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The origin of extracellular fields and currents — EEG, ECoG, LFP and spikes
Open accessAbstract
Neuronal activity in the brain gives rise to transmembrane currents that can be measured in the extracellular medium. Although the major contributor of the extracellular signal is the synaptic transmembrane current, other sources--including Na(+) and Ca(2+) spikes, ionic fluxes through voltage- and ligand-gated channels, and intrinsic membrane oscillations--can substantially shape the extracellular field. High-density recordings of field activity in animals and subdural grid recordings in humans, combined with recently developed data processing tools and computational modelling, can provide insight into the cooperative behaviour of neurons, their average synaptic input and their spiking output, and can increase our understanding of how these processes contribute to the extracellular signal.
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“In contrast, ECoG electrodes are generally placed on the surface of the cerebral cortex and can collect signals without penetrating the tissue, with a larger recording area with relatively less damage to the brain.[270]”
From Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human–Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics (2022) · cites this paper as [270]
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“Subcutaneous invasive electrophysiological signals can be derived through brain interfaces,[270–272] using electrocorticography (ECoG)[273,274] on the cortical surface as well as local field potentials (LFP)[275,276] extracted from electrodes inserted into the cortex.”
From Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human–Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics (2022) · cites this paper as [270]
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“The signal recorded by EEG mainly reflects synchronised postsynaptic activity generated by large populations of cortical pyramidal neurons [17].”
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“As expected, the numerically dominant pyramidal cells, whose intracellular membrane potential oscillations to a large extent generate and underlie the extracellular LFP signal during theta oscillations (Buzsáki et al., 2012), preferentially discharged around the trough 0o/360o of the LFP analog theta rhythm (Figure 5A).”
From Interneuronal mechanisms of hippocampal theta oscillations in a full-scale model of the rodent CA1 circuit (2016) · cites this paper as Buzsáki et al., 2012
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Metadata
- Authors
- Buzsáki, G., Anastassiou, C. A., & Koch, C.
- Affiliations
- Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey (US)
- California Institute of Technology (US)
- Corresponding author
- Buzsáki, György
- Venue
- Nature Reviews Neuroscience
- Published
- 2012-05-18
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 407-420
- ISSN
- 1471-003X (ISSN-L)
- 1471-0048
- PMC
- PMC4907333
- OpenAlex
- W1973275441
- Cited by
- 4,225
- References
- 162
- Citations by year
- 2026: 299 · 2025: 395 · 2024: 340 · 2023: 413 · 2022: 406 · 2021: 354 · 2020: 343 · 2019: 308 · 2018: 291 · 2017: 273 · 2016: 249 · 2015: 205 · 2014: 193 · 2013: 124 · 2012: 29
- FWCI
- 13.93
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Nature reviews. Neuroscience (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- CaltechAUTHORS (California Institute of Technology) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation
- Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung (131470)
- Hebrew University of Jerusalem
- Universität Konstanz
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH054671, MH54671)
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NS074015, R01NS034994, R01NS074015, NS-34994)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural dynamics and brain function
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neural Engineering
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces
- Keywords
- EEG, electrocorticography, local field potentials, neuronal spikes, membrane currents, synaptic currents, action potential, voltage-gated ion channels, ligand-gated ion channels, membrane potential oscillations, high-density recording, neuronal synchronization
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Electroencephalography, Evoked Potentials, Extracellular Space, Humans, Neural Conduction, Neuroglia, Neurons, Synapses, Magnetoencephalography, Calcium Signaling, Electrical Synapses, Voltage-Sensitive Dye Imaging, Ligand-Gated Ion Channels
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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