Student or educator? Sign up with your school email and get 6 months of Pro free.
CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 563

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 35 of the 35 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

A review of the modulation of the startle reflex by affective states and its application in psychiatry

Grillon, Christian, Baas, Johanna·2003·Clinical Neurophysiology
DOI 10.1016/s1388-2457(03)00202-5
Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Overview

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1016/s1388-2457(03)00202-5

Cites

35 of 35 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Verification

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Citations

Cites

Show all 35 references

Research works printed but not linked: 169

  1. Abduljawad, 2001, Effects of clonidine and diazepam on prepulse inhibition of the acoustic startle response and the N1/P2 auditory evoked potential in man, J Psychopharmacol, 15, 237, 10.1177/026988110101500402 · DOI
  2. Alessi, 2001, Is there a future for depression digital motion constructs in psychiatry?, Cyberpsychol Behav, 4, 457, 10.1089/109493101750527015 · DOI
  3. Allen, 1999, Affective startle modulation in clinical depression: preliminary findings, Biol Psychiatry, 46, 542, 10.1016/S0006-3223(99)00025-6 · DOI · Paper page
  4. Ameli, 2001, Contextual fear-potentiated startle conditioning in humans: replication and extension, Psychophysiology, 38, 383, 10.1111/1469-8986.3830383 · DOI
  5. Andreasen, 1982, Negative v. positive schizoprenia: definition and validation, Arch Gen Psychiatry, 39, 789, 10.1001/archpsyc.1982.04290070025006 · DOI · Paper page
  6. Andrews, 1998, Effects of caffeine and caffeine-associated stimuli on the human startle eyeblink reflex, Pharmacol Biochem Behav, 59, 39, 10.1016/S0091-3057(97)00331-6 · DOI
  7. Anthony, 1983, Evidence for sensory-selective set in young infants, Science, 220, 742, 10.1126/science.6836312 · doi:10.1126/science.6836312
  8. Anthony, 1985, Blink reflex modification by selective attention: evidence for the modulation of ‘automatic’ processing, Biol Psychol, 21, 43, 10.1016/0301-0511(85)90052-3 · DOI · Paper page
  9. Balaban, 1995, Affective influences on startle in five-month-old infants: reactions to facial expressions of emotion, Child Dev, 66, 28, 10.2307/1131188 · DOI
  10. Balaban, 1994, Salience of fear/threat in the affective modulation of the human startle blink, Biol Psychol, 38, 117, 10.1016/0301-0511(94)90033-7 · DOI
  11. Beck, 1974, Assessment of depression: the depression inventory, Mod Probl Pharmacopsychiatry, 7, 151, 10.1159/000395074 · DOI · Paper page
  12. Blanchard, 1972, Innate and conditioned reactions to threat in rats with amygdaloid lesions, J Comp Physiol Psychol, 81, 281, 10.1037/h0033521 · DOI · Paper page
  13. Blanchard, 1998, Anhedonia, positive and negative affect, and social functioning in schizophrenia, Schizophr Bull, 24, 413, 10.1093/oxfordjournals.schbul.a033336 · DOI · Paper page
  14. Blumenthal, 2002, How to quantify pepulse inhibition of startle, Psychophysiology, 39, S44
  15. Bolino, 1993, Acoustic and electrically elicited startle reaction: similar patterns of habituation and reflex modifications in humans, Int J Neurosci, 73, 13, 10.3109/00207459308987207 · doi:10.3109/00207459308987207
  16. Bolles, 1980, A perceptual-defense-recuperative model of fear and pain, Behav Brain Sci, 3, 291, 10.1017/S0140525X0000491X · DOI · Paper page
  17. Bradley, 2000, Affective reactions to acoustic stimuli, Psychophysiology, 37, 204, 10.1111/1469-8986.3720204 · doi:10.1111/1469-8986.3720204 · Paper page
  18. Bradley, 1993, Pictures as prepulse: attention and emotion in startle modification, Psychophysiology, 30, 541, 10.1111/j.1469-8986.1993.tb02079.x · DOI · Paper page
  19. Bradley, 1993, Emotion, novelty, and the startle reflex: habituation in humans, Behav Neurosci, 107, 970, 10.1037/0735-7044.107.6.970 · DOI · Paper page
  20. Braff, 1992, Gating and habituation of the startle reflex in schizophrenic patients, Arch Gen Psychiatry, 49, 206, 10.1001/archpsyc.1992.01820030038005 · DOI · Paper page
  21. Braff, 2001, Human studies of prepulse inhibition of startle: normal subjects, patient groups, and pharmacological studies, Psychopharmacology (Berl), 156, 234, 10.1007/s002130100810 · DOI · Paper page
  22. Breiter, 1996, Response and habituation of the human amygdala during visual processing of facial expression, Neuron, 17, 875, 10.1016/S0896-6273(00)80219-6 · DOI · Paper page
  23. Buchanan, 2001, Exogenous cortisol exerts effects on the startle reflex independent of emotional modulation, Pharmacol Biochem Behav, 68, 203, 10.1016/S0091-3057(00)00450-0 · DOI
  24. Butler, 1990, Physiological evidence of exaggerated startle response in a subgroup of Vietnam veterans with combat-related PTSD, Am J Psychiatry, 147, 1308, 10.1176/ajp.147.10.1308 · DOI · Paper page
  25. Campeau, 1995, Involvement of subcortical and cortical afferents to the lateral nucleus of the amygdala in fear conditioning measured with fear-potentiated startle in rats trained concurrently with auditory and visual conditioned stimuli, J Neurosci, 15, 2312, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.15-03-02312.1995 · DOI · Paper page
  26. Coffey, 1999, Differential urge and salivary responsivity to alcohol cues in alcohol-dependent patients: a comparison of traditional and stringent classification approaches, Exp Clin Psychopharmacol, 7, 464, 10.1037/1064-1297.7.4.464 · DOI
  27. Cook, 1991, Affective individual differences and startle reflex modulation, J Abnorm Psychol, 100, 5, 10.1037/0021-843X.100.1.5 · DOI
  28. Cook, 1992, Fearfulness and startle potentiation during aversive visual stimuli, Psychophysiology, 29, 633, 10.1111/j.1469-8986.1992.tb02038.x · DOI
  29. Corr, 1995, Personality and affective modulation of the startle reflex, Pers Individ Differ, 19, 543, 10.1016/0191-8869(95)00059-F · DOI
  30. Curtin, 1998, Alcohol and fear-potentiated startle: the role of competing cognitive demands in the stress-reducing effects of intoxication, J Abnorm Psychol, 107, 547, 10.1037/0021-843X.107.4.547 · DOI
  31. Cuthbert, 1996, Probing picture perception: activation and emotion, Psychophysiology, 33, 103, 10.1111/j.1469-8986.1996.tb02114.x · DOI · Paper page
  32. Davis, 1979, Diazepam and flurazepam: effects on conditioned fear as measured with the potentiated startle paradigm, Psychopharmacology, 62, 1, 10.1007/BF00426027 · DOI · Paper page
  33. Davis, 1986, Pharmacological and anatomical analysis of fear conditioning using the fear-potientiated startle paradigm, Behav Neurosci, 100, 814, 10.1037/0735-7044.100.6.814 · DOI · Paper page
  34. Davis, 1989, Sensitization of the acoustic startle reflex by footshock, Behav Neurosci, 103, 495, 10.1037/0735-7044.103.3.495 · DOI
  35. Davis, 1998, Are different parts of the extended amygdala involved in fear versus anxiety?, Biol Psychiatry, 44, 1239, 10.1016/S0006-3223(98)00288-1 · DOI · Paper page
  36. Davis, 1979, Noradrenergic agonists and antagonists: effects on conditioned fear as measured by the potentiated startle paradigm, Psychopharmacology, 65, 111, 10.1007/BF00433036 · DOI · Paper page
  37. Davis, 1993, Fear-potentiated startle: a neural and pharmacological analysis, Behav Brain Res, 58, 175, 10.1016/0166-4328(93)90102-V · DOI · Paper page
  38. Dawson, 1976, The role of awareness in human differential autonomic classical conditioning: the necessary-gate hypothesis, Psychophysiology, 13, 50, 10.1111/j.1469-8986.1976.tb03336.x · DOI · Paper page
  39. de Jong, 1991, Eyeblink startle responses in spider phobics before and after treatment: a pilot study, J Psychopathol Behav Assess, 13, 213, 10.1007/BF00960785 · DOI
  40. de Jong, 1993, The startle probe response as an instrument for evaluating exposure effects in spider phobia, Adv Behav Res Ther, 15, 301, 10.1016/0146-6402(93)90015-T · DOI
  41. de Jong, 1996, Startle and spider phobia: unilateral probes and the prediction of treatment effects, J Psychophysiol, 10, 150
  42. DelPezzo, 1980, Attentional factors in the inhibition of a reflex by a visual stimulus, Science, 210, 673, 10.1126/science.7433993 · DOI
  43. Dimberg, 1990, Facial electromyography and emotional reactions, Psychophysiology, 27, 481, 10.1111/j.1469-8986.1990.tb01962.x · DOI · Paper page
  44. Docherty, 1995, Affective reactivity of language and the startle response in schizophrenia, Biol Psychiatry, 38, 68, 10.1016/0006-3223(95)00074-Q · DOI
  45. Docherty, 1994, Affective reactivity of language in schizophrenia, J Nerv Ment Dis, 182, 98, 10.1097/00005053-199402000-00006 · DOI
  46. Docherty, 1996, Affective reactivity of cognitive functioning and family history in schizophrenia, Biol Psychiatry, 39, 59, 10.1016/0006-3223(95)00102-6 · DOI
  47. Docherty, 2001, Affective reactivity of language symptoms, startle responding, and inhibition in schizophrenia, J Abnorm Psychol, 110, 194, 10.1037/0021-843X.110.1.194 · DOI
  48. Ehrlichman, 1995, Startle reflex modulation during exposure to pleasant and unpleasant odors, Psychophysiology, 32, 150, 10.1111/j.1469-8986.1995.tb03306.x · DOI
  49. Filion, 1993, Modification of the acoustic startle-reflex eyeblink: a tool for investigating early and late attentional processes, Biol Psychol, 35, 185, 10.1016/0301-0511(93)90001-O · DOI
  50. Flament, 1999, Predictors of an acute antidepressant response to fluoxetine and sertraline, Int Clin Psychopharmacol, 14, 259, 10.1097/00004850-199914050-00001 · DOI
  51. Ford, 1993, The elderly are less responsive to startling noises: P3 and blink evidence, Psychophysiology, 30, s27
  52. Geier, 2000, Appetitive nature of drug cues confirmed with physiological measures in a model using pictures of smoking [in process citation], Psychopharmacology (Berl), 150, 283, 10.1007/s002130000404 · DOI
  53. Gooding, 2002, Normative emotion-modulated startle response in individuals at risk for schizophrenia-spectrum disorders, Schizophr Res, 57, 109, 10.1016/S0920-9964(01)00295-X · DOI
  54. Gorenstein, 1980, A new perspective and a model for research, Psychol Rev, 87, 301, 10.1037/0033-295X.87.3.301 · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.87.3.301 · Paper page
  55. Graham, 1975, The more of less startling effects of weak prestimulation, Psychophysiology, 12, 238, 10.1111/j.1469-8986.1975.tb01284.x · DOI · Paper page
  56. Greenwald, 1989, Affective judgment and psychophysiological response: dimensional covariation in the evaluation of pictorial stimuli, J Psychophysiol, 3, 51
  57. Grillon, 2002, Associative learning deficits increase symptoms of anxiety in humans, Biol Psychiatry, 51, 851, 10.1016/S0006-3223(01)01370-1 · DOI
  58. Grillon, 2002, Startle reactivity and anxiety disorders: aversive conditioning, context, and neurobiology, Biol Psychiatry, 52, 958, 10.1016/S0006-3223(02)01665-7 · DOI · Paper page
  59. Grillon, 1998, Effects of threat and safety signals on startle during anticipation of aversive shocks, sounds, and airblasts, J Psychophysiol, 12, 329
  60. Grillon, 1997, Fear-potentiated startle conditioning in humans: explicit and contextual cue conditioning following paired vs. unpaired training, Psychophysiology, 34, 451, 10.1111/j.1469-8986.1997.tb02389.x · DOI · Paper page
  61. Grillon, 1999, Fear-potentiated startle conditioning to explicit and contextual cues in Gulf war veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder, J Abnorm Psychol, 108, 134, 10.1037/0021-843X.108.1.134 · DOI · Paper page
  62. Grillon, 1993, Fear-potentiated startle: relationship to the level of state/trait anxiety in healthy subjects, Biol Psychiatry, 34, 566, 10.1016/0006-3223(93)90094-T · DOI · Paper page
  63. Grillon, 1994, Effects of ethanol on the acoustic startle reflex in humans, Psychopharmacology, 114, 167, 10.1007/BF02245459 · DOI
  64. Grillon, 1996, Baseline startle amplitude and prepulse inhibition in Vietnam veterans with PTSD, Psychiatry Res, 64, 169, 10.1016/S0165-1781(96)02942-3 · DOI · Paper page
  65. Grillon, 1997, Startle modulation in children at risk for anxiety disorders and/or alcoholism, J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 36, 925, 10.1097/00004583-199707000-00014 · DOI · Paper page
  66. Grillon, 1998, Fear-potentiated startle in adolescents offspring at risk for anxiety disorder, Biol Psychiatry, 44, 990, 10.1016/S0006-3223(98)00188-7 · DOI
  67. Grillon, 1998, Effect of darkness on acoustic startle in Vietnam veterans with PTSD, Am J Psychiatry, 155, 812, 10.1176/ajp.155.6.812 · DOI
  68. Grillon, 1998, Effects of experimental context and explicit threat cues on acoustic startle in Vietnam veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder, Biol Psychiatry, 44, 1027, 10.1016/S0006-3223(98)00034-1 · DOI · Paper page
  69. Grillon C, Cordova J, Levine L, Morgan III CA. Anxiolytic effects of the group II metabotropic glutamate receptors LY354740 in the fear-potentiated sartle paradigm in humans. Psyhopharmacology, in press.
  70. Grusser, 2002, Stimulus-induced craving and startle potentiation in abstinent alcoholics and controls, Eur Psychiatry, 17, 188, 10.1016/S0924-9338(02)00666-1 · DOI
  71. Hamm, 1997, Fear and the startle reflex: blink modulation and autonomic response patterns in animal and mutilation fearful subjects, Psychophysiology, 34, 97, 10.1111/j.1469-8986.1997.tb02420.x · DOI · Paper page
  72. Hamm, 1993, Sensitization and aversive conditioning: effects on the startle reflex and electrodermal responding, Integr Physiol Behav Sci, 28, 171, 10.1007/BF02691223 · DOI
  73. Hamm, 1996, Affective learning: awareness and aversion, Psychophysiology, 33, 698, 10.1111/j.1469-8986.1996.tb02366.x · DOI · Paper page
  74. Hamm, 1993, Emotional learning, hedonic changes, and the startle probe, J Abnorm Psychol, 102, 453, 10.1037/0021-843X.102.3.453 · DOI
  75. Hare, 1965, Acquisition and generalization of a conditioned fear response in psychopathic and nonpsychopathic criminals, J Psychol, 59, 367, 10.1080/00223980.1965.10544625 · DOI
  76. Helton, 1993, Nicotine withdrawal: a behavioral assessment using schedule controlled responding, locomotor activity, and sensorimotor reactivity, Psychopharmacology, 113, 205, 10.1007/BF02245698 · DOI
  77. Helton, 1998, Anxiolytic and side-effect profile of LY354740: a potent, highly selective, orally active agonist for group II metabotropic glutamate receptors, J Pharmacol Exp Ther, 284, 651
  78. Herpertz, 1999, Affective responsiveness in borderline personality disorder: a psychophysiological approach, Am J Psychiatry, 156, 1550, 10.1176/ajp.156.10.1550 · DOI · Paper page
  79. Hitchcock, 1986, Lesions of the amygdala, but not of the cerebellum or red nucleus, block conditioned fear as measured with the potentiated startle paradigm, Behav Neurosci, 100, 11, 10.1037/0735-7044.100.1.11 · DOI · Paper page
  80. Hitchcock, 1989, Sensitization of the startle reflex by footshock: blockade by lesions of the central nucleus of the amygdala or its efferent pathway to the brainstem, Behav Neurosci, 103, 509, 10.1037/0735-7044.103.3.509 · doi:10.1037/0735-7044.103.3.509
  81. Hoffman, 1980, Reflex modification in the domain of startle: I. Some empirical findings and their implications for how the nervous system processes sensory output, Psychol Rev, 87, 175, 10.1037/0033-295X.87.2.175 · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.87.2.175 · Paper page
  82. Jansen, 1994, Modulation of the acoustic start response by film-induced fear and sexual arousal, Psychophysiology, 31, 565, 10.1111/j.1469-8986.1994.tb02349.x · DOI
  83. Jennings, 1993, Test–retest reliability of startle blink modification (abstract), Psychophysiology, 30, s37
  84. Kandel, 1983, From metapsychology to molecular biology: exploration into the nature of anxiety, Am J Psychiatry, 140, 1277, 10.1176/ajp.140.10.1277 · DOI · Paper page
  85. Kehne, 1988, Anxiolytic effects of buspirone and gepirone in the fear-potentiated startle paradigm, Psychopharmacology, 94, 8, 10.1007/BF00735872 · DOI · Paper page
  86. Klein, 1974, Endogenomorphic depression. A conceptual and terminological revision, Arch Gen Psychiatry, 31, 447, 10.1001/archpsyc.1974.01760160005001 · DOI · Paper page
  87. Klorman, 1974, Psychometric description of some specific-fear questionnaires, Behav Ther, 5, 401, 10.1016/S0005-7894(74)80008-0 · DOI · Paper page
  88. Koch, 1997, The acoustic startle response in rats-circuits mediating evocation, inhibition and potentiation, Behav Brain Res, 89, 35, 10.1016/S0166-4328(97)02296-1 · DOI · Paper page
  89. Koch, 1996, Pleasure-attenuation of startle is disrupted by lesions of the nucleus accumbens, NeuroReport, 7, 1442, 10.1097/00001756-199605310-00024 · DOI
  90. Krystal, 1997, Evidence of acoustic startle hyperreflexia in recently detoxified alcoholics: modulation by yohimbine and m-chlorophenylpiperazine (mCPP), Psychopharmocalogy, 131, 207, 10.1007/s002130050285 · DOI
  91. Kumari, 1999, Smoking withdrawal, nicotine dependence and prepulse inhibition of the acoustic startle reflex, Psychopharmacology, 141, 11, 10.1007/s002130050800 · DOI
  92. Kumari, 1996, Effect of clonidine on the human acoustic startle reflex, Psychopharmacology (Berl), 123, 353, 10.1007/BF02246646 · DOI
  93. Kumari, 2001, Enhanced startle reactions to acoustic stimuli in patients with obsessive–compulsive disorder, Am J Psychiatry, 158, 134, 10.1176/appi.ajp.158.1.134 · DOI
  94. Larson, 2000, Temporal stability of the emotion-modulated startle response, Psychophysiology, 37, 92, 10.1111/1469-8986.3710092 · DOI
  95. Lawson, 2002, Interpretation revealed in the blink of an eye: depressive bias in the resolution of ambiguity, J Abnorm Psychol, 111, 321, 10.1037/0021-843X.111.2.321 · DOI · Paper page
  96. LeDoux, 1988, Different projections of the central amygdala nucleus mediate autonomic and behavioral correlates of conditioned fear, J Neurosci, 8, 2517, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.08-07-02517.1988 · DOI · Paper page
  97. Lee, 1996, A primary acoustic startle pathway: obligatory role of cochlear root neurons and the nucleus reticularis pontis caudalis, J Neurosci, 16, 3775, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.16-11-03775.1996 · DOI · Paper page
  98. Lipp, 1993, Blink facilitation during single cue conditioning with aversive and non-aversive unconditional stimuli, Psychophysiology, 30, s43
  99. Lipp, 1994, Human blink startle during aversive and non-aversive Pavlovian conditioning, J Exp Psychol, 20, 380
  100. Longmore, 1988, Effects of a controlled-release formulation of trazodone on psychomotor and autonomic functions in healthy volunteers: comparison with trazodone (conventional formulation), amitriptyline and placebo, Eur J Clin Pharmacol, 34, 97, 10.1007/BF01061427 · doi:10.1007/bf01061427
  101. Ludewig, 2002, Prepulse inhibition deficits in patients with panic disorder, Depress Anxiety, 15, 55, 10.1002/da.10026 · DOI · Paper page
  102. Manber, 2000, Valence-dependent modulation of psychophysiological measures: is there consistency across repeated testing?, Psychophysiology, 37, 683, 10.1111/1469-8986.3750683 · DOI
  103. Marshall, 2002, Psychobiology of the acute stress response and its relationship to the psychobiology of post-traumatic stress disorder, Psychiatr Clin North Am, 25, 385, 10.1016/S0193-953X(01)00005-3 · DOI
  104. Medina, 2001, Startle reactivity and PTSD symptoms in a community sample of women, Psychiatry Res, 101, 157, 10.1016/S0165-1781(01)00221-9 · DOI
  105. Merikangas, 1994, Comorbidity and co-transmission of alcoholism, anxiety, and depression, Psychol Med, 24, 69, 10.1017/S0033291700026842 · DOI
  106. Merikangas, 1998, Psychopathology among offspring of parents with substance abuse and/or anxiety: a high risk study, J Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 39, 711
  107. Metzger, 1999, Physiologic reactivity to startling tones in women with posttraumatic stress disorder, J Abnorm Psychol, 108, 347, 10.1037/0021-843X.108.2.347 · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.108.2.347
  108. Miller, 2002, Affective imagery and the startle response: probing mechanisms of modulation during pleasant scenes, personal experiences, and discrete negative emotions, Psychophysiology, 39, 519, 10.1017/S0048577202394095 · DOI
  109. Miltner, 1994, Emotional qualities of odors and their influence on the startle reflex in humans, Psychophysiology, 31, 107, 10.1111/j.1469-8986.1994.tb01030.x · DOI
  110. Miranda, 2002, Altered emotion-modulated startle in young adults with a family history of alcoholism, Alcohol Clin Exp Res, 26, 441, 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2002.tb02559.x · DOI
  111. Morgan, 1993, Yohimbine facilitated acoustic startle reflex in humans, Psychopharmacology, 110, 342, 10.1007/BF02251291 · DOI
  112. Morgan, 1995, Fear-potentiated startle in posttraumatic stress disorder, Biol Psychiatry, 38, 378, 10.1016/0006-3223(94)00321-S · DOI · Paper page
  113. Morgan, 1995, Yohimbine facilitated acoustic startle in combat veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder, Psychopharmacology, 117, 466, 10.1007/BF02246220 · DOI
  114. Morgan, 1996, Exaggerated acoustic startle reflex in Gulf war veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder, Am J Psychiatry, 153, 64, 10.1176/ajp.153.1.64 · DOI · Paper page
  115. Morgan, 1997, Startle abnormalities in women with sexual assault related PTSD, Am J Psychiatry, 154, 1076, 10.1176/ajp.154.8.1076 · DOI
  116. Mucha, 2000, Appetitve effects of drug cues modelled by pictures of the intake ritual: generality of cue-modulated startle examined with inpatient alcoholics, Psychopharmacology (Berl), 151, 428, 10.1007/s002130000508 · DOI
  117. Mueller, 1998, Dependence on smoking and the acoustic startle response in healthy smokers, Pharmacol Biochem Behav, 59, 1031, 10.1016/S0091-3057(97)00508-X · DOI
  118. Niaura, 1988, Relevance of cue reactivity to understanding alcohol and smoking relapse, J Abnorm Psychol, 97, 133, 10.1037/0021-843X.97.2.133 · DOI · Paper page
  119. Ornitz, 1986, Maturation of startle modulation, Psychophysiology, 23, 624, 10.1111/j.1469-8986.1986.tb00681.x · DOI
  120. Ornitz, 1989, Startle modulation in children with posttraumatic stress disorder, Am J Psychiatry, 146, 866, 10.1176/ajp.146.7.866 · DOI · Paper page
  121. Orr, 1995, Physiological responses to loud tones in Vietnam veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder, J Abnorm Psychol, 104, 75, 10.1037/0021-843X.104.1.75 · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.104.1.75
  122. Paradiso, 1999, Cerebral blood flow changes associated with attribution of emotional valence to pleasant, unpleasant, and neutral visual stimuli in a PET study of normal subjects, Am J Psychiatry, 156, 1618, 10.1176/ajp.156.10.1618 · DOI · Paper page
  123. Patrick, 1996, Diazepam blocks fear-potentiated startle in humans, J Abnorm Psychol, 105, 89, 10.1037/0021-843X.105.1.89 · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.105.1.89
  124. Patrick, 1994, Emotion and psychopathology: startling new insights, Psychophysiology, 31, 319, 10.1111/j.1469-8986.1994.tb02440.x · DOI · Paper page
  125. Patrick, 1993, Emotion in the criminal psychopath: startle reflex modulation, J Abnorm Psychol, 102, 82, 10.1037/0021-843X.102.1.82 · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.102.1.82 · Paper page
  126. Phillips, 2000, The effects of some antidepressant drugs on prepulse inhibition of the acoustic startle (eyeblink) response and the N1/P2 auditory evoked response in man, J Psychopharmacol, 14, 40, 10.1177/026988110001400105 · DOI
  127. Pohorecky, 1986, Assessment of the development of tolerance to ethanol using multiple measures, Alcohol Clin Exp Res, 10, 616, 10.1111/j.1530-0277.1986.tb05155.x · doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.1986.tb05155.x
  128. Postma, 2001, Startle response during smoking and 24h after withdrawal predicts successful smoking cessation, Psychopharmacology (Berl), 156, 360, 10.1007/s002130100829 · DOI
  129. Purkis, 2001, Does affective learning exist in the absence of contingency awareness?, Learn Motiv, 32, 84, 10.1006/lmot.2000.1066 · DOI
  130. Rassnick, 1992, Responding to acoustic startle during chronic ethanol intoxication and withdrawl, Psychopharmacology, 106, 351, 10.1007/BF02245417 · DOI
  131. Riba, 1999, Fear potentiated startle of the acoustic startle response is preserved after lorazepam administration to human subjects, Psychophysiology, 36, S94
  132. Richardson, 2000, Shock sensitization of startle: learned or unlearned fear?, Behav Brain Res, 110, 109, 10.1016/S0166-4328(99)00189-8 · DOI
  133. Richardson, 1998, Shock sensitization of startle in rats—the role of contextual conditioning, Behav Neurosci, 112, 1136, 10.1037/0735-7044.112.5.1136 · DOI
  134. Rimpel, 1982, Changes in the blink responses to combined trigeminal, acoustic and visual repetitive stimulation, studied in the human subject, Electroenceph clin Neurophysiol, 54, 552, 10.1016/0013-4694(82)90040-2 · DOI
  135. Rodriguez-Fornells, 1999, Effects of alprazolam on the acoustic startle response in humans, Psychopharmacology, 143, 280, 10.1007/s002130050948 · DOI
  136. Rosen, 1998, From normal fear to pathological anxiety, Psychol Rev, 105, 325, 10.1037/0033-295X.105.2.325 · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.105.2.325 · Paper page
  137. Rosenbaum, 1988, Behavioral inhibition in children of parents with panic disorder and agoraphobia, Arch Gen Psychiatry, 45, 463, 10.1001/archpsyc.1988.01800290083010 · DOI · Paper page
  138. Rosenbaum, 1991, Further evidence of an association between behavioral inhibition and anxiety disorders: results from a family study of children from a non-clinical sample, J Psychiatr Res, 25, 49, 10.1016/0022-3956(91)90015-3 · DOI · Paper page
  139. Ross, 1989, Habituation of the startle reflex in posttraumatic stress disorder, J Neuropsychiatry, 1, 305, 10.1176/jnp.1.3.305 · DOI
  140. Saladin, 2002, The human startle reflex and alcohol cue reactivity: effects of early versus late abstinence, Psychol Addict Behav, 16, 98, 10.1037/0893-164X.16.2.98 · doi:10.1037/0893-164x.16.2.98
  141. Schmid, 1995, Conditioned pleasure attenuates the startle response in rats, Neurobiol Learn Mem, 64, 1, 10.1006/nlme.1995.1037 · DOI
  142. Schuckit, 1990, The history of anxiety symptoms among 171 primary alcoholics, J Stud Alcohol, 51, 34, 10.15288/jsa.1990.51.34 · DOI
  143. Servatius, 1994, Persistent stress-induced sensitization of adrenocortical and startle responses, Physiol Behav, 56, 945, 10.1016/0031-9384(94)90328-X · DOI
  144. Shadel, 2000, Current models of nicotine dependence: what is known and what is needed to advance understanding of tobacco etiology among youth, Drug Alcohol Depend, 59, S9, 10.1016/S0376-8716(99)00162-3 · DOI
  145. Shalev, 1997, Auditory startle responses in help-seeking trauma survivors, Psychiatry Res, 69, 1, 10.1016/S0165-1781(96)03001-6 · DOI
  146. Shalev, 1998, Alprazolam reduces response to loud tones in panic disorder but not in posttraumatic stress disorder, Biol Psychiatry, 44, 64, 10.1016/S0006-3223(98)80008-5 · DOI
  147. Shalev, 1992, Auditory startle reflex in post-traumatic stress disorder patients treated with clonazepam, Isr J Psychiatry, 29, 1
  148. Shalev, 2000, Auditory startle response in trauma survivors with posttraumatic stress disorder: a prospective study, Am J Psychiatry, 157, 255, 10.1176/appi.ajp.157.2.255 · DOI · Paper page
  149. Sher, 1994, Personality and disinhibitory psychopathology: alcoholism and antisocial personality disorder, J Abnorm Psychol, 103, 92, 10.1037/0021-843X.103.1.92 · DOI · Paper page
  150. Shlik, 1999, Effects of CCK-4 infusion on the acoustic eye-blink startle and psychophysiological measures in healthy volunteers, J Psychopharmacol, 13, 385, 10.1177/026988119901300409 · DOI
  151. Siegel, 1998, Learning and homeostasis: drug addiction and the McCollough effect, Psychol Bull, 124, 230, 10.1037/0033-2909.124.2.230 · DOI
  152. Spence, 1958, Temporal effects of conditioned fear on the eyelid reflex, J Exp Psychol, 55, 613, 10.1037/h0049214 · DOI
  153. Stein, 2001, Familial aggregation of anxiety-related quantitative traits in generalized social phobia: clues to understanding ‘disorder’ heritability?, Am J Med Genet, 105, 79, 10.1002/1096-8628(20010108)105:1<79::AID-AJMG1067>3.0.CO;2-F · DOI
  154. Stewart, 1984, Role of unconditioned and conditioned drug effects in the self-administration of opiates and stimulants, Psychol Rev, 91, 251, 10.1037/0033-295X.91.2.251 · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.91.2.251 · Paper page
  155. Stine, 2001, Methadone patients exhibit increased startle and cortisol response after intravenous yohimbine, Psychopharmacology (Berl), 154, 274, 10.1007/s002130000644 · DOI
  156. Stritzke, 1992, Alcohol and emotion: a startle-probe analysis, Psychophysiology, 29, S68
  157. Stritzke, 1995, Alcohol and human emotion: a multidimensional analysis incorporating startle-probe methodology, J Abnorm Psychol, 104, 114, 10.1037/0021-843X.104.1.114 · DOI
  158. Tizzano, 2002, The anxiolytic action of mGlu2/3 receptor agonist, LY354740, in the fear-potentiated startle model in rats is mechanistically distinct from diazepam, Pharmacol Biochem Behav, 73, 367, 10.1016/S0091-3057(02)00850-X · DOI
  159. van Boxtel, 1998, Optimal EMG signal bandwidth and interelectrode distance for the recording of acoustic, electrocutaneous, and photic blink reflexes, Psychophysiology, 35, 690, 10.1111/1469-8986.3560690 · DOI
  160. van Erp, 2001, Persistent suppression of ethanol self-administration by brief social stress in rats and increased startle response as index of withdrawal, Physiol Behav, 73, 301, 10.1016/S0031-9384(01)00458-9 · DOI
  161. Vrana, 1988, The startle probe response: a new measure of emotion?, J Abnorm Psychol, 97, 487, 10.1037/0021-843X.97.4.487 · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.97.4.487 · Paper page
  162. Vrana, 1992, Startle reflex modification as an outcome measure in the treatment of phobia: two case studies, Behav Assess, 14, 279
  163. Walker, 2002, Quantifying fear potentiated startle using absolute versus proportional increase scoring methods: implications for the neurocircuitry of fear and anxiety, Psychopharmacology (Berl), 164, 318, 10.1007/s00213-002-1213-0 · DOI · Paper page
  164. Walker, 2003, Role of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis versus the amygdala in fear, stress and anxiety, Eur J Pharmacol, 463, 199, 10.1016/S0014-2999(03)01282-2 · DOI · Paper page
  165. Witvliet, 2000, Emotional imagery, the visual startle, and covariation bias: an affective matching account, Biol Psychol, 52, 187, 10.1016/S0301-0511(00)00027-2 · DOI
  166. Wolpe, 1964, A fear survey schedule for use in behaviour therapy, Behav Res Ther, 2, 27, 10.1016/0005-7967(64)90051-8 · DOI · Paper page
  167. Yartz, 2002, Addressing the specificity of affective startle modulation: fear versus disgust, Biol Psychol, 59, 55, 10.1016/S0301-0511(01)00121-1 · DOI
  168. Yehuda, 1997, Sensitization of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in posttraumatic stress disorder, Ann N Y Acad Sci, 821, 57, 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1997.tb48269.x · DOI · Paper page
  169. Zack, 2002, Anxiety and explicit alcohol-related memory in problem drinkers, Addict Behav, 27, 331, 10.1016/S0306-4603(01)00233-7 · DOI

Cited by

See all 563

Metadata

Authors
Grillon, C., & Baas, J.
Venue
Clinical Neurophysiology
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2003-09
Volume
114
Issue
9
Pages
1557-1579
ISSN
1388-2457 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1016/s1388-2457(03)00202-5
OpenAlex
W2033774250
Cited by
563
References
35
FWCI
19.92
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Licence
www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

How to cite

Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.

This page
CoChat. (2026). Citation check: A review of the modulation of the startle reflex by affective states and its application in psychiatry. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1016/s1388-2457(03)00202-5
The paper
Grillon, C., & Baas, J. (2003). A review of the modulation of the startle reflex by affective states and its application in psychiatry. Clinical Neurophysiology. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1388-2457(03)00202-5

Data sources

Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.

Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).

Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.