A bright organic NIR-II nanofluorophore for three-dimensional imaging into biological tissues

The EPR effect: Unique features of tumor blood vessels for drug delivery, factors involved, and limitations and augmentation of the effect

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Near-infrared fluorophores for biomedical imaging

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A small-molecule dye for NIR-II imaging

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Intraoperative tumor-specific fluorescence imaging in ovarian cancer by folate receptor-α targeting: first in-human results

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Carbon Nanomaterials for Biological Imaging and Nanomedicinal Therapy

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Through-skull fluorescence imaging of the brain in a new near-infrared window

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Multifunctional in vivo vascular imaging using near-infrared II fluorescence

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Deep-tissue anatomical imaging of mice using carbon nanotube fluorophores in the second near-infrared window

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Ag 2 S Quantum Dot: A Bright and Biocompatible Fluorescent Nanoprobe in the Second Near-Infrared Window

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In Vivo Fluorescence Imaging with Ag 2 S Quantum Dots in the Second Near‐Infrared Region

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Shortwave infrared fluorescence imaging with the clinically approved near-infrared dye indocyanine green

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PbTe Colloidal Nanocrystals: Synthesis, Characterization, and Multiple Exciton Generation

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A high quantum yield molecule-protein complex fluorophore for near-infrared II imaging

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Ultrafast fluorescence imaging in vivo with conjugated polymer fluorophores in the second near-infrared window

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Selection of Quantum Dot Wavelengths for Biomedical Assays and Imaging

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Rational Design of Molecular Fluorophores for Biological Imaging in the NIR‐II Window

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Fluorescence Imaging In Vivo at Wavelengths beyond 1500 nm

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In Vivo Fluorescence Imaging in the Second Near-Infrared Window with Long Circulating Carbon Nanotubes Capable of Ultrahigh Tumor Uptake

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Traumatic Brain Injury Imaging in the Second Near‐Infrared Window with a Molecular Fluorophore

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Biological Imaging Using Nanoparticles of Small Organic Molecules with Fluorescence Emission at Wavelengths Longer than 1000 nm

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Molecular imaging of biological systems with a clickable dye in the broad 800- to 1,700-nm near-infrared window

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Visualization of tumor-related blood vessels in human breast by photoacoustic imaging system with a hemispherical detector array

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Novel bright-emission small-molecule NIR-II fluorophores for in vivo tumor imaging and image-guided surgery

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The Multifaceted Role of Perivascular Macrophages in Tumors

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Biological Imaging Using Nanoparticles of Small Organic Molecules with Fluorescence Emission at Wavelengths Longer than 1000 nm

Tao, Z., Hong, G., Shinji, C., Chen, C., Diao, S., Antaris, A. L., Zhang, B., Zou, Y., & Dai, H. (2013) · Angewandte Chemie · doi:10.1002/ange.201307346 · Cited by 239 · see citing works

Indocyanine green fluorescence in second near-infrared (NIR-II) window

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Near-Infrared Fluorescent Dye-Doped Semiconducting Polymer Dots

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Near-infrared fluorescent imaging of tumor apoptosis.

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REVISION OF GUIDELINES ON LIMITS OF EXPOSURE TO LASER RADIATION OF WAVELENGTHS BETWEEN 400 nm AND 1.4 μm

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Long-Term Cognitive Impairments and Pathological Alterations in a Mouse Model of Repetitive Mild Traumatic Brain Injury

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In Vivo Fluorescence Imaging with Ag2S Quantum Dots in the Second Near‐Infrared Region

Hong, G., Robinson, J. T., Zhang, Y., Diao, S., Antaris, A. L., Wang, Q., & Dai, H. (2012) · Angewandte Chemie · doi:10.1002/ange.201206059 · Cited by 128 · see citing works

Whole-Body Subcellular Multicolor Imaging of Tumor-Host Interaction and Drug Response in Real Time

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Live imaging of follicle stimulating hormone receptors in gonads and bones using near infrared II fluorophore

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Identification of breast cancer margins using intraoperative near‐infrared imaging

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Near-Infrared II Fluorescence for Imaging Hindlimb Vessel Regeneration With Dynamic Tissue Perfusion Measurement

Hong, G., Lee, J. C., Jha, A., Diao, S., Nakayama, K. H., Hou, L., Doyle, T. C., Robinson, J. T., Antaris, A. L., Dai, H., et al. (2014) · Circulation Cardiovascular Imaging · doi:10.1161/circimaging.113.000305 · Cited by 93 · see citing works

Near-infrared confocal imaging during mini-laparoscopy: A novel rigid endomicroscope with increased imaging plane depth

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Targeting of α ν β 3 -Integrins Expressed on Tumor Tissue and Neovasculature Using Fluorescent Small Molecules and Nanoparticles

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Confocal laser endomicroscopy in head and neck malignancies using FITC‐labelled EpCAM‐ and EGF‐R‐antibodies in cell lines and tumor biopsies

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First-in-human liver-tumour surgery guided by multispectral fluorescence imaging in the visible and near-infrared-I/II windows

Hu, Z., Fang, C., Li, B., Zhang, Z., Cao, C., Cai, M., Su, S., Sun, X., Shi, X., Li, C., et al. (2019) · Nature Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1038/s41551-019-0494-0 · Cited by 1,126 · see citing works

Advanced Fluorescence Imaging Technology in the Near-Infrared-II Window for Biomedical Applications

Li, C., Chen, G., Zhang, Y., Wu, F., & Wang, Q. (2020) · Journal of the American Chemical Society · doi:10.1021/jacs.0c07022 · Cited by 1,037 · see citing works

In vivo molecular imaging for immunotherapy using ultra-bright near-infrared-IIb rare-earth nanoparticles

Zhong, Y., Ma, Z., Wang, F., Wang, X., Yang, Y., Liu, Y., Zhao, X., Li, J., Du, H., Zhang, M., et al. (2019) · Nature Biotechnology · doi:10.1038/s41587-019-0262-4 · Cited by 575 · see citing works

In vivo NIR-II fluorescence imaging for biology and medicine

Wang, F., Zhong, Y., Bruns, O., Liang, Y., & Dai, H. (2024) · Nature Photonics · doi:10.1038/s41566-024-01391-5 · Cited by 564 · see citing works

Bright quantum dots emitting at ∼1,600 nm in the NIR-IIb window for deep tissue fluorescence imaging

Zhang, M., Yue, J., Cui, R., Ma, Z., Wan, H., Wang, F., Zhu, S., Zhou, Y., Kuang, Y., Zhong, Y., et al. (2018) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1806153115 · Cited by 432 · see citing works

J-aggregates of meso-[2.2]paracyclophanyl-BODIPY dye for NIR-II imaging

Li, K., Duan, X., Jiang, Z., Ding, D., Chen, Y., Zhang, G.-Q., & Liu, Z. (2021) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-021-22686-z · Cited by 301 · see citing works

Gathering brings strength: How organic aggregates boost disease phototheranostics

Qi, J., Ou, H., Liu, Q., & Ding, D. (2021) · Aggregate · doi:10.1002/agt2.25 · Cited by 284 · see citing works

Planar and Twisted Molecular Structure Leads to the High Brightness of Semiconducting Polymer Nanoparticles for NIR-IIa Fluorescence Imaging

Liu, S., Ou, H., Li, Y., Zhang, H., Liu, J., Lu, X., Kwok, R. T. K., Lam, J. W. Y., Ding, D., & Tang, B. Z. (2020) · Journal of the American Chemical Society · doi:10.1021/jacs.0c07193 · Cited by 277 · see citing works

NIR-II bioluminescence for in vivo high contrast imaging and in situ ATP-mediated metastases tracing

Lu, L., Li, B., Ding, S., Fan, Y., Wang, S., Sun, C., Zhao, M., Zhao, C.-X., & Zhang, F. (2020) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-020-18051-1 · Cited by 274 · see citing works

A General Strategy for Development of Activatable NIR‐II Fluorescent Probes for In Vivo High‐Contrast Bioimaging

Ren, T., Wang, Z., Xiang, Z., Lu, P., Lai, H., Yuan, L., Zhang, X., & Tan, W. (2021) · Angewandte Chemie International Edition · doi:10.1002/anie.202009986 · Cited by 273 · see citing works

Multiplexed NIR‐II Probes for Lymph Node‐Invaded Cancer Detection and Imaging‐Guided Surgery

Tian, R., Ma, H., Zhu, S., Lau, J., Ma, R., Liu, Y., Lin, L., Chandra, S., Wang, S., Zhu, X., et al. (2020) · Advanced Materials · doi:10.1002/adma.201907365 · Cited by 269 · see citing works

NIR-II bioimaging of small organic molecule

Su, Y., Yu, B., Wang, S., Cong, H., & Shen, Y. (2021) · Biomaterials · doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2021.120717 · Cited by 251 · see citing works

Light-sheet microscopy in the near-infrared II window

Wang, F., Wan, H., Ma, Z., Zhong, Y., Sun, Q., Tian, Y., Qu, L., Du, H., Zhang, M., Li, L., et al. (2019) · Nature Methods · doi:10.1038/s41592-019-0398-7 · Cited by 237 · see citing works

Polymethine Thiopyrylium Fluorophores with Absorption beyond 1000 nm for Biological Imaging in the Second Near-Infrared Subwindow

Ding, B., Xiao, Y., Zhou, H., Zhang, X., Qu, C., Xu, F., Deng, Z., Cheng, Z., & Hong, X. (2019) · Journal of Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b01682 · Cited by 215 · see citing works

Molecular engineering of AIE luminogens for NIR-II/IIb bioimaging and surgical navigation of lymph nodes

Song, S., Wang, Y., Zhao, Y., Huang, W., Zhang, F., Zhu, S., Wu, Q., Fu, S., Tang, B. Z., & Wang, D. (2022) · Matter · doi:10.1016/j.matt.2022.06.030 · Cited by 133 · see citing works

Deep learning for in vivo near-infrared imaging

Ma, Z., Wang, F., Wang, W., Zhong, Y., & Dai, H. (2021) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2021446118 · Cited by 135 · see citing works

Incorporation of Planar Blocks into Twisted Skeletons: Boosting Brightness of Fluorophores for Bioimaging beyond 1500 Nanometer

Liu, S., Chen, R., Zhang, J., Li, Y., He, M., Fan, X., Zhang, H., Lu, X., Kwok, R. T. K., Lin, H., et al. (2020) · ACS Nano · doi:10.1021/acsnano.0c07527 · Cited by 129 · see citing works

Near-Infrared-II Nanoparticles for Cancer Imaging of Immune Checkpoint Programmed Death-Ligand 1 and Photodynamic/Immune Therapy

Liu, Q., Tian, J., Tian, Y., Sun, Q., Sun, D., Wang, F., Xu, H., Ying, G., Wang, J., Yetisen, A. K., et al. (2021) · ACS Nano · doi:10.1021/acsnano.0c05317 · Cited by 128 · see citing works

Benzobisthiadiazole-Based Small Molecular Near-Infrared-II Fluorophores: From Molecular Engineering to Nanophototheranostics

Wang, L., Li, N., Wang, W., Mei, A., Shao, J., Wang, W., & Dong, X. (2024) · ACS Nano · doi:10.1021/acsnano.3c12316 · Cited by 127 · see citing works

Molecular Engineering of an Organic NIR‐II Fluorophore with Aggregation‐Induced Emission Characteristics for In Vivo Imaging

Wu, W., Yang, Y., Yang, Y., Yang, Y., Zhang, K., Guo, L., Ge, H., Chen, X., Liu, J., & Feng, H. (2019) · Small · doi:10.1002/smll.201805549 · Cited by 122 · see citing works

Propylenedioxy Thiophene Donor to Achieve NIR-II Molecular Fluorophores with Enhanced Brightness

Ma, H., Liu, C., Hu, Z., Yu, P., Zhu, X., Ma, R., Sun, Z., Zhang, C.-H., Sun, H., Zhu, S., et al. (2020) · Chemistry of Materials · doi:10.1021/acs.chemmater.9b05159 · Cited by 110 · see citing works

Enlarging the Reservoir: High Absorption Coefficient Dyes Enable Synergetic Near Infrared‐II Fluorescence Imaging and Near Infrared‐I Photothermal Therapy

Li, Y., Zhang, J., Liu, S., Zhang, C., Chuah, C., Tang, Y., Kwok, R. T. K., Lam, J. W. Y., Ou, H., Ding, D., et al. (2021) · Advanced Functional Materials · doi:10.1002/adfm.202102213 · Cited by 88 · see citing works

In vivo NIR-II structured-illumination light-sheet microscopy

Wang, F., Ma, Z., Zhong, Y., Salazar, F., Xu, C., Ren, F., Qu, L., Wu, A. M., & Dai, H. (2021) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2023888118 · Cited by 85 · see citing works

The Midas Touch by Iridium: A Second Near-Infrared Aggregation-Induced Emission-Active Metallo-Agent for Exceptional Phototheranostics of Breast Cancer

You, C., Tian, L., Zhu, J., Wang, L., Tang, B. Z., & Wang, D. (2025) · Journal of the American Chemical Society · doi:10.1021/jacs.4c15150 · Cited by 87 · see citing works

<i>In Vivo</i> Real-Time Pharmaceutical Evaluations of Near-Infrared II Fluorescent Nanomedicine Bound Polyethylene Glycol Ligands for Tumor Photothermal Ablation

Li, S., Chen, H., Liu, H., Liu, L., Yuan, Y., Mao, C., Zhang, W., Zhang, X., Guo, W., Lee, C.-S., et al. (2020) · ACS Nano · doi:10.1021/acsnano.0c05885 · Cited by 60 · see citing works

Near‐Infrared‐II Fluorophore with Inverted Dependence of Fluorescence Quantum Yield on Polarity as Potent Phototheranostics for Fluorescence‐Image‐Guided Phototherapy of Tumors

Li, M., Lu, Z., Zhang, J., Chen, L., Tang, X., Jiang, Q., Hu, Q., Li, L., Liu, J., & Huang, W. (2023) · Advanced Materials · doi:10.1002/adma.202209647 · Cited by 56 · see citing works

Thiophene donor for NIR-II fluorescence imaging-guided photothermal/photodynamic/chemo combination therapy

Liu, Q., Tian, J., Tian, Y., Sun, Q., Sun, D., Liu, D., Wang, F., Xu, H., Ying, G., Wang, J., et al. (2021) · Acta Biomaterialia · doi:10.1016/j.actbio.2021.03.064 · Cited by 43 · see citing works

New Xanthene Dyes with NIR‐II Emission Beyond 1200 nm for Efficient Tumor Angiography and Photothermal Therapy

Zhang, C., Wu, J., Liu, W., Zhang, W., Lee, C., & Wang, P. (2022) · Small · doi:10.1002/smll.202202078 · Cited by 39 · see citing works

The Pursuit of Shortwave Infrared-Emitting Nanoparticles with Bright Fluorescence through Molecular Design and Excited-State Engineering of Molecular Aggregates

Piwoński, H., Nozue, S., & Habuchi, S. (2022) · ACS Nanoscience Au · doi:10.1021/acsnanoscienceau.1c00038 · Cited by 39 · see citing works

Second Near‐Infrared Window Fluorescence Materials for In Vivo Dynamic Multiplexed Imaging

Fan, F., Zeng, K., Zhu, Y., Zhang, Y., Chen, Y., Lv, D., Jia, D., Chai, Y., Chen, X., & Li, Q. (2025) · Advanced Functional Materials · doi:10.1002/adfm.202422693 · Cited by 33 · see citing works

Extending optical chemical tools and technologies to mice by shifting to the shortwave infrared region

Wong, K. C. Y., & Sletten, E. M. (2022) · Current Opinion in Chemical Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cbpa.2022.102131 · Cited by 31 · see citing works

Donor–Acceptor–Donor Near-Infrared-II Aggregation-Induced Emission Luminogens (AIEgens) Encapsulated within Nanometer-Sized Exosomes for Tumor Imaging

Cheng, P., Du, X., Chen, S., Chen, K., Yuan, Y., Shao, J., Shen, Q., Sun, P., & Fan, Q. (2023) · ACS Applied Nano Materials · doi:10.1021/acsanm.3c01749 · Cited by 29 · see citing works

Pyrrolopyrrole aza-BODIPY-based NIR-II fluorophores for in vivo dynamic vascular dysfunction visualization of vascular-targeted photodynamic therapy

Bian, S., Zheng, X., Liu, W., Li, J., Gao, Z., Ren, H., Zhang, W., Lee, C.-S., & Wang, P. (2023) · Biomaterials · doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2023.122130 · Cited by 29 · see citing works

Organic NIR‐II Nanofluorophore with Ultrahigh Quantum Yield for Vessels Imaging and Fluorescence Image‐Guided Surgery

Zhang, X., Li, L., Ren, Y., Li, M., & Tang, Y. (2025) · Advanced Functional Materials · doi:10.1002/adfm.202413341 · Cited by 26 · see citing works

SWIR emissive RosIndolizine dyes with nanoencapsulation in water soluble dendrimers

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Organic small-molecule NIR-II fluorophores for tumor phototheranostics

Xiang, D., Wang, Z., Zheng, H., Tang, Y., & Li, Q. (2026) · Light: Science &amp; Applications · doi:10.1038/s41377-026-02212-w · Cited by 22 · see citing works

Glutathione-activated near-infrared II fluorescent probe for lung metastatic diagnosis and intraoperative imaging of tumor

Wang, Y., Zhao, G., Liu, Y., Wang, R., Xing, Y., Dou, K., & Yu, F. (2025) · Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical · doi:10.1016/j.snb.2024.137005 · Cited by 16 · see citing works

Label-free in vivo flow cytometry in zebrafish using two-photon autofluorescence imaging

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Biological Basis of Cervical Tissue Autofluorescence

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Biological imaging without autofluorescence in the second near-infrared region

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CT imaging of biological tissue using backscattered light

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Ptychographic coherent x-ray diffractive imaging in the water window

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