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A cognitive-affective system theory of personality: Reconceptualizing situations, dispositions, dynamics, and invariance in personality structure
Abstract
A theory was proposed to reconcile paradoxical findings on the invariance of personality and the variability of behavior across situations. For this purpose, individuals were assumed to differ in (a) the accessibility of cognitive-affective mediating units (such as encodings, expectancies and beliefs, affects, and goals) and (b) the organization of relationships through which these units interact with each other and with psychological features of situations. The theory accounts for individual differences in predictable patterns of variability across situations (e.g., if A then she X, but if B then she Y), as well as for overall average levels of behavior, as essential expressions or behavioral signatures of the same underlying personality system. Situations, personality dispositions, dynamics, and structure were reconceptualized from this perspective.
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“Accordingly, individual's rejection sensitivity may be elicited only in threatening situations (e.g., child maltreatment).”
From Child Maltreatment as a Risk Factor for Rejection Sensitivity: A Three-Level Meta-Analytic Review (2024) · cites this paper as Mischel & Shoda, 1995
In the citing paper
“By contrast, focus on state- specific measures echoes modern personality science, which defines a trait via a person's profile of states 52,53 .”
From Predictors and consequences of intellectual humility (2022) · cites this paper as [53]
In the citing paper
“A person's profile - when aggregating across state- specific expressions of a characteristic - is typically stable over time.”
From Predictors and consequences of intellectual humility (2022) · cites this paper as [53]
In the citing paper
“At the same time, state- specific expression of a characteristic will systematically vary across situations.”
From Predictors and consequences of intellectual humility (2022) · cites this paper as [53]
In the citing paper
“As emphasized by Mischel and Shoda [1995] and Roberts and Jackson [2008], situations may change over time as a function of past actions, past situations, investment, information, and the like.”
From Personality Psychology and Economics (2011) · cites this paper as Mischel and Shoda [1995]
In the citing paper
“The CAPS theory (Mischel & Shoda, 1995) explains why and how people's behavior varies stably across situations.”
From Associations between rejection sensitivity and mental health outcomes: A meta-analytic review (2017) · cites this paper as Mischel & Shoda, 1995
In the citing paper
“The cognitive-affective processing systems (CAPS) framework (Mischel, 1973;Mischel & Shoda, 1995) can be used to account for possible associations between rejection sensitivity and mental health problems.”
From Associations between rejection sensitivity and mental health outcomes: A meta-analytic review (2017) · cites this paper as Mischel & Shoda, 1995
In the citing paper
“the cognitive-affective processing systems (CAPS) framework (Ayduk & Gyurak, 2008;Mischel, 1973;Mischel & Shoda, 1995) states that individuals with high levels of rejection sensitivity may misinterpret and distort the actions of others, which may lead to feelings of anger, loneliness, or depression.”
From Associations between rejection sensitivity and mental health outcomes: A meta-analytic review (2017) · cites this paper as Mischel & Shoda, 1995
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Self-citationMood, self-efficacy, and performance standards: Lower moods induce higher standards for performance.
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Dreaming: cognitive processes during cortical activation and high afferent thresholds
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Generalizability of contributions from sources of variance in the S-R Inventories of Anxiousness1
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Conditional hedges and the intuitive psychology of traits.
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Personality Psychology Has Tow Goals: Must It Be Two Fields?
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Emotional influences on cognitive processing, with implications for theories of both.
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Situation cognition and coherence in personality: an individual-centred approach
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Goal Concepts: Themes, Issues, and Questions
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The importance of goals in personality: Toward a coherent model of persons.
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Metadata
- Authors
- Mischel, W., & Shoda, Y.
- Affiliations
- Columbia University (US)
- ORCID
- Shoda, Yuichi
- Venue
- Psychological Review
- Published
- 1995
- Volume
- 102
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 246-268
- ISSN
- 0033-295X (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1471
- OpenAlex
- W2098728364
- Cited by
- 3,889
- References
- 178
- Citations by year
- 2026: 192 · 2025: 217 · 2024: 238 · 2023: 167 · 2022: 140 · 2021: 222 · 2020: 232 · 2019: 147 · 2018: 149 · 2017: 164 · 2016: 176 · 2015: 145 · 2014: 140 · 2013: 186 · 2012: 142
- FWCI
- 45.49
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychological Review (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5r01mh045994-05, 5r01mh039263-03)
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH39349, MH39263, MH45994)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Psychological Testing and Assessment
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Disorders and Psychopathology
- Keywords
- personality theory, situational variability, personality dispositions, personality dynamics, individual differences, behavioral signatures, goals, affect
- MeSH terms
- Affect, Cognition, Humans, Individuality, Personality, Social Behavior, Social Environment
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