Optimal time lags in panel studies.

Dormann, Christian; Griffin, Mark A.

doi:10.1037/met0000041

Cited by 857Statistical Methods and Bayesian InferencePsychometric Methodologies and TestingMental Health Research Topics

Optimal time lags in panel studies.

Dormann, Christian, Griffin, Mark A.·2015·Psychological Methods

DOI 10.1037/met0000041

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Abstract

Cross-lagged regression coefficients are frequently used to test hypotheses in panel designs. However, these coefficients have particular properties making them difficult to interpret. In particular, cross-lagged regression coefficients may vary, depending on the respective time lags between different sets of measurement occasions. This article introduces the concept of an optimal time lag. Further, it is demonstrated that optimal time lags in panel studies are related to the stabilities of the variables investigated, and that in unidirectional systems, they may be unrelated to the size of possible true effects. The results presented also suggest that optimal time lags for panel designs are usually quite short. Implications are (a) that interpreting cross-lagged regression coefficients requires taking the time lag between measurement occasions into account, and (b) that in much research, far shorter time lags than those frequently found in the literature are justifiable, and we call for more "shortitudinal" studies in the future.

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Dormann and Griffin recommend using shorter time lags of less than one year, even with high stabilities, because of other influential factors such as unmeasured third variables.
“Nonetheless, Dormann and Griffin [77] recommend using shorter time lags of less than one year, even with high stabilities, because of other influential factors, such as unmeasured third variables.”
From Procrastination, depression and anxiety symptoms in university students: a three-wave longitudinal study on the mediating role of perceived stress (2024) · cites this paper as [77]
Time lags in panel studies should correspond to the expected speed of the underlying processes.
“The choice of the measurement interval was guided by the principle that time lags in panel studies should correspond to the expected speed of the underlying processes”
From Algorithmic short-video music consumption and academic related functions: a three-wave longitudinal study of university students (2026) · cites this paper as Dormann and Griffin, 2015
The outcomes of longitudinal models depend largely on the time-interval between observations.
“As the outcomes of these longitudinal models depend largely on the time-interval between observations41,42, the annual nature of the data needs to be considered.”
From Windows of developmental sensitivity to social media (2022) · cites this paper as [42]

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Authors: Dormann, C., & Griffin, M. A.
Affiliations: Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz (DE)
The University of Western Australia (AU)
ORCID: Dormann, Christian
Griffin, Mark A.
Venue: Psychological Methods
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 2015
Volume: 20
Issue: 4
Pages: 489-505
ISSN: 1082-989X (ISSN-L)
1939-1463
DOI: 10.1037/met0000041
OpenAlex: W2411399476
Cited by: 856
References: 51
Citations by year: 2026: 176 · 2025: 134 · 2024: 113 · 2023: 88 · 2022: 86 · 2021: 79 · 2020: 50 · 2019: 51 · 2018: 33 · 2017: 23 · 2016: 18 · 2015: 3 · 2013: 1
FWCI: 22.85
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Psychological Methods (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
UniSA Research Outputs Repository (University of South Australia) (acceptedVersion)
UWA Profiles and Research Repository (UWA) (submittedVersion)
Adelaide Research & Scholarship (AR&S) (University of Adelaide) (submittedVersion)
eSpace (Curtin University) (submittedVersion)
Topics: Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods and Bayesian Inference
Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Mental Health Research Topics
Keywords: panel survey
MeSH terms: Child, Depression, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Regression Analysis, Research Design, Time Factors, Models, Statistical

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