The development of markers for the Big-Five factor structure

Goldberg, Lewis R.

doi:10.1037/1040-3590.4.1.26

Cited by 5,530Personality Traits and PsychologyPsychological Testing and AssessmentPsychometric Methodologies and Testing

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The development of markers for the Big-Five factor structure

Goldberg, Lewis R.·1992·Psychological Assessment

DOI 10.1037/1040-3590.4.1.26

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Goldberg's list of 70 bipolar adjectives is known to statistically capture the Big Five model of personality through factor analyses of human ratings.
“adapting Goldberg’s list of 70 bipolar adjectives74 known to statistically capture the Big Five model of personality through factor analyses of human ratings.”
From A psychometric framework for evaluating and shaping personality traits in large language models (2025) · cites this paper as [74]
Trait adjectives used for shaping were adapted from established linguistic research of personality using Goldberg's personality trait markers.
“These trait adjectives were adapted from established linguistic research of personality using Goldberg’s personality trait markers74.”
From A psychometric framework for evaluating and shaping personality traits in large language models (2025) · cites this paper as [74]
Trait neuroticism was assessed using four personality questionnaires, and measures were standardized and averaged to form a composite with a Cronbach's alpha of .85.
“Measures were standardized and averaged to form a N composite, with a Cronbach's alpha of .85 (Griffith et al., 2007; Zinbarg et al., 2009).”
From Prospective prediction of major depressive disorder from cortisol awakening responses in adolescence (2010) · cites this paper as Goldberg, 1992

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“The trait approach, as instantiated in the Big 5/HEXACO model (Ashton & Lee, 2009; Costa & McCrae, 2006; DeYoung, Weisberg, Quilty, & Peterson, 2013; Goldberg, 1992; Johnson, 1997, Perugini & Gallucci, 1997; see also Wright et al., 2013), has made remarkable progress in identifying the content of…”
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“These constructs vary dramatically with respect to the degree they reflect differing higherorder traits such as those indexed by Big Three or Big Five models of personality (e.g., Digman, 1990; Goldberg, 1992; Zuckerman et al., 1993; John and Srivastava, 1999).”
Background
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Authors: Goldberg, L. R.
Affiliations: Oregon Research Institute (US)
Corresponding author: Goldberg, Lewis R.
Venue: Psychological Assessment
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 1992-03
Volume: 4
Issue: 1
Pages: 26-42
ISSN: 1040-3590 (ISSN-L)
1939-134X
DOI: 10.1037/1040-3590.4.1.26
OpenAlex: W2042962409
Cited by: 5,530
References: 62
Citations by year: 2026: 181 · 2025: 231 · 2024: 283 · 2023: 289 · 2022: 333 · 2021: 338 · 2020: 357 · 2019: 293 · 2018: 263 · 2017: 232 · 2016: 242 · 2015: 214 · 2014: 253 · 2013: 204 · 2012: 207
FWCI: 39.85
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Psychological Assessment (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Psychological Testing and Assessment
Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
Keywords: Big Five personality traits, personality assessment, trait structure

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