The DOI matches its Crossref record; 176 of the 177 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Implicit memory: History and current status.
Abstract
Memory for a recent event can be expressed explicitly, as conscious recollection, or implicitly, as a facilitation of test performance without conscious recollection. A growing number of recent studies have been concerned with implicit memory and its relation to explicit memory. This article presents an historical survey of observations concerning implicit memory, reviews the findings of contemporary experimental research, and delineates the strengths and weaknesses of alternative theoretical accounts of implicit memory. It is argued that dissociations between implicit and explicit memory have been documented across numerous tasks and subject populations, represent an important challenge for research and theory, and should be viewed in the context of other dissociations between implicit and explicit expressions of knowledge that have been documented in recent cognitive and neuropsychological research. Psychological studies of memory have traditionally relied on tests such as free recall, cued recall, and recognition. A prominent feature of these tests is that they make explicit reference to, and require conscious recollection of, a specific learning episode. During the past several years, however, increasing attention has been paid to experimental situations in which information that was encoded during a particular episode is subsequently expressed without conscious or deliberate recollection. Instead of being asked to try to remember recently presented information, subjects are simply required to perform a task, such as completing a graphemic fragment of a word, indicating
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“they involve different types of representation and are substantiated in separate parts of the brain”
From AT THE INTERFACE: DYNAMIC INTERACTIONS OF EXPLICIT AND IMPLICIT LANGUAGE KNOWLEDGE (2005) · cites this paper as Schacter, 1987
In the citing paper
“psychological research was independently investigating the dissociations between implicit and explicit memory ~Schacter, 1987! and between implicit and explicit learning ~Reber, Kassin, Lewis, & Cantor, 1980!”
From AT THE INTERFACE: DYNAMIC INTERACTIONS OF EXPLICIT AND IMPLICIT LANGUAGE KNOWLEDGE (2005) · cites this paper as Schacter, 1987
Citations
Cites
Telling more than we can know: Verbal reports on mental processes.
Nisbett, R. E., & Wilson, T. D. (1977) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.84.3.231 · Cited by 11,317 · cited 2×
“…have been debated extensively in the literature on perception and learning without awareness (e.g., Cheesman & Merikle, 1986; Eriksen, 1960; Nisbett & Wilson, 1977), and memory researchers would do well to attempt to incorporate some of the lessons from these investigations into research…”
BackgroundMethodPhilosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. B
Press, H. (1886) · Cited by 10,087
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Bourne, L. E. (1977) · Cited by 4,328
Depth of Processing and the Retention of Words in Episodic Memory
Craik, F. I. M., & Tulving, E. (1975) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: General · doi:10.1037/0096-3445.104.3.268 · Cited by 4,121
(2007) · Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.4135/9781446212967.n15 · Cited by 3,749
Attentional requirements of learning: Evidence from performance measures
Nissen, M. J., & Bullemer, P. (1987) · Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1016/0010-0285(87)90002-8 · Cited by 2,966
Rosch, E. H., & Lloyd, B. (2024) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781032633275 · Cited by 2,869
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Long-Term Memory Stabilized by Noise-Induced Rehearsal
Wei, Y., & Koulakov, A. A. (2014) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.3929-12.2014 · Cited by 29
Impaired conditional discrimination learning in social phobia
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Schaffer, Y., & Geva, R. (2016) · Neuropsychological Rehabilitation · doi:10.1080/09602011.2015.1016537 · Cited by 18
“…without conscious awareness, and it is composed of four memory types: priming, simple classical conditioning, non-associative MEMORY OUTCOMES FOLLOWING COGNITIVE INTERVENTIONS 287 learning and procedural memory (Schacter, 1987; Sohlberg & Mateer, 2001; Tulving, 1972; Tulving & Schacter, 1990).”
Shankland, R., Kotsou, I., Cuny, C., Strub, L., & Brown, N. J. L. (2017) · Happiness Studies Book Series · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-61810-4_6 · Cited by 14
Dissociations in the expression of the sedative effects of triazolam
Weingartner, H. J., Sirocco, K., Rawlings, R., Joyce, E., & Hommer, D. (1995) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/bf02246050 · Cited by 14
Human-inspired Perspectives: A Survey on AI Long-term Memory
He, Z., Lin, W., Zheng, H., Zhang, F., Jones, M. W., Aitchison, L., Xu, X., Liu, M., Kristensson, P. O., & Shen, J. (2024) · arXiv · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2411.00489 · Cited by 3
“According to the classification proposed by Tulving et al. [26], episodic memory and semantic memory are types of explicit memory [24], whereas procedural memory falls under implicit memory [75].”
Orsmond, G. I., Seltzer, M. M., Krauss, M. W., & Hong, J. (2003) · American Journal on Mental Retardation · doi:10.1352/0895-8017(2003)108
Metadata
- Authors
- Schacter, D. L.
- Corresponding author
- Schacter, Daniel L.
- ORCID
- Schacter, Daniel L.
- Venue
- Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition
- Published
- 1987-07
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 501-518
- ISSN
- 0278-7393 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1285
- OpenAlex
- W2166869510
- Cited by
- 2,983
- References
- 177
- Citations by year
- 2026: 20 · 2025: 42 · 2024: 39 · 2023: 62 · 2022: 40 · 2021: 60 · 2020: 90 · 2019: 88 · 2018: 53 · 2017: 55 · 2016: 56 · 2015: 69 · 2014: 63 · 2013: 74 · 2012: 85
- FWCI
- 56.24
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Functions and Memory
- Keywords
- implicit memory, declarative memory, memory dissociation, conscious recollection, free recall, recognition memory, cued recall
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