Accuracy of Smartphone Applications and Wearable Devices for Tracking Physical Activity Data
Abstract
Underlying differences in device accuracy may be compounded in these measures.Our study is limited by being conducted with young, healthy volunteers in a controlled setting with a convenience sample of a small number of applications and devices.Results should be confirmed in other settings and with other devices.Increased physical activity facilitated by these devices could lead to clinical benefits not realized by low adoption of pedometers.Our findings may help reinforce individuals' trust in using smartphone applications and wearable devices to track health behaviors, which could have important implications for strategies to improve population health.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Research has shown that an accelerometer installed on smartphones is accurate for tracking step count and that GPS signals can be used to estimate activity levels.
“For instance, research has shown that an accelerometer installed on smartphones is accurate for tracking step count [9] and that GPS signals can be used to estimate activity levels [87].”
Research has shown variation in step count among devices, and the applicability of metrics may vary by device brand and device type.
“However, research has shown variation in step count among devices, and the applicability of these metrics may vary by device brand and device type [6].”
From Reliability and Validity of Commercially Available Wearable Devices for Measuring Steps, Energy Expenditure, and Heart Rate: Systematic Review (2020) · cites this paper as [6]
Cites
Using Pedometers to Increase Physical Activity and Improve Health: A Systematic Review
Bravata, D. M., Smith-Spangler, C., Sundaram, V., Gienger, A. L., Lin, N., Lewis, R., Stave, C. D., Olkin, I., & Sirard, J. R. (2007) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.298.19.2296 · Cited by 2,064 · see citing works
Wearable Devices as Facilitators, Not Drivers, of Health Behavior Change
Patel, M. S., Asch, D. A., & Volpp, K. G. (2015) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2014.14781 · Cited by 808 · see citing works
Self-citationPedometer Measures of Free-Living Physical Activity: Comparison of 13 Models
SCHNEIDER, P. L., Crouter, S. E., & Bassett, D. R. (2004) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/01.mss.0000113486.60548.e9 · Cited by 752 · see citing works
Measuring and Influencing Physical Activity with Smartphone Technology: A Systematic Review
Roig, J. B., Gilson, N. D., Puig-Ribera, A. M., Contreras-Espinosa, R. S., & Trost, S. G. (2014) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-014-0142-5 · Cited by 554 · see citing works
Powell, A. C., Landman, A., & Bates, D. W. (2014) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2014.2564 · Cited by 236 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Systematic review of the validity and reliability of consumer-wearable activity trackers
Evenson, K. R., Goto, M. M., & Furberg, R. D. (2015) · International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity · doi:10.1186/s12966-015-0314-1 · Cited by 1,232 · see citing works
Large-scale physical activity data reveal worldwide activity inequality
Althoff, T., Sosič, R., Hicks, J. L., King, A. C., Delp, S. L., & Leskovec, J. (2017) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature23018 · Cited by 1,000 · see citing works
Fuller, D., Colwell, E., Low, J., Orychock, K., Tobin, M. A., Simango, B., Buote, R., Van Heerden, D., Luan, H., Cullen, K., et al. (2020) · JMIR mHealth and uHealth · doi:10.2196/18694 · Cited by 715 · see citing works
Yetisen, A. K., Martinez‐Hurtado, J. L., Ünal, B., Khademhosseini, A., & Butt, H. (2018) · Advanced Materials · doi:10.1002/adma.201706910 · Cited by 569 · see citing works
Harari, G. M., Lane, N. D., Wang, R., Crosier, B. S., Campbell, A. T., & Gosling, S. D. (2016) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691616650285 · Cited by 515 · see citing works
Short, C. E., DeSmet, A., Woods, C., Williams, S. L., Maher, C., Middelweerd, A., Müller, A. M., Wark, P. A., Vandelanotte, C., Poppe, L., et al. (2018) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.9397 · Cited by 400 · see citing works
Digital biomarkers for Alzheimer’s disease: the mobile/wearable devices opportunity
Kourtis, L. C., Regele, O. B., Wright, J. M., & Jones, G. B. (2019) · npj Digital Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41746-019-0084-2 · Cited by 476 · see citing works
Lobelo, F., Rohm Young, D., Sallis, R., Garber, M. D., Billinger, S. A., Duperly, J., Hutber, A., Pate, R. R., Thomas, R. J., Widlansky, M. E., et al. (2018) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/cir.0000000000000559 · Cited by 402 · see citing works
Accuracy of wrist-worn heart rate monitors
Wang, R., Blackburn, G., Desai, M., Phelan, D., Gillinov, L., Houghtaling, P., & Gillinov, M. (2017) · JAMA Cardiology · doi:10.1001/jamacardio.2016.3340 · Cited by 386 · see citing works
Zhang, J., Oh, Y. J., Lange, P., Yu, Z., & Fukuoka, Y. (2020) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/22845 · Cited by 363 · see citing works
Reliability and validity of ten consumer activity trackers
Kooiman, T. J. M., Dontje, M. L., Sprenger, S. R., Krijnen, W. P., van der Schans, C. P., & de Groot, M. (2015) · BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1186/s13102-015-0018-5 · Cited by 360 · see citing works
Variable Accuracy of Wearable Heart Rate Monitors during Aerobic Exercise
GILLINOV, S., ETIWY, M., WANG, R., BLACKBURN, G., PHELAN, D., GILLINOV, A. M., HOUGHTALING, P., JAVADIKASGARI, H., & DESAI, M. Y. (2017) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000001284 · Cited by 345 · see citing works
Accuracy of Heart Rate Watches: Implications for Weight Management
Wallen, M. P., Gomersall, S. R., Keating, S. E., Wisløff, U., & Coombes, J. S. (2016) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0154420 · Cited by 336 · see citing works
Inan, O. T., Tenaerts, P., Prindiville, S. A., Reynolds, H. R., Dizon, D. S., Cooper-Arnold, K., Turakhia, M., Pletcher, M. J., Preston, K. L., Krumholz, H. M., et al. (2020) · npj Digital Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41746-020-0302-y · Cited by 329 · see citing works
Shin, G., Jarrahi, M. H., Fei, Y., Karami, A., Gafinowitz, N., Byun, A., & Lu, X. (2019) · Journal of Biomedical Informatics · doi:10.1016/j.jbi.2019.103153 · Cited by 326 · see citing works
El-Amrawy, F., & Nounou, M. I. (2015) · Healthcare Informatics Research · doi:10.4258/hir.2015.21.4.315 · Cited by 287 · see citing works
Sensors and Functionalities of Non-Invasive Wrist-Wearable Devices: A Review
Kamišalić, A., Fister, I., Turkanović, M., & Karakatič, S. (2018) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s18061714 · Cited by 272 · see citing works
Oh, Y. J., Zhang, J., Fang, M.-L., & Fukuoka, Y. (2021) · International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity · doi:10.1186/s12966-021-01224-6 · Cited by 278 · see citing works
Martin, S. S., Feldman, D. I., Blumenthal, R. S., Jones, S. R., Post, W. S., McKibben, R. A., Michos, E. D., Ndumele, C. E., Ratchford, E. V., Coresh, J., et al. (2015) · Journal of the American Heart Association · doi:10.1161/jaha.115.002239 · Cited by 267 · see citing works
McConnell, M. V., Shcherbina, A., Pavlovic, A., Homburger, J. R., Goldfeder, R. L., Waggot, D., Cho, M. K., Rosenberger, M. E., Haskell, W. L., Myers, J., et al. (2017) · JAMA Cardiology · doi:10.1001/jamacardio.2016.4395 · Cited by 239 · see citing works
Patel, M. S., Benjamin, E. J., Volpp, K. G., Fox, C. S., Small, D. S., Massaro, J. M., Lee, J. J., Hilbert, V., Valentino, M., Taylor, D. H., et al. (2017) · JAMA Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2017.3458 · Cited by 218 · see citing works
Self-citationRemote Physical Activity Monitoring in Neurological Disease: A Systematic Review.
Block, V. A. J., Pitsch, E., Tahir, P., Cree, B. A. C., Allen, D. D., & Gelfand, J. M. (2016) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0154335 · Cited by 198 · see citing works
Best practices for analyzing large-scale health data from wearables and smartphone apps
Hicks, J. L., Althoff, T., Sosic, R., Kuhar, P., Bostjancic, B., King, A. C., Leskovec, J., & Delp, S. L. (2019) · npj Digital Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41746-019-0121-1 · Cited by 183 · see citing works
Video-Recorded Validation of Wearable Step Counters under Free-living Conditions
TOTH, L. P., PARK, S., SPRINGER, C. M., FEYERABEND, M. D., STEEVES, J. A., & BASSETT, D. R. (2018) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000001569 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
Sushames, A., Edwards, A., Thompson, F., McDermott, R., & Gebel, K. (2016) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0161224 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
Comparison of Consumer and Research Monitors under Semistructured Settings
BAI, Y., WELK, G. J., NAM, Y. H., LEE, J. A., LEE, J.-M., KIM, Y., MEIER, N. F., & DIXON, P. M. (2016) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000000727 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Accuracy of commercially available heart rate monitors in athletes: a prospective study
Pasadyn, S. R., Soudan, M., Gillinov, M., Houghtaling, P., Phelan, D., Gillinov, N., Bittel, B., & Desai, M. Y. (2019) · Cardiovascular Diagnosis and Therapy · doi:10.21037/cdt.2019.06.05 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Kroll, R. R., Boyd, J. G., & Maslove, D. M. (2016) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.6025 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Chowdhury, E. A., Western, M. J., Nightingale, T. E., Peacock, O. J., & Thompson, D. (2017) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0171720 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Zhou, M., Fukuoka, Y., Mintz, Y., Goldberg, K., Kaminsky, P., Flowers, E., & Aswani, A. (2018) · JMIR mHealth and uHealth · doi:10.2196/mhealth.9117 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Skrepnik, N., Spitzer, A., Altman, R., Hoekstra, J., Stewart, J., & Toselli, R. (2017) · JMIR mHealth and uHealth · doi:10.2196/mhealth.7179 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Naslund, J. A., Aschbrenner, K. A., Scherer, E. A., McHugo, G. J., Marsch, L. A., & Bartels, S. J. (2016) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2016.06.056 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Online human activity recognition using low-power wearable devices
Bhat, G., Deb, R., Chaurasia, V. V., Shill, H., & Ogras, U. Y. (2018) · Proceedings of the International Conference on Computer-Aided Design · doi:10.1145/3240765.3240833 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Kramer, J.-N., Künzler, F., Mishra, V., Presset, B., Kotz, D., Smith, S., Scholz, U., & Kowatsch, T. (2019) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/11540 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Use of wearable devices for post-discharge monitoring of ICU patients: a feasibility study
for the WEARable Information Technology for hospital INpatients (WEARIT-IN) study group, Kroll, R. R., McKenzie, E. D., Boyd, J. G., Sheth, P., Howes, D., Wood, M., & Maslove, D. M. (2017) · Journal of Intensive Care · doi:10.1186/s40560-017-0261-9 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Abrishami, M. S., Nocera, L., Mert, M., Trujillo-Priego, I. A., Purushotham, S., Shahabi, C., & Smith, B. A. (2019) · IEEE Journal of Translational Engineering in Health and Medicine · doi:10.1109/jtehm.2019.2893223 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Applying machine learning to predict future adherence to physical activity programs
Zhou, M., Fukuoka, Y., Goldberg, K., Vittinghoff, E., & Aswani, A. (2019) · BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making · doi:10.1186/s12911-019-0890-0 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Marin, T. S., Kourbelis, C., Foote, J., Newman, P., Brown, A., Daniel, M., Coffee, N. T., Nicholls, S. J., Ganesan, A., Versace, V. L., et al. (2019) · European Journal of Preventive Cardiology · doi:10.1177/2047487318805580 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Validation of the Fitbit One® for physical activity measurement at an upper torso attachment site
Diaz, K. M., Krupka, D. J., Chang, M. J., Shaffer, J. A., Ma, Y., Goldsmith, J., Schwartz, J. E., & Davidson, K. W. (2016) · BMC Research Notes · doi:10.1186/s13104-016-2020-8 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Comparing the Accuracy of Multiple Commercial Wearable Devices: A Method
Pardamean, B., Soeparno, H., Mahesworo, B., Budiarto, A., & Baurley, J. (2019) · Procedia Computer Science · doi:10.1016/j.procs.2019.09.015 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Workplace Health Promotion: Effects of an mHealth application on Employee Behaviour and Wellness
Emerson, S., Heavin, C., & Power, D. J. (2020) · Proceedings of the Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences · doi:10.24251/hicss.2020.419 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
- Authors
- Case, M. A., Burwick, H. A., Volpp, K. G., & Patel, M. S.
- Affiliations
- University of Pennsylvania (US)
- Amherst College (US)
- Philadelphia VA Medical Center (US)
- Venue
- JAMA
- Publisher
- American Medical Association (AMA)
- Published
- 2015-02-10
- Volume
- 313
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 625
- ISSN
- 0002-9955 (ISSN-L)
- 0098-7484
- OpenAlex
- W1975984765
- Cited by
- 694
- References
- 5
- Citations by year
- 2026: 19 · 2025: 38 · 2024: 29 · 2023: 35 · 2022: 46 · 2021: 67 · 2020: 93 · 2019: 77 · 2018: 84 · 2017: 95 · 2016: 75 · 2015: 34
- FWCI
- 70.72
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- JAMA (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Robert Wood Johnson Foundation
- National Institute on Aging (AG039114, RC4AG039114)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Physical Activity and Health
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Mobile Health and mHealth Applications
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition › Context-Aware Activity Recognition Systems
- Keywords
- physical activity monitoring, mobile application, wearable devices, device accuracy, pedometers, step counting, health behavior monitoring
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Humans, Motor Activity, Prospective Studies, Exercise, Walking, Cell Phone, Actigraphy, Mobile Applications
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review