Building resilience: The conceptual basis and research evidence for resilience training programs
Abstract
The relationship between adverse experiences and later development has been explored by many researchers, leading to the conceptualization of resilience as a factor explaining the normal or optimal development of some individuals exposed to adversity. Today many different interventions exist aiming to improve the ability of individuals to respond to adversity. In this narrative literature review, we evaluate the literature surrounding resilience and resilience training, discussing the quality of the evidence supporting resilience training, theoretical and practical differences between types of training, and the impact of resilience and psychological training on outcome measures across a variety of settings. The results of our review show that the quality of the literature is mixed, resilience training is not well differentiated from other forms of training, and that the impact of psychological training on later functioning depends heavily on the type of outcome measured and the setting of the training. Further research must be conducted prior to the implementation of resilience training programs in order to assure their efficacy and effectiveness in proposed contexts.
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The quality of many resilience-training studies is sub-optimal.
“However, the quality of many of these studies is sub-optimal [29]”
Recent literature reviews on resilience have emphasized the need for more methodologically rigorous research on the effects of resilience-training interventions.
“Recent literature reviews on resilience have emphasized the need for more methodologically rigorous research on the effects of resilience-training interventions [29, 30].”
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- Authors
- Forbes, S., & Fikretoglu, D.
- Affiliations
- University of Waterloo (CA)
- Defence Research and Development Canada (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Forbes, Sarah
- ORCID
- Fikretoglu, Deniz
- Venue
- Review of General Psychology
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2018-12
- Volume
- 22
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 452-468
- ISSN
- 1089-2680 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1552
- OpenAlex
- W2833945241
- Cited by
- 99
- References
- 134
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 22 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 5
- FWCI
- 8.21
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Review of General Psychology (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Resilience and Mental Health
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Optimism, Hope, and Well-being
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Psychological Well-being and Life Satisfaction
- Keywords
- resilience, resilience training, adversity, adverse experiences, mental training, intervention efficacy, outcome measures, training environment, developmental outcomes
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