What is the blood–brain barrier (not)?

Astrocyte-endothelial interactions at the blood-brain barrier

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Approaching the asymptote? Evolution and revolution in immunology.Preprint

Janeway, C. (1989) · Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology · doi:10.1101/sqb.1989.054.01.003 · Cited by 3,396 · see citing works

CYCLOOXYGENASES 1 AND 2

Vane, J. R., Bakhle, Y. S., & Botting, R. M. (1998) · The Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology · doi:10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.38.1.97 · Cited by 2,737 · see citing works

The blood-brain barrier/neurovascular unit in health and disease

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FINE STRUCTURAL LOCALIZATION OF A BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER TO EXOGENOUS PEROXIDASE

Reese, T. S., & Karnovsky, M. J. (1967) · The Journal of Cell Biology · doi:10.1083/jcb.34.1.207 · Cited by 2,629 · see citing works

The blood–brain barrier: an overview

Ballabh, P., Braun, A., & Nedergaard, M. (2004) · Neurobiology of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.nbd.2003.12.016 · Cited by 2,276 · see citing works

Control of microglial neurotoxicity by the fractalkine receptor

Cardona, A. E., Pioro, E. P., Sasse, M. E., Kostenko, V., Cardona, S. M., Dijkstra, I. M., Huang, D., Kidd, G., Dombrowski, S., Dutta, R., et al. (2006) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn1715 · Cited by 1,531 · see citing works

Perivascular microglial cells of the CNS are bone marrow-derived and present antigen in vivo

Hickey, W. F., & Kimura, H. (1988) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.3276004 · Cited by 1,466 · see citing works

Clearance of apoptotic neurons without inflammation by microglial triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-2

Takahashi, K., Rochford, C. D. P., & Neumann, H. (2005) · The Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.20041611 · Cited by 1,124 · see citing works

Immunity to homologous grafted skin; the fate of skin homografts transplanted to the brain, to subcutaneous tissue, and to the anterior chamber of the eye.

Medawar, P. B. (1948) · PubMed · Cited by 1,084 · see citing works

Down-Regulation of the Macrophage Lineage Through Interaction with OX2 (CD200)

Hoek, R. M., Ruuls, S. R., Murphy, C. A., Wright, G. J., Goddard, R., Zurawski, S. M., Blom, B., Homola, M. E., Streit, W. J., Brown, M. H., et al. (2000) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.290.5497.1768 · Cited by 1,022 · see citing works

Dendritic cells permit immune invasion of the CNS in an animal model of multiple sclerosis

Greter, M., Heppner, F. L., Lemos, M. P., Odermatt, B. M., Goebels, N., Laufer, T., Noelle, R. J., & Becher, B. (2005) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/nm1197 · Cited by 862 · see citing works

Immunologically Privileged Sites

Barker, C. F., & Billingham, R. E. (1978) · Advances in immunology · doi:10.1016/s0065-2776(08)60930-x · Cited by 815 · see citing works

What is immune privilege (not)?

Galea, I., Bechmann, I., & Perry, V. H. (2007) · Trends in Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.it.2006.11.004 · Cited by 768 · see citing works

The ins and outs of T-lymphocyte trafficking to the CNS: anatomical sites and molecular mechanisms

Engelhardt, B., & Ransohoff, R. M. (2005) · Trends in Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.it.2005.07.004 · Cited by 674 · see citing works

Cervical lymphatics, the blood-brain barrier and the immunoreactivity of the brain: a new view

Cserr, H. F., & Knopf, P. M. (1992) · Immunology Today · doi:10.1016/0167-5699(92)90027-5 · Cited by 648 · see citing works

Targeting gene-modified hematopoietic cells to the central nervous system: use of green fluorescent protein uncovers microglial engraftment

Priller, J., Flügel, A., Wehner, T., Boentert, M., Haas, C. A., Prinz, M., Fernández-Klett, F., Prass, K., Bechmann, I., de Boer, B. A., et al. (2001) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/nm1201-1356 · Cited by 637 · see citing works

Normal adult ramified microglia separated from other central nervous system macrophages by flow cytometric sorting. Phenotypic differences defined and direct ex vivo antigen presentation to myelin basic protein-reactive CD4+ T cells compared

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Dystroglycan is selectively cleaved at the parenchymal basement membrane at sites of leukocyte extravasation in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis

Agrawal, S., Anderson, P., Durbeej, M., van Rooijen, N., Ivars, F., Opdenakker, G., & Sorokin, L. M. (2006) · The Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.20051342 · Cited by 559 · see citing works

Lasting Blood-Brain Barrier Disruption Induces Epileptic Focus in the Rat Somatosensory Cortex

Seiffert, E., Dreier, J. P., Ivens, S., Bechmann, I., Tomkins‐Netzer, O., Heinemann, U., & Friedman, A. (2004) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1751-04.2004 · Cited by 518 · see citing works

Endothelial Cell Laminin Isoforms, Laminins 8 and 10, Play Decisive Roles in T Cell Recruitment across the Blood–Brain Barrier in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis

Sixt, M., Engelhardt, B., Pausch, F., Hallmann, R., Wendler, O., & Sorokin, L. M. (2001) · The Journal of Cell Biology · doi:10.1083/jcb.153.5.933 · Cited by 509 · see citing works

CD40-CD40 ligand interactions in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis and multiple sclerosis.

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Basic principles of immunological surveillance of the normal central nervous system

Hickey, W. F. (2001) · Glia · doi:10.1002/glia.1101 · Cited by 476 · see citing works

Chemokine Expression by Glial Cells Directs Leukocytes to Sites of Axonal Injury in the CNS

Babcock, A. A., Kuziel, W. A., Rivest, S., & Owens, T. (2003) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.23-21-07922.2003 · Cited by 472 · see citing works

See no evil, hear no evil, do no evil: the lessons of immune privilege

Niederkorn, J. Y. (2006) · Nature Immunology · doi:10.1038/ni1328 · Cited by 449 · see citing works

Brain microglia constitutively express β-2 integrins

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Acute inflammatory responses to mechanical lesions in the CNS: differences between brain and spinal cord

Schnell, L., Fearn, S., Klassen, H. J., Schwab, M. E., & Perry, V. H. (1999) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1046/j.1460-9568.1999.00792.x · Cited by 410 · see citing works

Lymphoid/Neuronal Cell Surface OX2 Glycoprotein Recognizes a Novel Receptor on Macrophages Implicated in the Control of Their Function

Wright, G. J., Puklavec, M. J., Willis, A. C., Hoek, R. M., Sedgwick, J. D., Brown, M. H., & Barclay, A. N. (2000) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/s1074-7613(00)00023-6 · Cited by 388 · see citing works

Immune invasion of the central nervous system parenchyma and experimental allergic encephalomyelitis, but not leukocyte extravasation from blood, are prevented in macrophage-depleted mice.

Tran, E., Hoekstra, K., van Rooijen, N., Dijkstra, C., & Owens, T. (1998) · Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.161.7.3767 · Cited by 373 · see citing works

Altered antigen expression of microglia in the aged rodent CNS

Perry, V. H., Matyszak, M. K., & Fearn, S. (1993) · Glia · doi:10.1002/glia.440070111 · Cited by 364 · see citing works

Mini‐review: Transendothelial migration of leukocytes: through the front door or around the side of the house?

Engelhardt, B., & Wolburg, H. (2004) · European Journal of Immunology · doi:10.1002/eji.200425327 · Cited by 334 · see citing works

The acute inflammatory response to lipopolysaccharide in cns parenchyma differs from that in other body tissues

Andersson, P.-B., Perry, V. H., & Gordon†, S. (1992) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/0306-4522(92)90347-5 · Cited by 324 · see citing works

Neuron-mediated generation of regulatory T cells from encephalitogenic T cells suppresses EAE

Liu, Y., Teige, I., Birnir, B., & Issazadeh‐Navikas, S. (2006) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/nm1402 · Cited by 302 · see citing works

Integration of the subarachnoid space and lymphatics: Is it time to embrace a new concept of cerebrospinal fluid absorption?

Koh, L., Zakharov, A., & Johnston, M. G. (2005) · Cerebrospinal Fluid Research · doi:10.1186/1743-8454-2-6 · Cited by 298 · see citing works

The fate of allogeneic and xenogeneic neuronal tissue transplanted into the third ventricle of rodents

Mason, D., Charlton, H. M., Jones, A. J., et al. (1986) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/0306-4522(86)90292-7 · Cited by 286 · see citing works

Neurotrophins inhibit major histocompatibility class II inducibility of microglia: Involvement of the p75 neurotrophin receptor

Neumann, H., Misgeld, T., Matsumuro, K., & Wekerle, H. (1998) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.95.10.5779 · Cited by 282 · see citing works

Transfer of Central Nervous System Autoantigens and Presentation in Secondary Lymphoid Organs

de Vos, A. F., van Meurs, M., Brok, H., Boven, L. A., Hintzen, R. Q., van der Valk, P., Ravid, R., Rensing, S., Boon, L., Hart, B. A. ‘., et al. (2002) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.169.10.5415 · Cited by 278 · see citing works

Differential matrix metalloproteinase expression in cases of multiple sclerosis and stroke

Anthony, D. C., Ferguson, B., Matyzak, M. K., Miller, K., Esiri, M. M., & Perry, V. H. (1997) · Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2990.1997.tb01315.x · Cited by 268 · see citing works

Signal-Regulatory Protein Is Selectively Expressed by Myeloid and Neuronal Cells

Adams, S., van der Laan, L. J. W., Vernon-Wilson, E. F., de Lavalette, C. R., Döpp, E. A., Dijkstra, C. D., Simmons, D. L., & van den Berg, T. K. (1998) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.161.4.1853 · Cited by 260 · see citing works

Age-related effects of interleukin-1 beta on polymorphonuclear neutrophil-dependent increases in blood-brain barrier permeability in rats

Anthony, D. C. (1997) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/120.3.435 · Cited by 252 · see citing works

IL-12 production by central nervous system microglia is inhibited by astrocytes

Aloisi, F., Penna, G., Cerase, J., Iglesias, B. M., & Adorini, L. (1997) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.159.4.1604 · Cited by 252 · see citing works

CONDITIONS DETERMINING THE TRANSPLANTABILITY OF TISSUES IN THE BRAIN

Murphy, J. B., & Sturm, E. (1923) · Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.38.2.183 · Cited by 246 · see citing works

The potential role of dendritic cells in immune-mediated inflammatory diseases in the central nervous system

Matyszak, M. K., & Perry, V. H. (1996) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/0306-4522(96)00160-1 · Cited by 234 · see citing works

In vivo expression of alternatively spliced forms of integrin-associated protein (cd47)

Reinhold, M. I., Lindberg, F. P., Plas, D. R., Reynolds, S., Peters, M. G., & Brown, E. J. (1995) · Journal of Cell Science · doi:10.1242/jcs.108.11.3419 · Cited by 233 · see citing works

Apoptosis in the nervous system in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis

Pender, M. P., Nguyen, K. B., McCombe, P., & Kerr, J. F. R. (1991) · Journal of the Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1016/0022-510x(91)90219-w · Cited by 230 · see citing works

Homing to central nervous system vasculature by antigen-specific lymphocytes. II. Lymphocyte/endothelial cell adhesion during the initial stages of autoimmune demyelination.

Raine, C. S., Cannella, B., Duijvestijn, A. M., & Cross, A. H. (1990) · PubMed · Cited by 229 · see citing works

Diapedesis of mononuclear cells across cerebral venules during experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis leaves tight junctions intact

Wolburg, H., Wolburg‐Buchholz, K., & Engelhardt, B. (2004) · Acta Neuropathologica · doi:10.1007/s00401-004-0928-x · Cited by 225 · see citing works

FasL (CD95L, Apo1L) is expressed in the normal rat and human brain: Evidence for the existence of an immunological brain barrier

Bechmann, I., Mor, G., Nilsen, J., Eliza, M., Nitsch, R., & Naftolin, F. N. (1999) · Glia · doi:10.1002/(sici)1098-1136(199907)27:1 · Cited by 221 · see citing works

CD163‐positive perivascular macrophages in the human CNS express molecules for antigen recognition and presentation

Fabriek, B. O., van Haastert, E. S., Galea, I., Polfliet, M. M. J., Döpp, E. A., van den Heuvel, M. M., van den Berg, T. K., Groot, C. J. A. D., van der Valk, P., & Dijkstra, C. D. (2005) · Glia · doi:10.1002/glia.20208 · Cited by 218 · see citing works

Signal Regulatory Proteins in the Immune System

van Beek, E. M., Cochrane, F., Barclay, A. N., & van den Berg, T. K. (2005) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.175.12.7781 · Cited by 204 · see citing works

Human microglial cells have phenotypic and functional characteristics in common with both macrophages and dendritic antigen-presenting cells

Ulvestad, E., Williams, K. C., Bjerkvig, R., Tiekotter, K. L., Antel, J. P., & Matre, R. (1994) · Journal of Leukocyte Biology · doi:10.1002/jlb.56.6.732 · Cited by 203 · see citing works

Microglial cells are a component of the perivascular glia limitans

Lassmann, H., Zimprich, F., Vass, K., & Hickey, W. F. (1991) · Journal of Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1002/jnr.490280211 · Cited by 202 · see citing works

The Costimulatory Molecule B7 is Expressed on Human Microglia in Culture and in Multiple Sclerosis Acute Lesions

Simone, R. D., Giampaolo, A., Giometto, B., Gallo, P., Levi, G., Peschle, C., & Aloisi, F. (1995) · Journal of Neuropathology & Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1097/00005072-199503000-00004 · Cited by 201 · see citing works

Fas- and FasL-deficient mice are resistant to induction of autoimmune encephalomyelitis

Waldner, H. P., Sobel, R. A., Howard, E. D., & Kuchroo, V. K. (1997) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.159.7.3100 · Cited by 199 · see citing works

T cells traffic from brain to cervical lymph nodes via the cribroid plate and the nasal mucosa

Goldmann, J., Kwidzinski, E., Brandt, C., Mahlo, J., Richter, D., & Bechmann, I. (2006) · Journal of Leukocyte Biology · doi:10.1189/jlb.0306176 · Cited by 188 · see citing works

Intranasally Induced Immunological Tolerance Is Determined by Characteristics of the Draining Lymph Nodes: Studies with OVA and Human Cartilage gp-39

Wolvers, D. A. W., Roo, C. J. J. C., Mebius, R. E., van der Cammen, M. J. F., Tirion, F. H., Miltenburg, A. M. M., & Kraal, G. (1999) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.162.4.1994 · Cited by 177 · see citing works

Studies on the problem of corneal homografts

Billingham, R. E., & Boswell, T. (1953) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.1953.0049 · Cited by 175 · see citing works

Neuronal expression of CD22: Novel mechanism for inhibiting microglial proinflammatory cytokine production

Mott, R. T., Ait‐Ghezala, G., Town, T., Mori, T., Vendrame, M., Zeng, J., Ehrhart, J. C., MULLAN, M. J., & Tan, J. (2004) · Glia · doi:10.1002/glia.20009 · Cited by 171 · see citing works

The blood-brain barrier and the inflammatory response

Perry, V. H., Anthony, D. C., Bolton, S. J., & Brown, H. C. (1997) · Molecular Medicine Today · doi:10.1016/s1357-4310(97)01077-0 · Cited by 163 · see citing works

Microglial Expression of the B7 Family Member B7 Homolog 1 Confers Strong Immune Inhibition: Implications for Immune Responses and Autoimmunity in the CNS

Magnus, T., Schreiner, B., Korn, T., Jack, C. S., Guo, H., Antel, J. P., Ifergan, I., Chen, L., Bischof, F., Bar‐Or, A., et al. (2005) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.4794-04.2005 · Cited by 160 · see citing works

Fracture faces of cell junctions in cerebral endothelium during normal and hyperosmotic conditions.

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Immunological Instability of Persistent Adenovirus Vectors in the Brain: Peripheral Exposure to Vector Leads to Renewed Inflammation, Reduced Gene Expression, and Demyelination

Byrnes, A. P., MacLaren, R. E., & Charlton, H. M. (1996) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.16-09-03045.1996 · Cited by 155 · see citing works

Fas and Fas ligand enhance the pathogenesis of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis, but are not essential for immune privilege in the central nervous system

Sabelko, K. A., Kelly, K. A., Nahm, M. H., Cross, A. H., & Russell, J. H. (1997) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.159.7.3096 · Cited by 150 · see citing works

Blood monocytes and spleen macrophages differentiate into microglia‐like cells on monolayers of astrocytes: Morphology

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Dual Role for Fas Ligand in the Initiation of and Recovery from Experimental Allergic Encephalomyelitis

Sabelko-Downes, K. A., Cross, A. H., & Russell, J. H. (1999) · The Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.189.8.1195 · Cited by 134 · see citing works

Turnover of Rat Brain Perivascular Cells

Bechmann, I., Kwidzinski, E., Kovac, A. D., Simbürger, E., Horvath, T., Gimsa, U., Dirnagl, U., Priller, J., & Nitsch, R. (2001) · Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1006/exnr.2000.7618 · Cited by 134 · see citing works

Role of the cervical lymphatics in the Th2-type hierarchy of CNS immune regulation1This work was supported by National Institute of Health Grant (RO1 NS33070-03) and The Brain Tumor Society.1

Harling‐Berg, C. J., Park, J. T., & Knopf, P. M. (1999) · Journal of Neuroimmunology · doi:10.1016/s0165-5728(99)00130-7 · Cited by 134 · see citing works

Regulation of prostanoid synthesis in microglial cells and effects of prostaglandin E2 on microglial functions

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Where is the blood–brain barrier … really?

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Astrocytes as eicosanoid‐producing cells

Murphy, S. P., Pearce, B., Jeremy, J., & Dandona, P. (1988) · Glia · doi:10.1002/glia.440010402 · Cited by 121 · see citing works

Circulating monocytic cells infiltrate layers of anterograde axonal degeneration where they transform into microglia

Bechmann, I., Goldmann, J., Kovac, A. D., Kwidzinski, E., Simbürger, E., Naftolin, F. N., Dirnagl, U., Nitsch, R., & Priller, J. (2005) · The FASEB Journal · doi:10.1096/fj.04-2599fje · Cited by 117 · see citing works

The immunogenicity of intracerebral virus infection depends on anatomical site

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The role of perivascular and meningeal macrophages in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis

Polfliet, M. M. J., van de Veerdonk, F. L., Döpp, E. A., van Kesteren-Hendrikx, E. M. L., van Rooijen, N., Dijkstra, C. D., & van den Berg, T. K. (2002) · Journal of Neuroimmunology · doi:10.1016/s0165-5728(01)00445-3 · Cited by 112 · see citing works

Morphological and Immunophenotypic Microglial Changes in the Denervated Fascia Dentata of Adult Rats: Correlation with Blood–Brain Barrier Damage and Astroglial Reactions

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Leukocyte infiltration and glial reactions in xenografts of mouse brain tissue undergoing rejection in the adult rat brain. A light and electron microscopical immunocytochemical study

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Demyelination in the central nervous system following a delayed-type hypersensitivity response to bacillus Calmette-Guérin

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Holey barrier

Matter, K., & Balda, M. S. (2003) · The Journal of Cell Biology · doi:10.1083/jcb.200304039 · Cited by 98 · see citing works

Disproportionate Recruitment of CD8+ T Cells into the Central Nervous System by Professional Antigen-Presenting Cells

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Glia-T cell dialogue

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Unveiling the enigma of the CNS as a B-cell fostering environment

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Perivascular microglia defined

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TGFβ1 regulates the inflammatory response during chronic neurodegeneration

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Blood monocytes and spleen macrophages differentiate into microglia‐like cells on monolayers of astrocytes: Membrane currents

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Metalloproteinases Control Brain Inflammation Induced by Pertussis Toxin in Mice Overexpressing the Chemokine CCL2 in the Central Nervous System

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Systemic Immune Deviation in the Brain That Does Not Depend on the Integrity of the Blood-Brain Barrier

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Mitosis and apoptosis of microgliain vivo induced by an anti-CR3 antibody which crosses the blood-brain barrier

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Fas expression on human fetal astrocytes without susceptibility to fas-mediated cytotoxicity

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Multiple sclerosis: trapped in deadly glue

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Macrophage Markers in Diagnostic Neuropathology

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The Unique Characteristics of Inflammatory Responses in Mouse Brain are Acquired During Postnatal Development

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Differential induction of interleukin-1β and tumour necrosis factor-α may account for specific patterns of leukocyte recruitment in the brain

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ACCUMULATION OF PROTEIN TRACERS IN PERICYTES OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM FOLLOWING SYSTEMIC INJECTION IN IMMATURE MICE

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