The DOI matches its Crossref record; 36 of the 36 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Bilingualism and cognition
Abstract
The relation between bilingualism and cognition is informative about the connection between language and mind. From the perspective of language, the question is how bilingualism might help or hinder cognition – narrowly interpreted here as executive function. From the perspective of higher cognition, the question is what kinds of experiences improve executive function. Reported cognitive benefits from bilingualism range from none to substantial as a function of age, type of bilingualism (e.g., life-long balanced vs later-onset or infrequent use of the other language), syntactic relation between the two languages, socio-economic and immigrant status, task, and laboratory. To understand the variability and inconsistencies in results with bilingualism, I analyze concepts of executive function and cognitive reserve and examine the range of factors (such as active video game playing, education, musical training, and aerobic exercise) that are known to correlate with or to improve executive function. I suggest that a) “executive function” is a complex set of cognitive processes, the components of which are sometimes minimally correlated with each other, depending on the task; b) bilingualism is inconsistently correlated with superior executive function and delayed onset of dementia; c) all speakers (mono- or bilingual) have non-linguistic ways of improving executive function; and d) benefits from bilingualism – and all cognitively challenging activities – are inconsistent because individuals vary in the number and kinds of experiences they have that promote superior executive function.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Miyake, A., Friedman, N. P., Emerson, M. J., Witzki, A. H., Howerter, A., & Wager, T. D. (2000) · Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1006/cogp.1999.0734 · Cited by 15,798
Diamond, A. (2013) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-113011-143750 · Cited by 13,268
What is cognitive reserve? Theory and research application of the reserve concept
STERN, Y. (2002) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s1355617702813248 · Cited by 3,951
Miyake, A., & Friedman, N. P. (2012) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0963721411429458 · Cited by 3,944
Cognitive reserve in ageing and Alzheimer's disease
Stern, Y. (2012) · The Lancet Neurology · doi:10.1016/s1474-4422(12)70191-6 · Cited by 3,557 · cited 1×
“…decline more rapidly than individuals with less education and lower occupational levels and they die sooner (Amieva, Mokri, Le Goff, Meillon, JacqminGadda, Foubert-Samier, Orgogozo, Stern & Dartigues, 2014; Stern, 2012, but see Zahodne, Glymour, Sparks, Bontempo, Dixon, MacDonald & Manly, 2011).”
BackgroundThe New Statistics: Why and How
Cumming, G. (2014) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797613504966 · Cited by 3,200
Stern, Y. (2009) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2009.03.004 · Cited by 2,943
Interventions shown to aid executive function development in children 4 to 12 years old
Diamond, A., & Lee, K. (2011) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1204529 · Cited by 2,901
Mental control of the bilingual lexico-semantic system
GREEN, D. W. (1998) · Bilingualism Language and Cognition · doi:10.1017/s1366728998000133 · Cited by 2,807
Executive functions and self-regulation
Hofmann, W., Schmeichel, B. J., & Baddeley, A. D. (2012) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2012.01.006 · Cited by 1,965
Video game training enhances cognitive control in older adults
Anguera, J. A., Boccanfuso, J., Rintoul, J. L., Al-Hashimi, O., Faraji, F., Janowich, J., Kong, E., Larraburo, Y., Rolle, C., Johnston, E., et al. (2013) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature12486 · Cited by 1,666
Bilingualism, Aging, and Cognitive Control: Evidence From the Simon Task.
Bialystok, E., Craik, F. I. M., Klein, R., & Viswanathan, M. (2004) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/0882-7974.19.2.290 · Cited by 1,618
Influence of education and occupation on the incidence of Alzheimer's disease
Stern, Y. (1994) · JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association · doi:10.1001/jama.1994.03510370056032 · Cited by 1,434
Bilingual language production: The neurocognition of language representation and control
Abutalebi, J., & Green, D. (2007) · Journal of Neurolinguistics · doi:10.1016/j.jneuroling.2006.10.003 · Cited by 1,302 · cited 1×
“That bilinguals’ brains are different from monolinguals’ has been documented and discussed in multiple papers (see, e.g., Abutalebi, 2008; Abutalebi & Green, 2007, 2008; Barrett, Ashley, Strait & Kraus, 2013; Chang, 2014; Li, Legault & Litcofsky, 2014).”
BackgroundA systematic review and meta-analysis of the cognitive correlates of bilingualism
Adesope, O. O., Lavin, T., Thompson, T., & Ungerleider, C. (2010) · Review of Educational Research · doi:10.3102/0034654310368803 · Cited by 1,132
Beneficial effects of physical exercise on neuroplasticity and cognition
Hötting, K., & Röder, B. (2013) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.04.005 · Cited by 991
Cognitive control and lexical access in younger and older bilinguals.
Bialystok, E., Craik, F., & Luk, G. (2008) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition · doi:10.1037/0278-7393.34.4.859 · Cited by 925
On the bilingual advantage in conflict processing: Now you see it, now you don’t
Costa, A., Hernández, M., Costa-Faidella, J., & Sebastián-Gallés, N. (2009) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2009.08.001 · Cited by 800
Activities and Programs That Improve Children’s Executive Functions
Diamond, A. (2012) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0963721412453722 · Cited by 750
The Value of Direct Replication
Simons, D. J. (2014) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691613514755 · Cited by 630
A bilingual advantage in task switching
PRIOR, A., & MACWHINNEY, B. (2010) · Bilingualism: Language and Cognition · doi:10.1017/s1366728909990526 · Cited by 625
Cognitive gains in 7-month-old bilingual infants
Kovács, Á. M., & Mehler, J. (2009) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0811323106 · Cited by 616
Late-Life Social Activity and Cognitive Decline in Old Age
James, B. D., Wilson, R. S., Barnes, L. L., & Bennett, D. A. (2011) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s1355617711000531 · Cited by 590
M. Tucker, A., & Stern, Y. (2011) · Current Alzheimer Research · doi:10.2174/156720511795745320 · Cited by 561
Bilingualism delays age at onset of dementia, independent of education and immigration status
Alladi, S., Bak, T. H., Duggirala, V., Surampudi, B., Shailaja, M., Shukla, A. K., Chaudhuri, J. R., & Kaul, S. (2013) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000436620.33155.a4 · Cited by 543
Brain plasticity through the life span: Learning to learn and action video games
Bavelier, D., Green, C. S., Pouget, A., & Schrater, P. (2012) · Annual Review of Neuroscience · doi:10.1146/annurev-neuro-060909-152832 · Cited by 541
Language selection in bilingual speech: evidence for inhibitory processes
Kroll, J. F., Bobb, S. C., Misra, M., & Guo, T. (2008) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2008.02.001 · Cited by 535
Control mechanisms in bilingual language production: Neural evidence from language switching studies
Abutalebi, J., & Green∗, D. W. (2008) · Language and Cognitive Processes · doi:10.1080/01690960801920602 · Cited by 518
Exergaming and Older Adult Cognition
Anderson-Hanley, C., Arciero, P. J., Brickman, A. M., Nimon, J. P., Okuma, N., Westen, S. C., Merz, M. E., Pence, B. D., Woods, J. A., Kramer, A. F., et al. (2012) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2011.10.016 · Cited by 464
Effect of bilingualism and computer video game experience on the Simon task.
Bialystok, E. (2006) · Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology / Revue canadienne de psychologie expérimentale · doi:10.1037/cjep2006008 · Cited by 366
Zahodne, L. B., Glymour, M. M., Sparks, C., Bontempo, D., Dixon, R. A., MacDonald, S. W. S., & Manly, J. J. (2011) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s1355617711001044 · Cited by 339
Global–local and trail-making tasks by monolingual and bilingual children: Beyond inhibition.
Bialystok, E. (2010) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0015466 · Cited by 295
Gollan, T. H., Salmon, D. P., Montoya, R. I., & Galasko, D. R. (2011) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2011.09.041 · Cited by 218
Perceptual learning during action video game playing
Green, C. S., Li, R., & Bavelier, D. (2010) · Topics in Cognitive Science · doi:10.1111/j.1756-8765.2009.01054.x · Cited by 182
Construct validity of cognitive reserve in a multiethnic cohort: The Northern Manhattan Study
SIEDLECKI, K. L., STERN, Y., REUBEN, A., SACCO, R. L., ELKIND, M. S. V., & WRIGHT, C. B. (2009) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s1355617709090857 · Cited by 147
Brown, C. L., Gibbons, L. E., Kennison, R. F., Robitaille, A., Lindwall, M., Mitchell, M. B., Shirk, S. D., Atri, A., Cimino, C. R., Benitez, A., et al. (2012) · Journal of Aging Research · doi:10.1155/2012/287438 · Cited by 69
Cited by
Friedman, N. P., & Miyake, A. (2017) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2016.04.023 · Cited by 1,834
Kupisch, T., & Rothman, J. (2018) · International Journal of Bilingualism · doi:10.1177/1367006916654355 · Cited by 309
Yow, W. Q., & Li, X. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00164 · Cited by 211
Neural basis of bilingual language control
Calabria, M., Costa, A., Green, D. W., & Abutalebi, J. (2018) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/nyas.13879 · Cited by 190
Correlation = causation? Music training, psychology, and neuroscience
Schellenberg, E. G. (2020) · Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts · doi:10.1037/aca0000263 · Cited by 113
Metadata
- Authors
- VALIAN, V.
- Venue
- Bilingualism: Language and Cognition
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 2014-11-27
- Volume
- 18
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 3-24
- ISSN
- 1366-7289 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-1841
- OpenAlex
- W1976494912
- Cited by
- 471
- References
- 36
- FWCI
- 20.60
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
