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The nature and function of self-esteem: Sociometer theory
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“This study provided evidence that self-esteem is associated with authenticity in relationships, highlighting that self-esteem is not solely about self-evaluation but is also closely related to the quality of one's relationships.”
From The Mediating Role of Relationship Satisfaction Between Authenticity and Self-Esteem In Romantic Relationships (2024) · cites this paper as Leary and Baumeister (2000)
In the citing paper
“Furthermore, Sociometer Theory [121] suggests that an individual's self-esteem is influenced by their sense of social acceptance and the importance placed on their relationships.”
From How social media usage affects psychological and subjective well-being: testing a moderated mediation model (2023) · cites this paper as [121]
In the citing paper
“As highly social creatures, humans evolved a desire for belonging and social acceptance (25), which is facilitated by social monitoring motives to detect cues for social approval or rejection (26).”
From Does Social Media Use Increase Depressive Symptoms? A Reverse Causation Perspective (2021) · cites this paper as [25]
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Relation of threatened egotism to violence and aggression: The dark side of high self-esteem.
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Self-citationThe imposter phenomenon in high achieving women: Dynamics and therapeutic intervention.
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Self-Esteem Modulates the Time Course of Self-Positivity Bias in Explicit Self-Evaluation
Zhang, H., Guan, L., Qi, M., & Yang, J. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0081169 · Cited by 39
Lifshin, U., Horner, D. E., Helm, P. J., Solomon, S., & Greenberg, J. (2021) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2021.110712 · Cited by 39
Willemse, H., Geenen, R., Egberts, M. R., Engelhard, I. M., & Van Loey, N. E. (2023) · Psychology & Health · doi:10.1080/08870446.2021.1970160 · Cited by 33
“…dissatisfaction directly and indirectly through perceived stigmatization replicates previous studies (Lawrence et al., 2004; 2012; Thombs et al., 2008), and supports interpersonal influences on body image as proposed in Cash’s cognitive behavioral model (Cash, 2011; Leary & Baumeister, 2000a).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialJing, Z., Yang, W., Lei, Z., Junmei, W., Hui, L., & Tianmin, Z. (2025) · PLOS One · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0329466 · Cited by 33
Delaying Things and Feeling Bad About It? A Norm-Based Approach to Procrastination
Giguère, B., Sirois, F. M., & Vaswani, M. (2016) · Procrastination, Health, and Well-Being · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-802862-9.00009-8 · Cited by 30
Guthrie, D. (2023) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/17456916221093613 · Cited by 26
The Commitment‐Insurance System: Self‐Esteem and the Regulation of Connection in Close Relationships
(2008) · Advances in Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/s0065-2601(07)00001-9 · Cited by 25
Crisan, S., Canache, M., Buksa, D., & Nechita, D. (2023) · Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1007/s10942-022-00451-5 · Cited by 26
Penke, L., & Asendorpf, J. B. (2008) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1002/per.654 · Cited by 23
Lin, C.-C. (2021) · OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying · doi:10.1177/0030222819882845 · Cited by 22
Social media use and systemic inflammation: The moderating role of self-esteem
Lee, D. S., & Way, B. M. (2021) · Brain, Behavior, & Immunity - Health · doi:10.1016/j.bbih.2021.100300 · Cited by 21
“Drawing on this perspective, the present research focuses on people's self-esteem—a key personality construct that critically shapes one's interpersonal life and influences mental and physical health (Leary and Baumeister, 2000; Wood and Forest, 2016).”
BackgroundLiu, G., Pan, Y., Ma, Y., & Zhang, D. (2021) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/1359105318807962 · Cited by 21
Social media ills and evolutionary mismatches: a conceptual framework
Lim, A. J., & Tan, E. (2024) · Evolutionary Psychological Science · doi:10.1007/s40806-024-00398-z · Cited by 18
“The central tenet of the sociometer theory (Leary & Baumeister, 2000; Leary et al., 1998) is that self-esteem is an evaluative system that assesses the quality of our actual and potential relationships.”
The associations between social comparison on social media and young adults’ mental health
Le Blanc-Brillon, J., Fortin, J.-S., Lafrance, L., & Hétu, S. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1597241 · Cited by 16
“For many, platforms like Instagram may have helped users maintain social connections during lockdowns, which could have increased feelings of social belonging—a known contributor to self-esteem (Denissen et al., 2008; Leary and Baumeister, 2000).”
Valshtein, T. J., Mutter, E. R., Oettingen, G., & Gollwitzer, P. M. (2020) · Motivation and Emotion · doi:10.1007/s11031-019-09802-9 · Cited by 14
The Football Boost? Testing Three Models on Impacts on Sports Spectators’ Self-Esteem
Knobloch-Westerwick, S., Abdallah, J. C., & Billings, A. C. (2020) · Communication & Sport · doi:10.1177/2167479519830359 · Cited by 11
The impact of relationship-contingent self-esteem on mate retention and reactions to threat
Holden, C. J., Zeigler‐Hill, V., Shackelford, T. K., & Welling, L. L. M. (2018) · Personal Relationships · doi:10.1111/pere.12255 · Cited by 10
Self‐esteem as a monitor of fundamental psychological need satisfaction
Howell, J. L., Sosa, N., & Osborn, H. J. (2019) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/spc3.12492 · Cited by 10
Zeine, F. (2025) · Medical Research Archives · doi:10.18103/mra.v13i3.6294 · Cited by 2
Kurt, A. A., & Akbay, S. E. (2024) · Research on Education and Psychology · doi:10.54535/rep.1413533 · Cited by 1
Metadata
- Authors
- Leary, M. R., & Baumeister, R. F.
- Affiliations
- Wake Forest University (US)
- Venue
- Advances in Experimental Social Psychology
- Publisher
- Elsevier
- Published
- 2000
- Pages
- 1-62
- ISSN
- 0065-2601 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1939684408
- Cited by
- 2,521
- References
- 22
- Citations by year
- 2026: 111 · 2025: 142 · 2024: 147 · 2023: 184 · 2022: 164 · 2021: 205 · 2020: 137 · 2019: 139 · 2018: 128 · 2017: 113 · 2016: 126 · 2015: 96 · 2014: 113 · 2013: 90 · 2012: 90
- FWCI
- 111.93
- Type
- book chapter
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Advances in experimental social psychology (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Death Anxiety and Social Exclusion
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Emotions and Moral Behavior
- Keywords
- self-esteem, sociometer theory, self-assessment, global self-esteem, domain-specific self-esteem, interpersonal relationships, self-worth, trait self-esteem
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