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Empathic neural responses are modulated by the perceived fairness of others
Open accessAbstract
The neural processes underlying empathy are a subject of intense interest within the social neurosciences. However, very little is known about how brain empathic responses are modulated by the affective link between individuals. We show here that empathic responses are modulated by learned preferences, a result consistent with economic models of social preferences. We engaged male and female volunteers in an economic game, in which two confederates played fairly or unfairly, and then measured brain activity with functional magnetic resonance imaging while these same volunteers observed the confederates receiving pain. Both sexes exhibited empathy-related activation in pain-related brain areas (fronto-insular and anterior cingulate cortices) towards fair players. However, these empathy-related responses were significantly reduced in males when observing an unfair person receiving pain. This effect was accompanied by increased activation in reward-related areas, correlated with an expressed desire for revenge. We conclude that in men (at least) empathic responses are shaped by valuation of other people's social behaviour, such that they empathize with fair opponents while favouring the physical punishment of unfair opponents, a finding that echoes recent evidence for altruistic punishment.
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Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
Empathic brain responses to another person’s pain are shaped by perceived fairness: participants showed pain-related empathy in fronto-insular and anterior cingulate cortices toward fair players, but men showed reduced empathic responses and increased reward-related activity when an unfair player received pain. The authors conclude that, at least in men, empathy is modulated by social valuation, with unfair opponents’ pain potentially linked to reward and revenge.
Key findings
- After a sequential Prisoner’s Dilemma game, both male and female subjects rated the fair player as significantly more fair, agreeable, likeable, and attractive than the unfair player (scale range 2 to 22; P < 0.001).
- Both sexes showed empathy-related activation in pain-related brain areas, including bilateral anterior insula/fronto-insular cortex and anterior cingulate cortex, when observing a fair player in pain; ACC activation was significant in women ([9, 18, 27]; P < 0.001 uncorrected, P < 0.05 whole-brain corrected) but borderline in men ([29, 39, 27]; P = 0.001 uncorrected).
- Men showed significantly enhanced bilateral fronto-insular activation when observing fair compared with unfair players in pain, whereas women showed no significant difference in empathy-related pain regions for fair versus unfair players.
- In men, but not women, observing an unfair player receiving pain increased activation in left ventral striatum/nucleus accumbens and left orbito-frontal cortex; men also expressed a stronger desire for revenge than women (t(30) = 2.40, P < 0.05), and men with stronger revenge desire showed greater nucleus accumbens activation for unfair versus fair player pain.
Methods
- Subjects were 16 men and 16 women; four professional actors (two female, two male) served as confederates. Subjects played a sequential iterated Prisoner’s Dilemma game in which confederates reciprocated fairly or unfairly, inducing liking or disliking.
- In an empathy-for-pain fMRI task, subjects observed cues indicating that they, the fair player, or the unfair player would receive low or high electrical stimulation; each 12-s trial included a cue followed after 6 s by a circle indicating stimulation onset.
- fMRI data were acquired on a 1.5-T Siemens Sonata scanner and analyzed in SPM2 using an event-related model with a 2 × 3 × 2 factorial design (pain vs no pain; self, fair, unfair; male vs female subject), random-effects group analyses, conjunction/masking, and regression analyses; results are reported at P < 0.005 uncorrected in a priori regions of interest.
Limitations
- The paper states that further experiments are needed to confirm the gender specificity of the effect.
- The paper notes that the experimental design may have favoured men because the punishment modality involved physical threat rather than psychological or financial threat; alternatively, the findings could indicate a predominant role for males in maintaining justice and punishing norm violation.
- Evident from the text: the sample was small (32 subjects), several key results are reported at uncorrected thresholds within a priori regions of interest, and the gender analysis is binary and based on male/female subject groups.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In women this reduction in activity was very small, whereas in men the knowledge that an unfair player was in receipt of pain elicited no increase in empathic activity in FI.”
§ Empathic neural responses are modulated by the perceived fairness of others > Abstract
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In the paper
“And indeed, formal analysis revealed no significant difference for women when comparing painful trials for fair versus unfair players in empathy-related pain regions.”
§ Empathic neural responses are modulated by the perceived fairness of others > Abstract
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, men showed significantly enhanced activation in bilateral FI when observing fair compared with unfair players in pain (Supplementary Tables 8 and 11).”
§ Empathic neural responses are modulated by the perceived fairness of others > Abstract
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Post-scan behavioural ratings confirmed that both male and female subjects rated the fair player as being significantly more fair, more agreeable, more likeable and more attractive than the unfair player (range of scale ρ2 to 22; P , 0.001; Supplementary Table S1).”
§ Empathic neural responses are modulated by the perceived fairness of others > Abstract
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Post-scan behavioural ratings confirmed that both male and female subjects rated the fair player as being significantly more fair, more agreeable, more likeable and more attractive than the unfair player (range of scale ρ2 to 22; P , 0.001; Supplementary Table S1).”
§ Empathic neural responses are modulated by the perceived fairness of others > Abstract
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Moreover, we observed pain-related empathic responses in both genders in bilateral AI extending into FI and brainstem when seeing an unfamiliar but likeable person in pain (Fig. 2a, b).”
§ Empathic neural responses are modulated by the perceived fairness of others > Abstract
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“Furthermore, we extended previous findings10 by showing that men, as well as women, who scored higher on standard empathy scales22 had higher empathy-related brain activity in ACC and AI/FI (Supplementary Fig. 2).”
§ Empathic neural responses are modulated by the perceived fairness of others > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [22] Davis, M. A. A multidimensional approach to individual differences in empathy. JSAS Cat. Selected Docs Psychol. 10, 85 (1980)
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The comparison of brain activity associated with painful and non-painful trials in the ‘self’ condition for men and women revealed an expected increase in the ‘pain network’, including activity in AI and ACC (Supplementary Tables 2 and 3).”
§ Empathic neural responses are modulated by the perceived fairness of others > Abstract
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Post-scan behavioural ratings confirmed that both male and female subjects rated the fair player as being significantly more fair, more agreeable, more likeable and more attractive than the unfair player (range of scale ρ2 to 22; P , 0.001; Supplementary Table S1).”
§ Empathic neural responses are modulated by the perceived fairness of others > Abstract
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Post-scan behavioural ratings confirmed that both male and female subjects rated the fair player as being significantly more fair, more agreeable, more likeable and more attractive than the unfair player (range of scale ρ2 to 22; P , 0.001; Supplementary Table S1).”
§ Empathic neural responses are modulated by the perceived fairness of others > Abstract
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- It may state two separate claims as one. 8
- Probably not a substantial claim. 11
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The activation in ACC was significant in women ([9, 18, 27]; P , 0.001 uncorrected, P , 0.05 whole-brain corrected) but was borderline in men ([29, 39, 27]; P 1/4 0.001 uncorrected; Supplementary Tables 4 and 5; coordinates refer to the peak of activations in MNI (Montreal Neurological Institute) space).”
§ Empathic neural responses are modulated by the perceived fairness of others > Abstract
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Consistent with this finding, supplementary analysis showed that women but not men displayed significant activation in bilateral AI/FI and ACC in all three conditions (Supplementary Tables 7 and 10).”
§ Empathic neural responses are modulated by the perceived fairness of others > Abstract
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The perception–action model of empathy states that the observation or imagination of another person in a particular emotional state automatically activates a representation of that state in the observer1.”
§ Empathic neural responses are modulated by the perceived fairness of others > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [1] Preston, S. D. & de-Waal, F. B. M. Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behav. Brain Sci. 25, 1–72 (2002) source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“These results suggest that our ability to empathize relies on neuronal systems that underpin our own bodily and emotional states1,2,10,13.”
§ Empathic neural responses are modulated by the perceived fairness of others > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [1] Preston, S. D. & de-Waal, F. B. M. Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behav. Brain Sci. 25, 1–72 (2002) source
- Not checked yetcites [2] Gallese, V., Keysers, C. & Rizzolatti, G. A unifying view of the basis of social cognition. Trends Cogn. Sci. 8, 396–403 (2004) source
- Not checked yetcites [10] Singer, T. et al. Empathy for pain involves the affective but not sensory components of pain. Science 303, 1157–1162 (2004) source
- Not checked yetcites [13] Craig, A. D. Human feelings: why are some more aware than others? Trends Cogn. Sci. 8, 239–241 (2004) source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although the two confederates were always of the same sex, all four possible gender combinations between the sex of the subject and the sex of the confederates were used equally often throughout the study.”
§ Empathic neural responses are modulated by the perceived fairness of others > METHODS > Empathy for pain model
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“These theories4,7 suggest that people value the gains of others positively if they are perceived to behave fairly, but value others' gains negatively if they behave unfairly.”
§ Empathic neural responses are modulated by the perceived fairness of others > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [4] Rabin, M. Incorporating fairness into game theory and economics. Am. Econ. Rev. 83, 1281–1302 (1993)
- Not checked yetcites [7] Fehr, E. & Schmidt, K. M. A theory of fairness, competition, and cooperation. Q. J. Econ. 114, 817–868 (1999) source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“After scanning, subjects completed a standard empathy scale22 and were asked to rate the intensity of the low and high stimulation, their liking for the two confederates, and their desire for revenge on the two confederates (see Fig. 1b, Supplementary Table 1 and Supplementary Fig. 3).”
§ Empathic neural responses are modulated by the perceived fairness of others > METHODS > Post-scan questionnaires
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [22] Davis, M. A. A multidimensional approach to individual differences in empathy. JSAS Cat. Selected Docs Psychol. 10, 85 (1980)
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We conclude that in men (at least) empathic responses are shaped by valuation of other people's social behaviour, such that they empathize with fair opponents while favouring the physical punishment of unfair opponents, a finding that echoes recent evidence for altruistic punishment.”
§ Empathic neural responses are modulated by the perceived fairness of others > Abstract
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This pattern of preferences implies that people like cooperating with fair opponents but also like punishing unfair opponents.”
§ Empathic neural responses are modulated by the perceived fairness of others > Abstract
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“For example, studies on empathy for pain have found that the activation observed in anterior insula/fronto-insular cortex (AI/FI) and the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) to pain in oneself is also seen when observing pain in someone else10,12.”
§ Empathic neural responses are modulated by the perceived fairness of others > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [10] Singer, T. et al. Empathy for pain involves the affective but not sensory components of pain. Science 303, 1157–1162 (2004) source
- Not checked yetcites [12] Morrison, I., Lloyd, D., di Pellegrino, G. & Roberts, N. Vicarious responses to pain in anterior cingulate cortex: is empathy a multisensory issue? Cogn. Affect. Behav. Neurosci. 4, 270–278 (2004) source
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In the paper
“As shown in Fig. 1c, cues (coloured arrows) were presented in random order indicating whether she/he (self condition), the fair player (fair condition) or the unfair player (unfair condition) would get low stimulation (no pain condition) or high stimulation (pain condition).”
§ Empathic neural responses are modulated by the perceived fairness of others > Abstract
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“It has been shown that people reward others for cooperative behaviour but punish violations of social fairness even at a personal cost15,16, an effect likely to be mediated by neural mechanisms that provide intrinsic motivation (that is, satisfaction) from punishing violators21.”
§ Empathic neural responses are modulated by the perceived fairness of others > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [15] Fehr, E. & Gachter, S. Altruistic punishment in humans. Nature 415, 137–140 (2002) source
- Not checked yetcites [16] Fehr, E. & Fischbacher, U. The nature of human altruism. Nature 425, 785–791 (2003) source
- Not checked yetcites [21] de Quervain, D. J. et al. The neural basis of altruistic punishment. Science 305, 1254–1258 (2004) source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
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In the paper
“Recent imaging studies provide evidence for common activation elicited when experiencing disgust8, touch9 or pain10-12 in oneself, and when perceiving the same feelings in others.”
§ Empathic neural responses are modulated by the perceived fairness of others > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [8] Wicker, B. et al. Both of us disgusted in my insula: The common neural basis of seeing and feeling disgust. Neuron 40, 655–664 (2003) source
- Not checked yetcites [9] Keysers, C. et al. A touching sight: SII/PV activation during the observation and experience of touch. Neuron 42, 335–346 (2004) source
- Not checked yetcites [10] Singer, T. et al. Empathy for pain involves the affective but not sensory components of pain. Science 303, 1157–1162 (2004) source
- Not checked yetcites [11] Jackson, P. L., Meltzoff, A. N. & Decety, J. How do we perceive the pain of others: A window into the neural processes involved in empathy. Neuroimage 3, 771–779 (2005) source
- Not checked yetcites [12] Morrison, I., Lloyd, D., di Pellegrino, G. & Roberts, N. Vicarious responses to pain in anterior cingulate cortex: is empathy a multisensory issue? Cogn. Affect. Behav. Neurosci. 4, 270–278 (2004) source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We report results at P < 0.005 uncorrected for multiple comparisons in the a priori regions of interest.”
§ Empathic neural responses are modulated by the perceived fairness of others > METHODS > Image acquisition and analysis
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Our findings indicate that cooperation nourishes this link, but selfish behaviour that is detrimental to others effectively compromises this link (at least with males), such that empathic responses in the brain are diminished or abolished.”
§ Empathic neural responses are modulated by the perceived fairness of others > Abstract
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
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In the paper
“These findings are consistent with the different functions associated with distinct regions of the striatum: afferent projections to dorsal striatum are thought to be crucial for learning correct actions so as to maximize reward, whereas projections to ventral striatum, including nucleus accumbens, have a key function in reward prediction and pavlovian learning18-20,23,24.”
§ Empathic neural responses are modulated by the perceived fairness of others > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [18] Cardinal, R. N., Parkinson, J. A., Hall, J. & Everitt, B. J. Emotion and motivation: the role of the amygdala, ventral striatum, and prefrontal cortex. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 26, 321–352 (2002) source
- Not checked yetcites [19] O'Doherty, J. et al. Dissociable roles of ventral and dorsal striatum in instrumental conditioning. Science 304, 452–454 (2004) source
- Not checked yetcites [20] Schultz, W. Multiple reward signals in the brain. Nature Rev. Neurosci. 1, 199–207 (2000) source
- Not checked yetcites [23] Dayan, P. & Balleine, B. W. Reward, motivation, and reinforcement learning. Neuron 36, 285–298 (2002) source
- Not checked yetcites [24] Montague, P. R., Hyman, S. E. & Cohen, J. D. Computational roles for dopamine in behavioural control. Nature 431, 760–767 (2004) source
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In the paper
“The position (left or right) of the actor (fair or unfair) was counterbalanced across subjects.”
§ Empathic neural responses are modulated by the perceived fairness of others > METHODS > Empathy for pain model
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper relies on this without support.
The modulation of empathic neural responses by the social relations between individuals is unknown.
“However, it is unclear whether or how these responses are modulated by the social relations between individuals.”
Claims other papers make about this one
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The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“males and females have been shown to use different strategies in emotion paradigms”
From Anterior insular cortex and emotional awareness (2013) · cites this paper as Singer et al., 2006
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“While it is not clear to what extent early interoceptive signals are prone to modulation, it has been shown that all parts of insula (posterior, mid and anterior) as well as cACC may be regulated by top-down systems during processing of bottom-up interoceptive input (Atlas and Wager, 2014) and processing of top-down induced activation in the interoceptive stream (Singer et al., 2006; Rutgen et al.”
From Top-Down Dysregulation—From ADHD to Emotional Instability (2016) · cites this paper as Singer et al., 2006
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“That is, in male participants, ventral striatum activity increases when passively seeing partner, who has previously acted unfairly, incur pain 98.”
From The social brain and reward: Social information processing in the human striatum (2014) · cites this paper as [98]
In the citing paper
“In certain conditions, ventral striatum activity appears related to seeing others receive a deserved misfortune.”
From The social brain and reward: Social information processing in the human striatum (2014) · cites this paper as [98]
In the citing paper
“The striatum displays signals that are related to making a decision to punish someone for acting unfairly 96, 97, as well as related to observing a punishment meted out to someone who has acted unfairly 98.”
From The social brain and reward: Social information processing in the human striatum (2014) · cites this paper as [98]
In the citing paper
“Furthermore, the level of ventral striatum activation is related to male participants’ desire for revenge against the unfair partner98.”
From The social brain and reward: Social information processing in the human striatum (2014) · cites this paper as [98]
In the citing paper
“As gender differences in social emotions were observed in previous neuroscientific research (e.g.Singer et al., 2006), we decided to control for possible gender effects by restricting our sample to female participants only.”
From Differential pattern of functional brain plasticity after compassion and empathy training (2014) · cites this paper as Singer et al., 2006
Citations
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“…suggests that males’ empathic responding—and activation of empathy-associated cortical regions—is reduced when they perceive a confederate to be unfair, an effect not observed in females (Singer et al., 2006), suggesting sex-specific influences of contextual cues on empathy-related neural activity.”
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Interpersonal Liking Modulates Motor-Related Neural Regions
Sobhani, M., Fox, G. R., Kaplan, J., & Aziz‐Zadeh, L. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0046809 · Cited by 16
“Male participants were exclusively included in this study due to the fact that a previous study indicated that neural modulation caused by interpersonal liking may differ between genders, with males displaying more modulation in neural regions associated with shared representations when viewing someone they dislike [2…”
ResultJie, J., Luo, P., Zhuang, M., Fan, M., Wang, Y., Yang, Y., & Zheng, X. (2019) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/s00221-019-05518-x · Cited by 18
Yu, H., Nan, W., Yang, G., Li, Q., Wu, H., & Liu, X. (2019) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2019.01162 · Cited by 17
The Affective Value of Fiction Presenting and Evoking Emotions
Nünning, V. (2017) · transcript Verlag eBooks · doi:10.14361/9783839437933-003 · Cited by 61
Cochrane, T. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108579056 · Cited by 20
Financial decisions in the household
Burgoyne, C. B., & Kirchler, E. M. (2008) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511490118.006 · Cited by 17
Inequality and Procedural Justice in Social Dilemmas
Aksoy, O., & Weesie, J. (2009) · Journal of Mathematical Sociology · doi:10.1080/00222500903069624 · Cited by 15
“Moreover, in line with these theoretical arguments, brain research also has shown that men are more responsive in terms of neural activity to perceived fairness compared with women (Singer et al., 2006).”
ResultPositive Interaction of Social Comparison and Personal Responsibility for Outcomes
Grygolec, J., Coricelli, G., & Rustichini, A. (2012) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00025 · Cited by 16
“Social aspects of reward processing were addressed by several papers in neuroeconomics (Sanfey et al., 2003; Knoch et al., 2006; Singer et al., 2006; Takahashi et al., 2009).”
BackgroundAltruism costs—the cheap signal from amygdala
Gospic, K. A. M., Sundberg, M., Maeder, J., Fransson, P., Petrović, P., Isacsson, G., Karlström, A., & Ingvar, M. (2013) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nst118 · Cited by 19
“has shown that insula activity is involved in neural processing of empathy (Singer et al., 2006).”
BackgroundResultEmpathic Cruelty and the Origins of the Social Brain
Young, A. (2011) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781444343359.ch7 · Cited by 16
Pedersen, E. J., McAuliffe, W. H. B., & McCullough, M. E. (2018) · PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/nybkr · Cited by 21
Toward Generalized Concern: The Development of Compassion and Links to Kind Orientations
Peplak, J., & Malti, T. (2021) · Journal of Adolescent Research · doi:10.1177/07435584211007840 · Cited by 17
“Indeed, Fett and colleagues (2014) found adolescents (13–18 years of age) who had high perspective taking skills were more sensitive to the intentions of unfair others—a sensitivity that may in turn prompt a desire for punishment or retribution (see Singer et al., 2006).”
BackgroundAnger versus Fear about Crime: How Common Is It, Where Does It Come From, and Why Does It Matter?
Drakulich, K., & Baranauskas, A. J. (2021) · Crime Law and Social Change · doi:10.1007/s10611-021-09973-y · Cited by 15
Vicarious touch: Overlapping neural patterns between seeing and feeling touch
Smit, S., Moerel, D., Zopf, R., & Rich, A. N. (2023) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2023.120269 · Cited by 15
Like or Dislike? Affective Preference Modulates Neural Response to Others' Gains and Losses
Wang, Y., Qu, C., Luo, Q., Qu, L., & Li, X. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0105694 · Cited by 15
“This hypothesis is further supported by Singer and colleges’ findings that women showed more empathy toward fair versus unfair players’ pain, whereas men’s reward region was activated even when they faced unfair players’ losses[12].”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialIntroduction: Emotion and the Sciences: Varieties of Empathy in Science, Art, and History
Lanzoni, S. M. (2012) · Science in Context · doi:10.1017/s0269889712000105 · Cited by 18
“In recent neuroscience experiments, punishment of this kind activated pleasure centers in the enforcer’s brain, so that punishers were able to actively imagine, as well as to take pleasure in, another’s punishment (de Quervain et al. 2004; Takahashi et al. 2009; Singer et al. 2006).”
BackgroundJohnson, J. M., & Lecci, L. B. (2019) · British Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjso.12347 · Cited by 15
The effect of empathy and context on face-processing ERPs
Clark, G. M., McNeel, C., Bigelow, F. J., & Enticott, P. G. (2020) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2020.107612 · Cited by 15
Self-categorization as a basis of behavioural mimicry: Experiments in The Hive
Neville, F., Drury, J., Reicher, S. D., Choudhury, S., Stott, C., Ball, R., & Richardson, D. C. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0241227 · Cited by 15
“In terms of explaining the source effects on mimicry that we did find for the ‘Maze’ and ‘Fidget’ tasks, these findings further support the argument that mimicry is not passive and automatic [5, 21, 39, 59-63].”
ResultBlons, E., Arsac, L. M., Grivel, É., Lespinet‐Najib, V., & Deschodt‐Arsac, V. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18042081 · Cited by 20
Moll, J., & de Oliveira‐Souza, R. (2009) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-6287-2_3 · Cited by 17
The neurological basis of empathy and mimicry
Schuler, M., Mohnke, S., & Walter, H. (2016) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781107587595.010 · Cited by 15
How nurse gender influences patient priority assignments in US emergency departments
Vigil, J. M., Coulombe, P., Alcock, J., Stith, S. S., Kruger, E. S., & Cichowski, S. B. (2017) · Pain · doi:10.1097/j.pain.0000000000000725 · Cited by 15
Luo, J., Ye, H., Zheng, H., Chen, S., & Huang, D. (2017) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2017.03.045 · Cited by 17
Neuroeconomics: what neuroscience can learn from economics
Lohrenz, T. M., & Montague, P. R. (2008) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511490118.019 · Cited by 15
Empathie miroir et empathie reconstructive
de Vignemont, F. (2008) · Revue philosophique de la France et de l étranger · doi:10.3917/rphi.083.0337 · Cited by 15
“Une récente étude en ima-gerie avec l’autre influence l’étendue de notre empathie (Singer et al., 2006).”
The potential of behavioural activation for the treatment of chronic pain: An exploratory review
Mazzucchelli, T. G., & Silva, M. D. (2016) · Clinical Psychologist · doi:10.1111/cp.12088 · Cited by 15
Evolution of flexibility and rigidity in retaliatory punishment
Morris, A., MacGlashan, J., Littman, M. L., & Cushman, F. A. (2017) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1704032114 · Cited by 17
“, “revenge is sweet”), and punishing wrongdoers is associated with activation in the striatum (2) and orbitofrontal cortex (1, 36), brain regions central to rewardbased decision-making.”
BackgroundAdaptations to Dangers From Humans
Duntley, J. D. (2015) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119125563.evpsych110 · Cited by 15
Tuskegee and the Health of Black Men
Alsan, M. M., & Wanamaker, M. (2016) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w22323 · Cited by 15
Chen, A., Li, W., & Fu, W. (2024) · British Journal of Educational Technology · doi:10.1111/bjet.13433 · Cited by 25
Tang, Z., Liu, Y., Zhao, X., Hu, W., Zhang, M., Ren, Y., Wei, Z., & Yang, J. (2024) · Neurobiology of Stress · doi:10.1016/j.ynstr.2024.100682 · Cited by 14
“These areas work together to help people perceive and understand other people ’ s pain sensations (Botvinick et al., 2005; Jankowiak-Siuda and Zajkowski, 2013; Singer et al., 2006).”
BackgroundUncovering the interaction between empathetic pain and cognition
Hu, K., Fan, Z., & He, S. (2014) · Psychological Research · doi:10.1007/s00426-014-0634-9 · Cited by 14
Arriaga, P., & Aguiar, C. (2019) · Scandinavian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/sjop.12568 · Cited by 17
Development and validation of film stimuli to assess empathy in the work context
Wieck, C., Scheibe, S., & Kunzmann, U. (2021) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/s13428-021-01594-6 · Cited by 14
“The affective aspect of empathy refers to emotional congruence or affective match, defined as the vicarious experience of another person’s emotional state (Beadle & de la Vega, 2019; de Vignemont & Singer, 2006).”
BackgroundEmpathy is not so perfect! -For a descriptive and wide conception of empathy
Malbois, E., & Hurst, S. (2022) · Medicine Health Care and Philosophy · doi:10.1007/s11019-022-10124-w · Cited by 16
“2009), and those who behave fairly (Singer et al. 2006).”
Coordinated activation of premotor and ventromedial prefrontal cortices during vicarious reward
Shimada, S., Matsumoto, M., Takahashi, H., Yomogida, Y., & Matsumoto, K. (2015) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsv134 · Cited by 15
“This result is consistent with previous studies that have examined reward system activity during ‘Schadenfreude’, in which the participant feels pleasure when the unlikable other suffers something undesirable (Singer et al., 2006; Takahashi et al., 2009).”
BackgroundResultMu-Suppression as an Indicator of Empathic Processes in Lesbian, Gay, and Heterosexual Adults
Lübke, K. T., Sachse, C., Hoenen, M., & Pause, B. M. (2019) · Archives of Sexual Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10508-019-01491-2 · Cited by 14
“Accordingly, research has shown that individuals tend to empathize less with others in pain who had previously behaved unfair compared to those who behaved fair (Singer et al., 2006).”
BackgroundEconomic and psychological determinants of car ownership and use
Gärling, T., & Loukopoulos, P. (2008) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511490118.016 · Cited by 15
An Appraisal Theory of Empathy and Other Vicarious Emotional ExperiencesPreprint
Wondra, J. D., & Ellsworth, P. C. (2017) · PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/ejms8
Perceived Shared Condemnation Intensifies Punitive Moral Emotions
Konishi, N., Oe, T., Shimizu, H., Tanaka, K., & Ohtsubo, Y. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-017-07916-z · Cited by 15
Is Empathy Associated with Gambling and Its Addiction? A Scoping Review of Empirical Studies
Wu, A. M. S., Zhou, H., Dang, L., & Chen, J. H. (2022) · Journal of Gambling Studies · doi:10.1007/s10899-022-10130-w · Cited by 15
Wang, X., Wu, H., Wang, D., Wang, W., Wang, W., Jin, W., Luo, J., Jiang, W., Tang, Y., Ren, Y., et al. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1224914 · Cited by 13
“2 mm) were excluded; (5) Spatial standardization was performed to map the data to the standard space of the Montreal Neurology Institute.”
BackgroundMethodLuo, P., Zheng, X., Chen, X., Li, Y., Wang, J., Deng, L., & Zheng, X. (2014) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2014.06.032 · Cited by 13
Fairley, K., Vyrastekova, J., Weitzel, U., & Sanfey, A. G. (2019) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2019.00660 · Cited by 15
“, 2013) and even the punishment of others (Singer et al., 2006).”
BackgroundFischer, V., & O’Mara, S. M. (2023) · Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.cobeha.2023.101280 · Cited by 13
“For most people, deliberately inflicting pain on another human being will trigger considerable discomfort and moral self-sanctions [20,33,34] — dehumanisation offers a bypass through detachment from moral scrutiny by the perpetrator [35].”
BackgroundBrain networks responsive to aversive visual stimuli in humans
Benuzzi, F., Lui, F., Duzzi, D., Nichelli, P., & Porro, C. A. (2009) · Magnetic Resonance Imaging · doi:10.1016/j.mri.2009.05.037 · Cited by 13
Chang, S. W. C., Barack, D. L., & Platt, M. L. (2012) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2012.02.017 · Cited by 14
Perceived reputation of others modulates empathic neural responses
Zheng, L., Wang, Q., Cheng, X. M., Li, L., Yang, G., Sun, L., Ling, X., & Guo, X. (2015) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/s00221-015-4434-2 · Cited by 13
“…anterior insula (AI) and dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) (Akitsuki and Decety 2009; Decety et al. 2008; Decety 2010; Cheng et al. 2007; Danziger et al. 2009; Guo et al. 2012; Jackson et al. 2006; Morrison and Downing 2007; Morrison et al. 2004; Singer et al. 2004, 2006; Gu et al. 2010).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialSawada, M. (2008) · JAPANESE JOURNAL OF RESEARCH ON EMOTIONS · doi:10.4092/jsre.16.36 · Cited by 13
State Anxiety Down-Regulates Empathic Responses: Electrophysiological Evidence
Luo, P., Zhuang, M., Jie, J., Wu, X., & Zheng, X. (2018) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2018.00502 · Cited by 13
“At the beginning of the experiment, participants were asked to fill out the State Anxiety Inventory (S-AI) in the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (Spielberger, 1970) and Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI) (Davis, 1983).”
Fair price: research outside marketing
Maxwell, S. (2008) · Journal of Product & Brand Management · doi:10.1108/10610420810916399 · Cited by 13
Klar, Y., & Schori‐Eyal, N. (2015) · Group Processes & Intergroup Relations · doi:10.1177/1368430215570502 · Cited by 13
Specific neural correlates of successful learning and adaptation during social exchanges
Smith, A. P. R., Fiorentini, C., Kessler, E., Boyd, H., Roberts, F., & Skuse, D. (2012) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nss079 · Cited by 13
“22 The substantia nigra has been strongly implicated in reward processing (Herberg et al, 1976; Wittmann et al, 2005), and projects dopaminergic neurons to many brain regions including the striatum (Smith and Kieval, 2000).”
BackgroundDolan, R. J., & Seymour, B. (2013) · Max Planck Digital Library · Cited by 13
Self-citationBenkler, Y. R. (2009) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511657504.010 · Cited by 14
The ends of empathy: Constructing empathy from value-based choicePreprint
Cameron, D., Cunningham, W., Saunders, B., & Inzlicht, M. (2017) · PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/d99bp · Cited by 16
Yu, H., Chen, J., Dardaine, B., & Yang, F. (2023) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2023.105476 · Cited by 13
Plank, I. S., Attar, C. H., Kunas, S. L., Dziobek, I., & Bermpohl, F. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-02162-w · Cited by 15
Genzer, S., Adiva, Y. B., & Perry, A. (2023) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781009281072 · Cited by 20
Should Affective Arousal be Grounded in Perception-Action Coupling?
Blair, J. (2011) · Emotion Review · doi:10.1177/1754073910384157 · Cited by 12
“Email: JamesBlair@mail.nih.gov 110 Emotion Review Vol. 3 No. 1 associated with pleasure if the person perceived to be in pain has previously been unfair to the observer (Singer et al., 2006).”
BackgroundBajouk, O., & Hansenne, M. (2018) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.1177/0033294118799337 · Cited by 12
“factors, including the affective link between individuals (Singer et al., 2006), reality constraints of stimuli (Gu & Han, 2007), emotional contexts (Han et al.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialFord, M. E., & Smith, P. R. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108869164 · Cited by 14
Spreading positive change: Societal benefits of meditation
Engert, V., Klimecki, O., & Kanske, P. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1038051 · Cited by 22
“Previous studies accordingly demonstrate the role of moral emotions and mindfulness in the extent to which ethical leadership is related to extra effort and helping in followers (17), and to which empathy modulates pain and stress contagion (83, 84, 94).”
BackgroundLay Perspectives on Empathy in Patient-Physician Communication: An Online Experimental Study
Gerger, H., Münder, T., Kreuzer, N., Locher, C., & Blease, C. R. (2023) · Health Communication · doi:10.1080/10410236.2023.2210380 · Cited by 16
“Based on previous findings (Bylund & Makoul, 2002; Hojat et al., 2002; Howick et al., 2017; Singer et al., 2006), we expected that participants’ judgments would differ depending on physician gender, but we found it difficult to predict the exact direction of interaction.”
Culture and the Evolution of Human Sociality
Mesoudi, A., & Jensen, K. (2012) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199738182.013.0022 · Cited by 13
Rodent Models of Autism, Epigenetics, and the Inescapable Problem of Animal Constraint
Lahvis, G. P. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-3777-6_9 · Cited by 12
Hart, B. ‘., Struiksma, M. E., Boxtel, A. V., & Berkum, J. J. A. V. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00318 · Cited by 12
“As a matter of fact, because people are inclined to experience Schadenfreude when disliked or envied others experience something negative (Singer et al., 2006; Leach and Spears, 2009; Cikara and Fiske, 2012), we will probably evaluate Cersei’s negative emotion as positive.”
BackgroundStereotypes and Relative Social Status in Social Comparisons
Swencionis, J. K., & Fiske, S. T. (2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190629113.003.0010 · Cited by 11
Wong, W. I., & VanderLaan, D. P. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108561716.009 · Cited by 12
Watanuki, S., & Akama, H. (2020) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2020.534671 · Cited by 15
“Both MTG pathways—the anterior cingulate/insula and the posterior cingulate/insula—are related to emotional empathy and inference from others’ minds on inhibiting self (Jackson et al., 2006; Singer et al., 2006; Shibata and Inui, 2011).”
BackgroundVers une approche neuropsychologique de l'empathie
Narme, P., Mouras, H., Loas, G., Krystkowiak, P. C., Roussel, M., Boucart, M., & Godefroy, O. (2010) · Revue de neuropsychologie · doi:10.3917/rne.024.0292 · Cited by 12
Wie geht Kultur unter die Haut?
Niewöhner, J., Kehl, C., & Beck, S. (2008) · transcript Verlag eBooks · doi:10.14361/9783839409268 · Cited by 12
The Circle of Contact: A Neuroscience View on the Formation of Relationships
Lux, M. P. (2013) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-7141-7_6 · Cited by 12
Lavín, C., Espejo, Á., Bravo, D., & Morales, S. (2015) · Asian Journal Of Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/ajsp.12093 · Cited by 14
Nilsonne, G., Tamm, S., Golkar, A., Sörman, K., Howner, K., Kristiansson, M., Olsson, A., Ingvar, M., & Petrovic, P. (2017) · Royal Society Open Science · doi:10.1098/rsos.160607 · Cited by 13
Altruistic decisions are influenced by the allocation of monetary incentives in a pain-sharing game
Lee, Y., Song, H.-S., Kim, H., & Chae, Y. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0213104 · Cited by 13
“Previous studies have proposed that the underlying mechanisms of altruistic behavior are social fairness and empathy[1, 3, 37, 38].”
BackgroundSustainable consumption and lifestyle change
Jackson, T. P. (2008) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511490118.014 · Cited by 12
Does the Golem Feel Pain? Moral Instincts and Ethical Dilemmas Concerning Suffering and the Brain
Devor, M. G., Rappaport, I. T., & Rappaport, Z. H. (2014) · Pain Practice · doi:10.1111/papr.12207 · Cited by 11
“Non-invasive brain imaging offers the intriguing possibility of actually visualizing the brain areas where activity correlates with moral choice.(34) Extrapolating, an agenda aimed at modifying the activity of these brain areas is possible.”
BackgroundProtecting biodiversity and moral psychology; or why philosophers are asking the wrong questions
Odenbaugh, J. (2016) · doi:10.4324/9781315530215.ch14 · Cited by 11
The Vicarious Brain: Integrating Empathy and Emotional Learning
Olsson, A., & Spring, V. L. (2018) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-805397-3.00002-4 · Cited by 13
Establishing a counter-empathy processing model: evidence from functional magnetic resonance imaging
Jie, J., Fan, M., Yang, Y., Luo, P., Wang, Y., Li, J., Chen, W., Zhuang, M., & Zheng, X. (2021) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsab097 · Cited by 11
“that are opposite to those activated by empathy (Dvash et al., 2010; Hein et al., 2010; Singer et al., 2006; Takahashi et al., 2009).”
BackgroundInfluentialRodríguez‐Nieto, G., Mercadillo, R. E., Pasaye, E. H., & Barrios, F. A. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.992935 · Cited by 12
“compassion predominantly recruit introspective and affective resources, whereas men may primarily use attentional processes and contextual information to define social cues involving compassion (Björklund, 2003; Singer et al., 2006; Harenski et al., 2008; Mercadillo et al., 2011; Moriguchi et al., 2014).”
BackgroundJiang, Y., Zhou, Y., Xie, Y., Zhou, J., Cai, M., Tang, J., Liu, F., Ma, J., & Liu, H. (2024) · NeuroImage Clinical · doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2024.103645 · Cited by 14
“The insula plays an important role in interoceptive awareness, processing both emotional and various types of pain, and understanding and empathizing with the emotional states of others (Singer et al., 2006).”
A neuroscience perspective on the plasticity of the social and relational brain
Singer, T. (2025) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/nyas.15319 · Cited by 18
“48 and 135), enabling the assessment of the networks activating if a scanned subject receives painful stimuli to her/his hand (brain activations in green) and when only knowing that another person outside of the scanner is suffering pain (brain activations in red).”
InfluentialSelf-citationBrowne, K. R. (2012) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199738403.013.0022 · Cited by 11
Cooperation in the brain: neuroscientific contributions to theory and policy
Stallen, M., & Sanfey, A. G. (2015) · Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.cobeha.2015.03.003 · Cited by 11
“When interacting with a non-cooperative partner, for instance, viewing that partner receiving a painful shock notably diminishes empathy-related neural activation in pain regions, including the insula and ACC [37 ].”
BackgroundConvergence of physiological responses to pain during face-to-face interaction
Murata, A., Nishida, H., Watanabe, K., & Kameda, T. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-019-57375-x · Cited by 11
Fan, M., Jie, J., Luo, P., Pang, Y. T., Xu, D., Yu, G., Zhao, S., Chen, W., & Zheng, X. (2021) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2021.634714 · Cited by 12
Latu, I. M., Mast, M. S., & Kaiser, S. (2013) · doi:10.3726/978-3-0351-0599-5 · Cited by 13
Negotiation Strategies with Incongruent Facial Expressions of Emotion Cause Cardiovascular Threat
Khooshabeh, P., de Melo, C. P., Volkman, B., Gratch, J. S., Blascovich, J., & Carnevale, P. J. D. (2013) · eScholarship (California Digital Library) · Cited by 11
Neuroscience May Supersede Ethics and Law
Scott, T. R. (2012) · Science and Engineering Ethics · doi:10.1007/s11948-012-9351-1 · Cited by 11
“(preventing someone from reaping a reward he has cheated you to get) (Singer et al. 2006), and of affection (the gentle touch of a husband’s hand on his wife’s arm) (Lutz et al.”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Singer, T., Seymour, B., O'Doherty, J. P., Stephan, K. E., Dolan, R. J., & Frith, C. D.
- Affiliations
- University College London (GB)
- Wellcome Trust (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Singer, Tania
- Venue
- Nature
- Published
- 2006-01
- Volume
- 439
- Issue
- 7075
- Pages
- 466-469
- ISSN
- 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-4687
- PMC
- PMC2636868
- OpenAlex
- W2098425678
- Semantic Scholar
- a9adbab6dae28c23a205786c725a988649d155ef
- Cited by
- 1,726
- References
- 30
- Citations by year
- 2026: 28 · 2025: 33 · 2024: 51 · 2023: 67 · 2022: 57 · 2021: 65 · 2020: 139 · 2019: 88 · 2018: 91 · 2017: 74 · 2016: 93 · 2015: 105 · 2014: 98 · 2013: 111 · 2012: 100
- FWCI
- 139.81
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Nature (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich) (acceptedVersion, other-oa)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- CaltechAUTHORS (California Institute of Technology) (submittedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Max Planck Digital Library (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Max Planck Digital Library (submittedVersion)
- Cambridge University Engineering Department Publications Database (submittedVersion)
- MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) (submittedVersion)
- Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich)
- Funders
- Wellcome Trust (078865)
- Medical Research Council
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Action Observation and Synchronization
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Experimental Behavioral Economics Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Keywords
- empathy, perceived fairness, social preferences, schadenfreude, altruistic punishment, revenge, sex differences, anterior cingulate cortex, reward processing, economic games, corporal punishment
- MeSH terms
- Brain, Empathy, Female, Game Theory, Humans, Learning, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Nucleus Accumbens, Pain, Photic Stimulation, Punishment, Reward, Sex Characteristics, Social Justice
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-10, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-10 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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