Naming Speed Performance and Stimulant Effects Indicate Effortful, Semantic Processing Deficits in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Abstract
This study investigated rapid automatized naming and effects of stimulant medication in school-age children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) with and without concurrent reading disorder (RD). Two ADHD groups (67 ADHD only; 21 ADHD + RD) and a control group of 27 healthy age-matched peers were compared on four variables: color naming speed, letter naming speed, phonologic decoding, and arithmetic computation. Discriminant function analysis (DFA) was conducted to predict group membership. The four variables loaded onto two discriminant functions with good specificity: phonologic decoding, letter naming speed, and arithmetic defined the first function; color naming speed defined the second function. Both ADHD groups were significantly slower in color naming than controls, but did not differ from one another. DFA correctly classified 96% of the control group, 91% of ADHD + RD, and 82% of ADHD only. A subset of children in the ADHD groups participated subsequently in an acute, randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover trial with three single doses (10, 25, 20 mg) of methylphenidate. Methylphenidate selectively improved color-naming speed but had no effect on the speed of naming letters or digits. These findings challenge the tenet that naming speed deficits are specific to RD and implicate naming speed deficits associated with effortful semantic processing in ADHD, which are improved but not normalized by stimulant medication.
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Comorbidity amongst math disorder, reading disorder, and ADHD has been associated with low processing speed.
“comorbidity amongst MD, RD, and ADHD has also been associated with low PS, and the relationships between these deficits continue to be explored20,40–44.”
From Diagnostic Associations of Processing Speed in a Transdiagnostic, Pediatric Sample (2020) · cites this paper as [42]
These collective findings support previous research showing a relationship between MD, RD, and PS deficit.
“These collective findings support previous research showing a relationship between MD, RD, and PS deficit22,40,42,43.”
From Diagnostic Associations of Processing Speed in a Transdiagnostic, Pediatric Sample (2020) · cites this paper as [42]
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- Authors
- Tannock, R., Martinussen, R., & Frijters, J.
- Affiliations
- Hospital for Sick Children (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Tannock, Rosemary
- Venue
- Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology
- Published
- 2000-06
- Volume
- 28
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 237-252
- ISSN
- 0091-0627 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-2835
- OpenAlex
- W1548385953
- Cited by
- 198
- References
- 108
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 12 · 2014: 15 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 3.29
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Medical Research Council
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology › Developmental and Educational Neuropsychology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Reading and Literacy Development
- Keywords
- attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, rapid automatized naming, naming speed, reading disorders, color naming, letter naming, arithmetic computation, methylphenidate, stimulant medication, semantic processing, effortful processing, elementary school students
- MeSH terms
- Central Nervous System Stimulants, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Child, Dyslexia, Female, Humans, Male, Methylphenidate, Reaction Time, Verbal Behavior, Case-Control Studies
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