The benefits of simply observing: Mindful attention modulates the link between motivation and behavior
Open accessAbstract
Mindful attention, a central component of mindfulness meditation, can be conceived as becoming aware of one's thoughts and experiences and being able to observe them as transient mental events. Here, we present a series of studies demonstrating the effects of applying this metacognitive perspective to one's spontaneous reward responses when encountering attractive stimuli. Taking a grounded cognition perspective, we argue that reward simulations in response to attractive stimuli contribute to appetitive behavior and that motivational states and traits enhance these simulations. Directing mindful attention at these thoughts and seeing them as mere mental events should break this link, such that motivational states and traits no longer affect reward simulations and appetitive behavior. To test this account, we trained participants to observe their thoughts in reaction to appetitive stimuli as mental events, using a brief procedure designed for nonmeditators. Across 3 experiments, we found that adopting the mindful attention perspective reduced the effects of motivational states and traits on appetitive behavior in 2 domains, in both the laboratory and the field. Specifically, after applying mindful attention, participants' sexual motivation no longer made opposite-sex others seem more attractive and thus desirable as partners. Similarly, participants' levels of hunger no longer boosted the attractiveness of unhealthy foods, resulting in healthier eating choices. We discuss these results in the context of mechanisms and applications of mindful attention and explore how mindfulness and mindful attention can be conceptualized in psychological research more generally.
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In both the mindful and sham decentering groups, the metaphor of a waterfall was used, and there was a similar structure, wording, length, and calmness.
“In both the mindful and sham decentering groups, the metaphor of a waterfall was used, and there was a similar structure, wording, length, and calmness (e.g., see Keesman et al., 2020; Papies et al., 2015).”
From Mindfulness Effects on Anxiety: Disentangling the Role of Decentering and Treatment Expectations (2024) · cites this paper as Papies et al., 2015
The data suggest that the waterfall metaphor, as used previously in other research contexts, is effective for anxiety relief.
“Also, the data suggests that the waterfall metaphor, as used previously in other research contexts (e.g., see Keesman et al., 2020; Papies et al., 2015), is effective for anxiety relief.”
From Mindfulness Effects on Anxiety: Disentangling the Role of Decentering and Treatment Expectations (2024) · cites this paper as Papies et al., 2015
Mindful decentering, as induced by the waterfall metaphor, was successful in allowing participants to relate to their sensations as transient events that are detached from oneself and that do not reflect reality.
“This indicates that mindful decentering, as induced by the waterfall metaphor, was successful in allowing participants to relate to their sensations as transient events that are detached from oneself and that do not reflect reality (e.g., see Keesman et al., 2020; Papies et al., 2015).”
From Mindfulness Effects on Anxiety: Disentangling the Role of Decentering and Treatment Expectations (2024) · cites this paper as Papies et al., 2015
Mindfulness attenuates behavioral responses to external cues.
“This is consistent with the findings that mindfulness attenuates behavioral responses to external cues33.”
From Mindfulness may be associated with less prosocial engagement among high intelligence individuals (2023) · cites this paper as [33]
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- Authors
- Papies, E. K., Pronk, T. M., Keesman, M., & Barsalou, L. W.
- Affiliations
- Utrecht University (NL)
- Tilburg University (NL)
- Emory University (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
- Published
- 2015
- Volume
- 108
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 148-170
- ISSN
- 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1315
- OpenAlex
- W2120575903
- Cited by
- 197
- References
- 150
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 25 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 23 · 2016: 23 · 2015: 12 · 2014: 2 · 2013: 1
- FWCI
- 23.67
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- dspace.library.uu.nl
- Licence
- other-oa
- Locations
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
- Research portal (Tilburg University) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- ENLIGHTEN (Jurnal Bimbingan dan Konseling Islam) (acceptedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
- Utrecht University Repository (Utrecht University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Utrecht University Repository (Utrecht University) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (VENI-451-10-027)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Mind wandering and attention
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Behavioral Health and Interventions
- Keywords
- mindful attention, mindfulness meditation, appetitive behavior, grounded cognition, sexual motivation, food attractiveness, hunger, metacognition
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Attention, Feeding Behavior, Humans, Male, Motivation, Reward, Sexual Behavior, Thinking, Young Adult, Mindfulness
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