcomes have been recently reported from a modified maximum-tolerateddose study in ASD, 70 confirming the mild to moderate side effects reported in adult studies, 71 however the open-label design limits interpretations about these reports.”
From Beyond the hype and hope: critical considerations for intranasal oxytocin research in autism spectrum disorder (2017) · cites this paper as [71]
OXT plays a critical role in the facilitation of social bonding and prosocial behavior toward a social partner.
“Oxytocin (OXT), a neuromodulatory nonapeptide, plays a critical role in the facilitation of social bonding and prosocial behavior toward a social partner (Feldman, 2012).”
From Marmosets treated with oxytocin are more socially attractive to their long-term mate (2015) · cites this paper as Lim and Young, 2006
OT facilitates maternal bonding behaviors and promotes affiliative behavior and partner-preference in adult sociosexual relationships.
“OT not only facilitates maternal bonding behaviors (Kendrick, 2007), but also promotes affiliative behavior and a partner-preference in adult sociosexual relationships (Lim and Young, 2006).”
From Oxytocin facilitates fidelity in well-established marmoset pairs by reducing sociosexual behavior toward opposite-sex strangers (2014) · cites this paper as Lim and Young, 2006
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Self-citation
- Authors
- Lim, M. M., & Young, L. J.
- Affiliations
- Emory University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Young, Larry J.
- Venue
- Hormones and Behavior
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2006-11
- Volume
- 50
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 506-517
- ISSN
- 0018-506X (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2025534251
- Semantic Scholar
- a8e5d204549fcf93c5bea88b0f99a2e4da9648e7
- Cited by
- 624
- References
- 134
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 22 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 21 · 2018: 30 · 2017: 42 · 2016: 44 · 2015: 40 · 2014: 60 · 2013: 39 · 2012: 39
- FWCI
- 45.19
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Hormones and Behavior (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH-64692, K02MH064692, MH-56539, F30MH065050, MH 56897, MH65050)
- National Center for Research Resources (RR-00 165, P51RR000165)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Neuroendocrine regulation and behavior
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Human-Animal Interaction Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuropeptides and Animal Physiology
- Keywords
- oxytocin, vasopressin, neuropeptides, social bonding, affiliative behavior, social recognition, social motivation, social memory, mother-infant bond, pair bonding, sheep, autism spectrum disorder, mental illness
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Behavior, Animal, Brain, Female, Humans, Male, Maternal Behavior, Object Attachment, Oxytocin, Social Behavior, Vasopressins, Models, Animal, Mice, Rats
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