Donor–Acceptor–Donor Near-Infrared-II Aggregation-Induced Emission Luminogens (AIEgens) Encapsulated within Nanometer-Sized Exosomes for Tumor Imaging
Abstract
Developing organic aggregation-induced emission luminogens (AIEgens) with a donor–acceptor–donor (D–A–D) structure improves fluorescence imaging for biological applications due to their deep tissue penetration, high fluorescence quantum yield, and good biocompatibility. However, compared to the systematically well-explored near-infrared-I (NIR-I, 650–900 nm) AIEgens, the research on organic D–A–D-type near-infrared-II (NIR-II, 1000–1700 nm) AIEgens received a snub, by contrast, owing to their lack of diversity, low AIE character, and poor tumor accumulation, which has become a bottleneck in the bioimaging field. Herein, we report a D–A–D-type organic NIR-II fluorophore with typical AIE character (α AIE > 4) through careful manipulation of the electron donor and acceptor. The tumor-associated macrophage (TAM)-derived exosomes with nanometer size were used as templates to encapsulate the NIR-II AIEgens ( o BBT-DPNA) in a well-defined structure (named as AIE@Exo). The AIE@Exo displayed a superb aggregation-intensified NIR-II fluorescence with a maximum emission peak at 1052 nm as well as a calculated fluorescence quantum yield (QY) of 3.1%. Moreover, the in vivo application of AIE@Exo in efficient NIR-II fluorescence imaging of whole-body vessels and tumor was successfully demonstrated in living mice. Overall, the nanometer-sized biomimetic nanoparticles represent successful NIR-II AIE nanoparticles for biomedical imaging.
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Organic AIEgens offer significant advantages for biomedical imaging, owing to their tunable spectral responses and high brightness.
“Organic AIEgens offer significant advantages for biomedical imaging, owing to their tunable spectral responses and high brightness214.”
From Organic small-molecule NIR-II fluorophores for tumor phototheranostics (2026) · cites this paper as [214]
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- Authors
- Cheng, P., Du, X., Chen, S., Chen, K., Yuan, Y., Shao, J., Shen, Q., Sun, P., & Fan, Q.
- Affiliations
- Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications (CN)
- Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Chen, Shangyu
- Sun, Pengfei
- Venue
- ACS Applied Nano Materials
- Publisher
- American Chemical Society (ACS)
- Published
- 2023-06-03
- Volume
- 6
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 10736-10745
- ISSN
- 2574-0970 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4379191634
- Cited by
- 29
- References
- 47
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 11
- FWCI
- 2.14
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- ACS Applied Nano Materials (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Natural Science Research of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions of China (20KJA430012)
- Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province (BK20201380, BK20221326)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Materials Chemistry › Luminescence and Fluorescent Materials
- Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Spectroscopy › Molecular Sensors and Ion Detection
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Materials Chemistry › Luminescence Properties of Advanced Materials
- Keywords
- aggregation-induced emission, NIR-II fluorophores, donor-acceptor-donor structure, exosomes, tumor-associated macrophages, tumor imaging, fluorescence imaging, biomimetic nanoparticles, fluorescence quantum yield, deep tissue imaging
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