Social Class is Dead. Long Live Social Class! Stereotype Threat among Low Socioeconomic Status Individuals
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Asking college students in the United States about their socioeconomic status before rather than after an intelligence test reduced lower class students' confidence in their academic ability and their performance.
“Another study found that asking college students in the United States about their SES before (rather than after) an intelligence test reduced lower class students' confidence in their academic ability and their performance (B.Spencer & Castano, 2007)”
From Tackling Educational Inequalities with Social Psychology: Identities, Contexts, and Interventions (2021) · cites this paper as B.Spencer & Castano, 2007
The available copy contains a repository listing for the article, not passages describing its experiment or results (no article section or page is available). Searches for the before-versus-after SES question, intelligence-test performance, and confidence in academic ability found no relevant passage. The claim therefore cannot be checked against this copy. (LLM, conf=0.76)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredNegative stereotypes are thought to explain why a simple question about group membership can be enough to evoke stereotype threat and thus reduce performance only among low-status groups.
“and are thought to explain why a simple question about group membership can be enough to evoke stereotype threat and thus reduce performance only among low-status groups (Mello et al., 2010;Spencer & Castano, 2007).”
From Tackling Educational Inequalities with Social Psychology: Identities, Contexts, and Interventions (2021) · cites this paper as Spencer & Castano, 2007
The available indexed passages are unpaginated title and IRIS repository metadata, not the paper’s substantive text. Searches for a group-membership question and for negative stereotypes affecting performance found no passage addressing the claimed mechanism or its restriction to low-status groups. (LLM, conf=0.70)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredSimilar results have been found with other groups in other contexts.
“Similar results have been found with other groups in other contexts (Croizet & Claire, 1998;B. Spencer & Castano, 2007).”
From Tackling Educational Inequalities with Social Psychology: Identities, Contexts, and Interventions (2021) · cites this paper as B. Spencer & Castano, 2007
The available copy identifies the paper as concerning stereotype threat among low-socioeconomic-status individuals, but the passages contain only a title and repository metadata, not study findings. Searches for stereotype-threat performance results found no passage establishing the claimed similar results in another group or context. (LLM, conf=0.70)
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- Authors
- Spencer, B., & Castano, E.
- Affiliations
- The New School (US)
- Corresponding author
- Spencer, Bettina
- Venue
- Social Justice Research
- Published
- 2007-11-07
- Volume
- 20
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 418-432
- ISSN
- 0885-7466 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-6725
- OpenAlex
- W2082376760
- Cited by
- 212
- References
- 80
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 20 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 16 · 2014: 16 · 2013: 17 · 2012: 6
- FWCI
- 14.62
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- hdl.handle.net
- Licence
- cc-by-nc-nd
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Social Justice Research (publishedVersion)
- Florence Research (University of Florence) (submittedVersion)
- Institutional Research Information System (Università degli Studi di Trento) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Funders
- Society for the Psychological Study of Social Issues
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Education, Achievement, and Giftedness
- Social Sciences › Education › School Choice and Performance
- Keywords
- stereotype threat, socioeconomic status, low-income students, achievement gap, standardized testing, academic performance, self-confidence, stigmatized groups
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