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Awe, the diminished self, and collective engagement: Universals and cultural variations in the small self
Abstract
Awe has been theorized as a collective emotion, one that enables individuals to integrate into social collectives. In keeping with this theorizing, we propose that awe diminishes the sense of self and shifts attention away from individual interests and concerns. In testing this hypothesis across 6 studies (N = 2137), we first validate pictorial and verbal measures of the small self; we then document that daily, in vivo, and lab experiences of awe, but not other positive emotions, diminish the sense of the self. These findings were observed across collectivist and individualistic cultures, but also varied across cultures in magnitude and content. Evidence from the last 2 studies showed that the influence of awe upon the small self accounted for increases in collective engagement, fitting with claims that awe promotes integration into social groups. Discussion focused on how the small self might mediate the effects of awe on collective cognition and behavior, the need to study more negatively valenced varieties of awe, and other potential cultural variations of the small self. (PsycINFO Database Record
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“Research on transcendent positive emotions, particularly awe, demonstrates that such emotions expand individuals’ sense of social connectedness and increase identification with broader collective categories, thereby promoting generosity, helping, and cooperative behavior (Bai et al., 2017; Piff et al., 2015; Stellar et al., 2017).”
From Peer Attachment and Prosocial Behavior: The Mediating Role of Positive Legal Emotion and the Moderating Effect of Social Exclusion (2026) · cites this paper as Bai et al., 2017
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Klarin, M., Proroković, A., Šašić, S. Š., & Arnaudova, V. (2012) · Psychology Research and Behavior Management · doi:10.2147/prbm.s36389 · Cited by 15
A cross-cultural study on facial affect.
Mandal, M., Saha, G. B., & Palchoudhury, S. (1986) · Cited by 8
Psycho-Analysis and Social Psychology
McDougall, W. (2015) · Psychology Press eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315723426 · Cited by 5
Yosemite National Park Visitor Study
Blotkamp, A., Meldrum, B., Morse, W. C., & Hollenhorst, S. J. (2010) · Cited by 4
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The development of the Awe Experience Scale (AWE-S): A multifactorial measure for a complex emotion
Yaden, D. B., Kaufman, S. B., Hyde, E., Chirico, A., Gaggioli, A., Zhang, J. W., & Keltner, D. J. (2018) · The Journal of Positive Psychology · doi:10.1080/17439760.2018.1484940 · Cited by 421
Self-citationAwe in nature heals: evidence from military veterans, at-risk youth, and college students
Anderson, C. L., Monroy, M., & Keltner, D. (2018) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/emo0000442 · Cited by 191
Self-citationAwe: a putative mechanism underlying the effects of classic psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy
Hendricks, P. S. (2018) · International Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/09540261.2018.1474185 · Cited by 188
Awe as a Pathway to Mental and Physical Health
Monroy, M., & Keltner, D. J. (2022) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/17456916221094856 · Cited by 194
Self-citationFrom Awe to Ecological Behavior: The Mediating Role of Connectedness to Nature
Yang, Y. X., Jing, H., Jing, F., & Nguyen, B. (2018) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su10072477 · Cited by 166
Metadata
- Authors
- Bai, Y., Maruskin, L. A., Chen, S., Gordon, A. M., Stellar, J. E., McNeil, G. D., Peng, K., & Keltner, D.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Berkeley (US)
- University of Toronto (CA)
- Tsinghua University (CN)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
- Published
- 2017-08
- Volume
- 113
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 185-209
- ISSN
- 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1315
- OpenAlex
- W2613687067
- Cited by
- 476
- References
- 130
- Citations by year
- 2026: 61 · 2025: 78 · 2024: 64 · 2023: 66 · 2022: 56 · 2021: 38 · 2020: 30 · 2019: 28 · 2018: 20
- FWCI
- 30.56
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- John Templeton Foundation (38671)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Psychological Well-being and Life Satisfaction
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Emotions and Moral Behavior
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Cultural Differences and Values
- Keywords
- awe, collective engagement, collective emotions, cultural variation, social integration, positive emotions, self-concept
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, China, Cognition, Cross-Cultural Comparison, Ego, Emotions, Female, Humans, Individuality, Male, Middle Aged, Self Concept, United States, Young Adult
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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