The DOI matches its Crossref record; 52 of the 52 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Controlled and automatic human information processing: I. Detection, search, and attention.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“functional task complexity changes as a result of expertise.”
From Principles derived from the study of simple skills do not generalize to complex skill learning (2002) · cites this paper as Schneider & Shiffrin, 1977
In the citing paper
“Lastly, seminal research on cognitive effort has indicated that complex and nonautomatic tasks require increased cognitive control and system resources (Hasher & Zacks, 1979; Schneider & Shiffrin, 1977).”
From Perception of Physical Demand, Mental Demand, and Performance: A Comparison of Two Voice Interventions for Parkinson's Disease (2022) · cites this paper as Schneider & Shiffrin, 1977
In the citing paper
“Since they requires conscious attention, controlled processes use working memory capacity and so are constrained by the capacity limitations of this system (Schneider and Shiffrin, 1977; Shiffrin and Schneider, 1977).”
From Assimilating complex information (2002) · cites this paper as Schneider and Shiffrin, 1977
In the citing paper
“In fact, on average 2100 trials were required for a participant to discriminate between letters and letters as fast as he or she could between letters and numbers.”
From Assimilating complex information (2002) · cites this paper as Schneider and Shiffrin (1977)
In the citing paper
“Schneider and Shiffrin (1977) and Shiffrin and Schneider (1977) showed that an adult's ability to discriminate letters from numbers is automatic.”
From Assimilating complex information (2002) · cites this paper as Schneider and Shiffrin (1977)
In the citing paper
“It seems that with extensive practise, certain processes become automatic, that is they demand few if any attentional and processing resources (Schneider and Shiffrin, 1977; Shiffrin and Schneider, 1977).”
From Assimilating complex information (2002) · cites this paper as Schneider and Shiffrin, 1977
In the citing paper
“Schneider and Shiffrin's (1977) results indicated that a group that developed automatic processing skills on a task needed approximately a fifth of the decision making time a group forced to use controlled processing required to achieve 95% accuracy on a visual search task.”
From Assimilating complex information (2002) · cites this paper as Schneider and Shiffrin's (1977)
In the citing paper
“which is consistent with the results of previous studies that found heightened cognitive interference in situations characterized by a greater demand on attentional and cognitive resources22,80”
From Emotion-related impulsivity moderates the cognitive interference effect of smartphone availability on working memory (2019) · cites this paper as [80]
Citations
Cites
Shiffrin, R. M., & Schneider, W. (1977) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.84.2.127 · Cited by 7,335
Self-citationHuman Memory: A Proposed System and its Control Processes
Atkinson, R. C., & Shiffrin, R. M. (1968) · Psychology of Learning and Motivation · doi:10.1016/s0079-7421(08)60422-3 · Cited by 7,216
Self-citationLane, S. D. (2016) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315506173-8 · Cited by 4,707
High-speed scanning in human memory
Sternberg, S. (1966) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.153.3736.652 · Cited by 3,576
The discovery of processing stages: Extensions of Donders' method
Sternberg, S. (1969) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/0001-6918(69)90055-9 · Cited by 3,137
On the Rate of Gain of Information
Hick, W. E. (1952) · Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1080/17470215208416600 · Cited by 2,279
An Introduction to Probability Theory and Its Applications
Feller, W., & Morse, P. Μ. (1958) · Physics Today · doi:10.1063/1.3062516 · Cited by 2,068
Memory-scanning: mental processes revealed by reaction-time experiments.
Sternberg, S. (1969) · PubMed · Cited by 1,943
Attention: Some theoretical considerations.
Deutsch, J. A., & Deutsch, D. (1963) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/h0039515 · Cited by 1,922
(1971) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 1,687
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 1,001–1,041 of 1,041
The Use of Virtual Reality for Episodic Memory Assessment: Effects of Active Navigation
Sauzéon, H., Arvind Pala, P., Larrue, F., Wallet, G., Déjos, M., Zheng, X., Guitton, P., & N’Kaoua, B. (2012) · Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1027/1618-3169/a000131 · Cited by 98
Macnamara, B. N., Berber, I., Çavuşoğlu, M. C., Krupinski, E. A., Nallapareddy, N., Nelson, N. E., Smith, P. J., Wilson-Delfosse, A. L., & Ray, S. (2024) · Cognitive Research: Principles and Implications · doi:10.1186/s41235-024-00572-8 · Cited by 97
“In contrast, for complex tasks that tap controlled processes (as opposed to automated processes; Schneider & Shiffrin, 1977; Shiffrin & Schneider, 1977), skill development emerges more slowly and is highly dependent on individual differences (e.g., Ackerman, 1986).”
BackgroundGoal-directed control and its antipodes
Dayan, P. (2009) · Neural Networks · doi:10.1016/j.neunet.2009.03.004 · Cited by 93
Dynamics in the fine structure of schedule-controlled behavior
Palya, W. L. (1992) · Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior · doi:10.1901/jeab.1992.57-267 · Cited by 91
Strauss, J., Lewis, J. L., Klorman, R., Peloquin, L., Perlmutter, R. A., & Salzman, L. F. (1984) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1984.tb00247.x · Cited by 90
Pain and Attention: Attentional Disruption or Distraction?
Veldhuijzen, D. S., Kenemans, J. L., de Bruin, C. M., Olivier, B., & Volkerts, E. R. (2006) · The Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2005.06.003 · Cited by 116
The role of executive control in human drug addiction
Hester, R., Lubman, D. I., & Yücel, M. (2010) · Current Topics in Behavioral Neurosciences · doi:10.1007/7854_2009_28 · Cited by 83
Working memory training mostly engages general-purpose large-scale networks for learning
Salmi, J., Nyberg, L., & Laine, M. (2018) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.03.019 · Cited by 70
“Learning is often characterized as a changing interplay between controlled and automatic processes (Schneider and Shiffrin, 1977).”
Grillon, C. (2009) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.04.017 · Cited by 80
“A dual-model theory of conditioning is consistent with current conceptions of human learning and memory that distinguish between implicit, lower-order mechanisms that are rapid, automatic, and inaccessible to awareness, and explicit, higher-order processes that are slow, deliberate, and conscious (12,26).”
Thomson, D. R., Besner, D., & Smilek, D. (2013) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00360 · Cited by 76
What is matched in direct matching? Intention attribution modulates motor priming
Liepelt, R., Cramon, D. Y. V., & Brass, M. (2008) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance · doi:10.1037/0096-1523.34.3.578 · Cited by 139
KALFF, A. C., DE SONNEVILLE, L. M. J., HURKS, P. P. M., HENDRIKSEN, J. G. M., KROES, M., FERON, F. J. M., STEYAERT, J., VAN ZEBEN, T. M. C. B., VLES, J. S. H., & JOLLES., J. (2005) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s1355617705050216 · Cited by 71
Visual search and memory search engage extensive overlapping cerebral cortices: an fMRI study
Makino, Y., Yokosawa, K., Takeda, Y., & Kumada, T. (2004) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2004.06.026 · Cited by 72
Mental Contamination and the Debiasing Problem
Wilson, T. D., Centerbar, D. B., & Brekke, N. (2002) · Heuristics and Biases · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511808098.012 · Cited by 160
Perceptual organization in schizophrenia: Utilization of the gestalt principles
Chey, J., & Holzman, P. S. (1997) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.106.4.530 · Cited by 71
Automatic and controlled processing in the corticocerebellar system
Ramnani, N. (2014) · Progress in Brain Research · doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-63356-9.00010-8 · Cited by 70
Weiler, M. D., Bernstein, J. H., Bellinger, D., & Waber, D. P. (2002) · Journal of Learning Disabilities · doi:10.1177/00222194020350050501 · Cited by 62
Confidence in facial emotion recognition in borderline personality disorder.
Thome, J., Liebke, L., Bungert, M., Schmahl, C., Domes, G., Bohus, M., & Lis, S. (2016) · Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment · doi:10.1037/per0000142 · Cited by 64
Althaus, M., Mulder, L. J. M., Mulder, G., Aarnoudse, C. C., & Minderaa, R. B. (1999) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(98)00374-6 · Cited by 63
Granholm, E., Asarnow, R. F., & Marder, S. R. (1996) · Neuropsychology · doi:10.1037/0894-4105.10.1.11 · Cited by 59
Canale, N., Vieno, A., Doro, M., Rosa Mineo, E., Marino, C., & Billieux, J. (2019) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-019-54911-7 · Cited by 50
Functions of the dopaminergic innervation of the nucleus accumbens.
Gray, J. A., Kumari, V., Lawrence, N., & Young, A. M. J. (1999) · Psychobiology · doi:10.3758/bf03332116 · Cited by 52
Baert, S., Koster, E. H. W., & De Raedt, R. (2011) · International Journal of Cognitive Therapy · doi:10.1521/ijct.2011.4.2.208 · Cited by 47
Binding moral values gain importance in the presence of close others
Yudkin, D. A., Gantman, A. P., Hofmann, W., & Quoidbach, J. (2021) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-021-22566-6 · Cited by 47
Perception and masking of wholes and parts
McClelland, J. L. (1978) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance · doi:10.1037//0096-1523.4.2.210 · Cited by 46
Dividing attention influences contextual facilitation and revision during language comprehension
Hubbard, R. J., & Federmeier, K. D. (2021) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2021.147466 · Cited by 35
On or Off Track: How (Broken) Streaks Affect Consumer Decisions
Silverman, J., & Barasch, A. (2023) · Journal of Consumer Research · doi:10.1093/jcr/ucac029 · Cited by 34
Role of Verbal Working Memory in Complex Skill Acquisition
Perlow, R., Jattuso, M., & De Wayne Moore, D. (1997) · Human Performance · doi:10.1207/s15327043hup1003_4 · Cited by 33
A new look at novelty effects: guiding search away from old distractors
Yang, H., Chen, X., & Zelinsky, G. J. (2009) · Attention, Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/app.71.3.554 · Cited by 30
Mendel, J., & Pak, R. (2009) · Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting · doi:10.1177/154193120905302206 · Cited by 30
Investigation of Modality-Specific Distractibility in Children
Bedi, G. C., Halperin, J. M., & Sharma, V. (1994) · International Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.3109/00207459408987231 · Cited by 28
On the automaticity of language processing.
Hartsuiker, R. J., & Moors, A. (2017) · Entrenchment and the psychology of language learning: How we reorganize and adapt linguistic knowledge. · doi:10.1037/15969-010 · Cited by 25
Mindfulness in sport: An intervention for a choking-susceptible athlete
Hussey, J., Weinberg, R., & Assar, A. (2020) · Case Studies in Sport and Exercise Psychology · doi:10.1123/cssep.2019-0025 · Cited by 25
Divided attention in major depression
Thomas, P., Goudemand, M., & Rousseaux, M. (1998) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/s0165-1781(98)00123-1 · Cited by 21
Comment mesurer la mindfulness ? Problèmes et perspectives
Trousselard, M., Steiler, D., Claverie, D., & Canini, F. (2016) · L Encéphale · doi:10.1016/j.encep.2013.09.004 · Cited by 16
Luberto, C. M., McLeish, A. C., Zvolensky, M. J., & Baer, R. A. (2011) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-011-0052-7 · Cited by 16
Richardson, K., Huber, J. E., Kiefer, B., & Snyder, S. (2022) · American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology · doi:10.1044/2022_ajslp-22-00026 · Cited by 9
Zarrieß, S., Buschmeier, H., Han, T., & Schüz, S. (2021) · Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Natural Language Generation · doi:10.18653/v1/2021.inlg-1.41 · Cited by 3
(2006) · Cited by 283
Friedman (2000) · doi:10.1002/1097-0029(20001001)51:1
(2007) · Cited by 192
Metadata
- Authors
- Schneider, W., & Shiffrin, R. M.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Berkeley (US)
- ORCID
- Shiffrin, Richard M.
- Venue
- Psychological Review
- Published
- 1977-01
- Volume
- 84
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 1-66
- ISSN
- 0033-295X (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1471
- OpenAlex
- W2013068849
- Cited by
- 5,902
- References
- 52
- Citations by year
- 2026: 98 · 2025: 99 · 2024: 108 · 2023: 120 · 2022: 134 · 2021: 139 · 2020: 196 · 2019: 200 · 2018: 151 · 2017: 180 · 2016: 164 · 2015: 207 · 2014: 181 · 2013: 170 · 2012: 173
- FWCI
- 39.31
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychological Review (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition › Visual Attention and Saliency Detection
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Visual perception and processing mechanisms
- Keywords
- information processing, detection, search, attention, controlled processing, automatic processing, selective attention
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
