The DOI matches its Crossref record; 166 of the 166 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Genetic variation, brain, and intelligence differences
Open accessAbstract
Individual differences in human intelligence, as assessed using cognitive test scores, have a well-replicated, hierarchical phenotypic covariance structure. They are substantially stable across the life course, and are predictive of educational, social, and health outcomes. From this solid phenotypic foundation and importance for life, comes an interest in the environmental, social, and genetic aetiologies of intelligence, and in the foundations of intelligence differences in brain structure and functioning. Here, we summarise and critique the last 10 years or so of molecular genetic (DNA-based) research on intelligence, including the discovery of genetic loci associated with intelligence, DNA-based heritability, and intelligence’s genetic correlations with other traits. We summarise new brain imaging-intelligence findings, including whole-brain associations and grey and white matter associations. We summarise regional brain imaging associations with intelligence and interpret these with respect to theoretical accounts. We address research that combines genetics and brain imaging in studying intelligence differences. There are new, though modest, associations in all these areas, and mechanistic accounts are lacking. We attempt to identify growing points that might contribute toward a more integrated ‘systems biology’ account of some of the between-individual differences in intelligence.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“This matters because intelligence, educational attainment, and other cognitive abilities are all highly heritable9,34.”
From The impact of digital media on children’s intelligence while controlling for genetic differences in cognition and socioeconomic background (2022) · cites this paper as [9]
In the citing paper
“Scores in measures of intelligence are highly predictive of a person’s future, including happiness, longevity, income, and educational achievement9.”
From The impact of digital media on children’s intelligence while controlling for genetic differences in cognition and socioeconomic background (2022) · cites this paper as [9]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Frames of Mind: The Theory of Multiple Intelligences
Klitgaard, R. E., & Gardner, H. (1984) · Journal of Policy Analysis and Management · doi:10.2307/3324560 · Cited by 13,639
Diamond, A. (2013) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-113011-143750 · Cited by 13,268
"General Intelligence," Objectively Determined and Measured
Spearman, C. (1904) · The American Journal of Psychology · doi:10.2307/1412107 · Cited by 6,207
Human Cognitive Abilities: A Survey of Factor-Analytic Studies
Carroll, J. B. (1993) · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511571312 · Cited by 4,121 · cited 3×
“For example, John Carroll re-analysed correlation matrices of diverse cognitive tests from 400+ studies conducted in the 20th century [5].”
BackgroundInfluentialThe Bell Curve: Intelligence and Class Structure in American Life.
Preston, S. H., Herrnstein, R. J., & Murray, C. A. (1995) · Population and Development Review · doi:10.2307/2137757 · Cited by 4,027
(1996) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.34-2458 · Cited by 3,746
Human cognitive abilities a survey of factor-analytic studies
Carroll, J. B. (2004) · Cited by 3,395
Intelligence: Knowns and unknowns.
Neisser, U., Boodoo, G., Bouchard, T. J., Boykin, A. W., Brody, N., Ceci, S. J., Halpern, D. F., Loehlin, J. C., Perloff, R., Sternberg, R. J., et al. (1996) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.51.2.77 · Cited by 2,913
The g factor: the science of mental ability
(1998) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.36-2443 · Cited by 2,763
23andMe Research Team, Lee, J. J., COGENT (Cognitive Genomics Consortium), Social Science Genetic Association Consortium, Wedow, R., Okbay, A., Kong, E., Maghzian, O., Zacher, M., Nguyen-Viet, T. A., et al. (2018) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/s41588-018-0147-3 · Cited by 2,470
Meta-analysis of the heritability of human traits based on fifty years of twin studies
Polderman, T. J. C., Benyamin, B., de Leeuw, C. A., Sullivan, P. F., van Bochoven, A., Visscher, P. M., & Posthuma, D. (2015) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng.3285 · Cited by 2,467
White matter integrity, fiber count, and other fallacies: The do's and don'ts of diffusion MRI
Jones, D. K., Knösche, T. R., & Turner, R. (2013) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.06.081 · Cited by 2,402
Hereditary genius: An inquiry into its laws and consequences.
Galton, F. (1869) · Macmillan eBooks · doi:10.1037/13474-000 · Cited by 1,950
Heritability in the genomics era — concepts and misconceptions
Visscher, P. M., Hill, W. G., & Wray, N. R. (2008) · Nature Reviews Genetics · doi:10.1038/nrg2322 · Cited by 1,921
Self-citationMassive IQ gains in 14 nations: What IQ tests really measure.
Flynn, J. R. (1987) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.101.2.171 · Cited by 1,918
Friedman, N. P., & Miyake, A. (2017) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2016.04.023 · Cited by 1,834
Intelligence and educational achievement
Deary, I. J., Strand, S., Smith, P., & Fernandes, C. (2007) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2006.02.001 · Cited by 1,723
Self-citationThe Parieto-Frontal Integration Theory (P-FIT) of intelligence: Converging neuroimaging evidence
Jung, R. E., & Haier, R. J. (2007) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x07001185 · Cited by 1,662
Hereditary Genius: An Inquiry into its Laws and Consequences
Galton, F. (1914) · Nature · doi:10.1038/093453b0 · Cited by 1,552
Power and predictive accuracy of polygenic risk scores
Dudbridge, F. (2013) · PLoS Genetics · doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1003348 · Cited by 1,509
Savage, J. E., Jansen, P. R., Stringer, S., Watanabe, K., Bryois, J., de Leeuw, C. A., Nagel, M., Awasthi, S., Barr, P. B., Coleman, J. R. I., et al. (2018) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/s41588-018-0152-6 · Cited by 1,267
Self-citationGeneral Mental Ability in the World of Work: Occupational Attainment and Job Performance.
Schmidt, F. L., & Hunter, J. (2004) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.86.1.162 · Cited by 1,238
Selective review of cognitive aging
SALTHOUSE, T. A. (2010) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s1355617710000706 · Cited by 1,166
Mainstream science on intelligence: An editorial with 52 signatories, history, and bibliography
Gottfredson, L. S. (1997) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/s0160-2896(97)90011-8 · Cited by 1,137
Multi-trait analysis of genome-wide association summary statistics using MTAG
23andMe Research Team, Turley, P., Social Science Genetic Association Consortium, Walters, R. K., Maghzian, O., Okbay, A., Lee, J. J., Fontana, M. A., Nguyen-Viet, T. A., Wedow, R., et al. (2018) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/s41588-017-0009-4 · Cited by 1,112
The neuroscience of human intelligence differences
Deary, I. J., Penke, L., & Johnson, W. (2010) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn2793 · Cited by 1,038
Self-citationIntelligence: New findings and theoretical developments
Nisbett, R. E., Aronson, J., Blair, C., Dickens, W., Flynn, J., Halpern, D. F., & Turkheimer, E. (2012) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/a0026699 · Cited by 1,031
Intelligence and socioeconomic success: A meta-analytic review of longitudinal research
Strenze, T. (2006) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2006.09.004 · Cited by 1,019
Grotzinger, A. D., Rhemtulla, M., de Vlaming, R., Ritchie, S. J., Mallard, T. T., Hill, W. D., Ip, H. F., Marioni, R. E., McIntosh, A. M., Deary, I. J., et al. (2019) · Nature Human Behaviour · doi:10.1038/s41562-019-0566-x · Cited by 958
Self-citationThe nature of nurture: Effects of parental genotypes
Kong, A., Thorleifsson, G., Frigge, M. L., Vilhjalmsson, B. J., Young, A. I., Thorgeirsson, T. E., Benonisdottir, S., Oddsson, A., Halldorsson, B. V., Masson, G., et al. (2018) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aan6877 · Cited by 949
Intelligence and the Frontal Lobe: The Organization of Goal-Directed Behavior
Duncan, J., Emslie, H., Williams, P., Johnson, R., & Freer, C. (1996) · Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1006/cogp.1996.0008 · Cited by 902
Sex Differences in the Adult Human Brain: Evidence from 5216 UK Biobank Participants
Ritchie, S. J., Cox, S. R., Shen, X., Lombardo, M. V., Reus, L. M., Alloza, C., Harris, M. A., Alderson, H. L., Hunter, S., Neilson, E., et al. (2018) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhy109 · Cited by 855
Self-citationEysenck, H. J. (1939) · British Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-8279.1939.tb03214.x · Cited by 839
Fjell, A. M., McEvoy, L., Holland, D., Dale, A. M., & Walhovd, K. B. (2014) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2014.02.004 · Cited by 799
Elliott, M. L., Knodt, A. R., Ireland, D., Morris, M. L., Poulton, R., Ramrakha, S., Sison, M. L., Moffitt, T. E., Caspi, A., & Hariri, A. R. (2020) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797620916786 · Cited by 714
Genetics and intelligence differences: five special findings
Plomin, R., & Deary, I. J. (2015) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/mp.2014.105 · Cited by 702
Self-citationDavies, G., Lam, M., Harris, S. E., Trampush, J. W., Luciano, M., Hill, W. D., Hagenaars, S. P., Ritchie, S. J., Marioni, R. E., Fawns‐Ritchie, C., et al. (2018) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-018-04362-x · Cited by 686
Self-citationHow Much Does Education Improve Intelligence? A Meta-Analysis
Ritchie, S. J., & Tucker-Drob, E. M. (2018) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797618774253 · Cited by 680
The heritability of general cognitive ability increases linearly from childhood to young adulthood
Haworth, C. M. A., Wright, M. J., Luciano, M., Martin, N. G., de Geus, E. J. C., van Beijsterveldt, C. E. M., Bartels, M., Posthuma, D., Boomsma, D. I., Davis, O. S. P., et al. (2009) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/mp.2009.55 · Cited by 618
Genome-wide association studies establish that human intelligence is highly heritable and polygenic
Davies, G., Tenesa, A., Payton, A., Yang, J., Harris, S. E., Liewald, D., Ke, X., Le Hellard, S., Christoforou, A., Luciano, M., et al. (2011) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/mp.2011.85 · Cited by 608
Self-citationThe new genetics of intelligence
Plomin, R. J., & von Stumm, S. (2018) · Nature Reviews Genetics · doi:10.1038/nrg.2017.104 · Cited by 525
Seidlitz, J., Váša, F., Shinn, M., Romero-García, R., Whitaker, K. J., Vértes, P. E., Wagstyl, K., Reardon, P. K., CLASEN, L. S., Liu, S., et al. (2017) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2017.11.039 · Cited by 496
Sniekers, S., Stringer, S., Watanabe, K., Jansen, P. R., Coleman, J. R. I., Krapohl, E., Taskesen, E., Hammerschlag, A. R., Okbay, A., Zabaneh, D., et al. (2017) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng.3869 · Cited by 490
Ageing and brain white matter structure in 3,513 UK Biobank participants
Cox, S. R., Ritchie, S. J., Tucker-Drob, E. M., Liewald, D. C., Hagenaars, S. P., Davies, G., Wardlaw, J. M., Gale, C. R., Bastin, M. E., & Deary, I. J. (2016) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms13629 · Cited by 487
Self-citationAggleton, J. P., O’Mara, S. M., Vann, S. D., Wright, N. F., Tsanov, M., & Erichsen, J. T. (2010) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2010.07251.x · Cited by 485
Deary, I. J. (2012) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-120710-100353 · Cited by 467
Self-citationProcess Overlap Theory: A Unified Account of the General Factor of Intelligence
Kovacs, K., & Conway, A. R. A. (2016) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1080/1047840x.2016.1153946 · Cited by 458
Barbey, A. K., Colom, R., Solomon, J. M., Krueger, F. W., Forbes, C., & Grafman, J. H. (2012) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/aws021 · Cited by 424
Changes in Thickness and Surface Area of the Human Cortex and Their Relationship with Intelligence
Schnack, H. G., van Haren, N. E. M., Brouwer, R. M., Evans, A. C., Durston, S., Boomsma, D. I., Kahn, R. S., & Pol, H. E. H. (2014) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bht357 · Cited by 407
Genetic correlations of polygenic disease traits: from theory to practice
van Rheenen, W., Peyrot, W. J., Schork, A. J., Lee, S., & Wray, N. R. (2019) · Nature Reviews Genetics · doi:10.1038/s41576-019-0137-z · Cited by 402
Brumpton, B., Sanderson, E., Heilbron, K., Hartwig, F. P., Harrison, S., Vie, G. Å., Cho, Y., Howe, L. D., Hughes, A., Boomsma, D. I., et al. (2020) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-020-17117-4 · Cited by 402
Davies, G., Armstrong, N., Bis, J. C., Bressler, J., Chouraki, V, Giddaluru, S., Hofer, E., Ibrahim-Verbaas, C. A., Kirin, M., Lahti, J., et al. (2015) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/mp.2014.188 · Cited by 384
Self-citationDavies, G., Marioni, R. E., Liewald, D. C., Hill, W. D., Hagenaars, S. P., Harris, S. E., Ritchie, S. J., Luciano, M., Fawns-Ritchie, C., Lyall, D., et al. (2016) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/mp.2016.45 · Cited by 373
Self-citationAssortative mating, or who marries whom?
Vandenberg, S. G. (1972) · Behavior Genetics · doi:10.1007/bf01065686 · Cited by 368
Looking down on human intelligence.
Deary, I. J., & Stough, C. K. K. (1997) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037//0003-066x.52.10.1148 · Cited by 366
Self-citationIntelligence as the Tests Test It.
Boring, E. G. (1961) · Appleton-Century-Crofts eBooks · doi:10.1037/11491-017 · Cited by 366
Just one g: consistent results from three test batteries
Johnson, W., Bouchard, T. J., Krueger, R. F., McGue, M., & Gottesman, I. I. (2004) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/s0160-2896(03)00062-x · Cited by 353
Working Memory and Executive Attention: A Revisit
Engle, R. W. (2018) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691617720478 · Cited by 339
Sniekers, S., Stringer, S., Watanabe, K., Jansen, P. R., Coleman, J. R. I., Krapohl, E. M. L., Taskesen, E., Hammerschlag, A. R., Okbay, A., Zabaneh, D., et al. (2017) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng1017-1558c · Cited by 333
Associations between vascular risk factors and brain MRI indices in UK Biobank
Cox, S. R., Lyall, D. M., Ritchie, S. J., Bastin, M. E., Harris, M. A., Buchanan, C. R., Fawns‐Ritchie, C., Barbu, M. C., de Nooij, L., Reus, L. M., et al. (2019) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehz100 · Cited by 332
Self-citationA distributed brain network predicts general intelligence from resting-state human neuroimaging data
Dubois, J., Galdi, P., Paul, L. K., & Adolphs, R. (2018) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2017.0284 · Cited by 328
Basten, U., Hilger, K., & Fiebach, C. J. (2015) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2015.04.009 · Cited by 324
Pietschnig, J., Penke, L., Wicherts, J. M., Zeiler, M., & Voracek, M. (2015) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.09.017 · Cited by 316
Hill, W. D., Marioni, R. E., Maghzian, O., Ritchie, S. J., Hagenaars, S. P., McIntosh, A. M., Gale, C. R., Davies, G., & Deary, I. J. (2019) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-017-0001-5 · Cited by 311
Self-citationInvestigating the genetic architecture of noncognitive skills using GWAS-by-subtraction
Demange, P., Malanchini, M., Mallard, T. T., Biroli, P., Cox, S. R., Grotzinger, A. D., Tucker–Drob, E. M., Abdellaoui, A., Arseneault, L., van Bergen, E., et al. (2021) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/s41588-020-00754-2 · Cited by 308
Self-citationBrain white matter tract integrity as a neural foundation for general intelligence
Penke, L., Maniega, S. M., Bastin, M. E., Hernández, M. C. V., Murray, C. L., Royle, N. A., Starr, J. M., Wardlaw, J. M., & Deary, I. J. (2012) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/mp.2012.66 · Cited by 303
Self-citationLooking Down on Human Intelligence
Deary, I. (2000) · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198524175.001.0001 · Cited by 296
Self-citationZhao, B., Luo, T., Li, T., Li, Y., Zhang, J., Shan, Y., Wang, X., Yang, L., Zhou, F., Zhu, Z., et al. (2019) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/s41588-019-0516-6 · Cited by 295
Distributed neural system for general intelligence revealed by lesion mapping
Gläscher, J. P., Rudrauf, D., Colom, R., Paul, L. K., Tranel, D., Damasio, H., & Adolphs, R. (2010) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0910397107 · Cited by 282
Most Reported Genetic Associations With General Intelligence Are Probably False Positives
Chabris, C. F., Hebert, B. M., Benjamin, D. J., Beauchamp, J. P., Cesarini, D. A., van der Loos, M., Johannesson, M., Magnusson, P. K. E., Lichtenstein, P., Atwood, C., et al. (2012) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797611435528 · Cited by 280
Trampush, J. W., Yang, M. L. Z., Yu, J., Knowles, E., Davies, G., Liewald, D. C., Starr, J. M., Djurovic, S., Melle, I., Sundet, K., et al. (2017) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/mp.2016.244 · Cited by 271
Self-citationIntelligence: A Very Short Introduction
Deary, I. J. (2020) · doi:10.1093/actrade/9780198796206.001.0001 · Cited by 258
Self-citationRietveld, C. A., Esko, T., Davies, G., Pers, T. H., Turley, P., Benyamin, B., Chabris, C. F., Emilsson, V., Johnson, A. D., Lee, J. J., et al. (2014) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1404623111 · Cited by 258
Self-citationNormative brain size variation and brain shape diversity in humans
Reardon, P. K., Seidlitz, J., Vandekar, S., Liu, S., Patel, R., Park, M. T. M., Alexander-Bloch, A., Clasen, L. S., Blumenthal, J. D., Lalonde, F. M., et al. (2018) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aar2578 · Cited by 255
Haplotype Reference Consortium, Evans, L. M., Tahmasbi, R., Vrieze, S. I., Abecasis, G. R., Das, S., Gazal, S., Bjelland, D. W., de Candia, T. R., Goddard, M. E., et al. (2018) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/s41588-018-0108-x · Cited by 239
Dominance Genetic Variation Contributes Little to the Missing Heritability for Human Complex Traits
Zhu, Z., Bakshi, A., Vinkhuyzen, A. A. E., Hemani, G., Lee, S. H., Nolte, I. M., van Vliet-Ostaptchouk, J. V., Snieder, H., Esko, T., Milani, L., et al. (2015) · The American Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2015.01.001 · Cited by 224
Self-citationDeary, I. J., Taylor, M. D., Hart, C., Wilson, V., Smith, G. D., Blane, D., & Starr, J. M. (2005) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2005.06.003 · Cited by 223
Self-citationCoupled cognitive changes in adulthood: A meta-analysis.
Tucker–Drob, E. M., Brandmaier, A. M., & Lindenberger, U. (2019) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/bul0000179 · Cited by 216
The Neuroscience of Intelligence
Haier, R. J. (2016) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316105771 · Cited by 209
Sex Differences in Variability in General Intelligence: A New Look at the Old Question
Johnson, W., Carothers, A. D., & Deary, I. J. (2008) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1745-6924.2008.00096.x · Cited by 202
Self-citationCognitive Aging and Dementia: A Life-Span Perspective
Tucker–Drob, E. M. (2019) · Annual Review of Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-devpsych-121318-085204 · Cited by 202
Influence of Gene Interaction on Complex Trait Variation with Multilocus Models
Mäki‐Tanila, A., & Hill, W. G. (2014) · Genetics · doi:10.1534/genetics.114.165282 · Cited by 191
Self-citationCalvin, C. M., Batty, G. D., Der, G., Brett, C. E., Taylor, A., Pattie, A., Čukić, I., & Deary, I. J. (2017) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.j2708 · Cited by 189
Self-citationGenome-wide analysis identifies molecular systems and 149 genetic loci associated with income
Hill, W. D., Davies, N. M., Ritchie, S. J., Skene, N., Bryois, J., Bell, S., Angelantonio, E. D., Roberts, D. J., Shen, X., Davies, G., et al. (2019) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-019-13585-5 · Cited by 186
Self-citationKarama, S., Ad-Dab’bagh, Y., Haier, R. J., Deary, I. J., Lyttelton, O., Lepage, C., & Evans, A. C. (2008) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2008.09.006 · Cited by 184
Self-citationA genome-wide association study implicates the APOE locus in nonpathological cognitive ageing
Davies, G., Harris, S. E., Reynolds, C. A., Payton, A., Knight, H. M., Liewald, D. C. M., Lopez, L. M., Luciano, M., Gow, A. J., Corley, J., et al. (2012) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/mp.2012.159 · Cited by 179
Self-citationKievit, R., Davis, S. W., Mitchell, D. J., Taylor, J. R., Duncan, J., TYLER, L. K., Brayne, C., Bullmore, E. T., Calder, A. C., Cusack, R., et al. (2014) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms6658 · Cited by 177
Molecular Genetic Contributions to Social Deprivation and Household Income in UK Biobank
Hill, W. D., Hagenaars, S. P., Marioni, R. E., Harris, S. E., Liewald, D. C. M., Davies, G., Okbay, A., McIntosh, A. M., Galé, C. R., & Deary, I. J. (2016) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2016.09.035 · Cited by 173
Self-citationRelatedness disequilibrium regression estimates heritability without environmental bias
Young, A. I., Frigge, M. L., Gudbjartsson, D. F., Thorleifsson, G., Bjornsdottir, G., Sulem, P., Masson, G., Thorsteinsdottir, U., Stefansson, K., & Kong, A. (2018) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/s41588-018-0178-9 · Cited by 173
Schiepers, O. J. G., Harris, S. E., Gow, A. J., Pattie, A., Brett, C. E., Starr, J. M., & Deary, I. J. (2011) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/mp.2010.137 · Cited by 170
Self-citationAre processing speed tasks biomarkers of cognitive aging?
Deary, I. J., Johnson, W., & Starr, J. M. (2010) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/a0017750 · Cited by 168
Self-citationGenç, E., Fraenz, C., Schlüter, C., Friedrich, P., Hossiep, R., Voelkle, M. C., Ling, J. M., Güntürkün, O., & Jung, R. E. (2018) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-018-04268-8 · Cited by 167
Structural brain imaging correlates of general intelligence in UK Biobank
Cox, S. R., Ritchie, S. J., Fawns‐Ritchie, C., Tucker–Drob, E. M., & Deary, I. J. (2019) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2019.101376 · Cited by 165
Self-citationDefinition and characterization of an extended multiple-demand network
Camilleri, J. A., Müller, V. I., Fox, P. M., Laird, A. R., Hoffstaedter, F., Kalenscher, T., & Eickhoff, S. B. (2017) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.10.020 · Cited by 162
Molecular genetic contributions to socioeconomic status and intelligence
Marioni, R. E., Davies, G., Hayward, C., Liewald, D., Kerr, S. M., Campbell, A., Luciano, M., Smith, B. H., Padmanabhan, S., Hocking, L. J., et al. (2014) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2014.02.006 · Cited by 159
Self-citationBurgaleta, M., Johnson, W., Waber, D. P., Colom, R., & Karama, S. (2013) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.09.038 · Cited by 159
Genomic analysis of family data reveals additional genetic effects on intelligence and personality
Hill, W. D., Arslan, R. C., Xia, C., Luciano, M., Amador, C., Navarro, P., Hayward, C., Nagy, R., Porteous, D. J., McIntosh, A. M., et al. (2018) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-017-0005-1 · Cited by 158
Self-citationThe Stability of Intelligence From Childhood to Old Age
Deary, I. J. (2014) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0963721414536905 · Cited by 156
Self-citationAnderson, E. L., Howe, L. D., Wade, K. H., Ben‐Shlomo, Y., Hill, W. D., Deary, I. J., Sanderson, E. C. M., Zheng, J., Korologou‐Linden, R., Stergiakouli, E., et al. (2020) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyz280 · Cited by 153
Self-citationA HIERARCHY WITHOUT A GENERAL FACTOR 1
Thomson, G. H. (1916) · British Journal of Psychology 1904-1920 · doi:10.1111/j.2044-8295.1916.tb00133.x · Cited by 150
Zhao, B., Zhang, J., Ibrahim, J. G., Luo, T., Santelli, R., Li, Y., Li, T., Shan, Y., Zhu, Z., Zhou, F., et al. (2019) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-019-0569-z · Cited by 150
Measuring minds: Henry Herbert Goddard and the origins of American intelligence testing
(1998) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.36-1275 · Cited by 145
Brain volume and intelligence: The moderating role of intelligence measurement quality
Gignac, G. E., & Bates, T. C. (2017) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2017.06.004 · Cited by 141
Systems genetics identifies a convergent gene network for cognition and neurodevelopmental disease
Johnson, M. R., Shkura, K., Langley, S. R., Delahaye‐Duriez, A., Srivastava, P. K., Hill, W. D., Rackham, O. J. L., Davies, G., Harris, S. E., Moreno‐Moral, A., et al. (2015) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.4205 · Cited by 140
Self-citationAn epigenetic predictor of death captures multi-modal measures of brain health
Hillary, R. F., Stevenson, A. J., Cox, S. R., McCartney, D. L., Harris, S. E., Seeboth, A., Higham, J., Sproul, D., Taylor, A. M., Redmond, P., et al. (2021) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-019-0616-9 · Cited by 139
Self-citationla Fougère, C. J., Grant, S., Kostikov, A. P., Schirrmacher, R., Gravel, P., Schipper, H. M., Reader, A. J., Evans, A. C., & Thiel, A. (2010) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.11.015 · Cited by 138
Cell-Specific Gene-Expression Profiles and Cortical Thickness in the Human Brain
Shin, J., French, L., Xu, T., Leonard, G. T., Perron, M., Pike, G. B., Richer, L., Veillette, S., Pausová, Z., & Paus, T. (2017) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhx197 · Cited by 132
Karama, S., Bastin, M. E., Murray, C. L., Royle, N. A., Penke, L., Maniega, S. M., Gow, A. J., Corley, J., Hernández, M. V., Lewis, J. D., et al. (2013) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/mp.2013.64 · Cited by 127
Self-citationA watershed model of individual differences in fluid intelligencePreprint
Kievit, R., Davis, S., Griffiths, J., Correia, M., Cam-Can, & Henson, R. (2016) · bioRxiv · doi:10.1101/041368 · Cited by 127
Tamnes, C. K., Østby, Y., Walhovd, K. B., Westlye, L. T., Due‐Tønnessen, P., & Fjell, A. M. (2010) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.20962 · Cited by 126
The effect of network thresholding and weighting on structural brain networks in the uk biobank
Buchanan, C. R., Bastin, M. E., Ritchie, S. J., Liewald, D. C., Madole, J. W., Tucker-Drob, E. M., Deary, I. J., & Cox, S. R. (2020) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.116443 · Cited by 126
Self-citationA watershed model of individual differences in fluid intelligence
Kievit, R., Davis, S. W., Griffiths, J. D., Correia, M., Cam‐CAN, & Henson, R. N. (2016) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2016.08.008 · Cited by 125
The effect of network thresholding and weighting on structural brain networks in the UK BiobankPreprint
Buchanan, C., Bastin, M., Ritchie, S., Liewald, D., Madole, J., Tucker-Drob, E., Deary, I., & Cox, S. (2019) · bioRxiv · doi:10.1101/649418 · Cited by 124
Self-citationBeyond a bigger brain: Multivariable structural brain imaging and intelligence
Ritchie, S. J., Booth, T., Hernández, M. D. C. V., Corley, J., Maniega, S. M., Gow, A. J., Royle, N. A., Pattie, A., Karama, S., Starr, J. M., et al. (2015) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2015.05.001 · Cited by 120
Self-citationLam, M., Hill, W. D., Trampush, J. W., Yu, J., Knowles, E., Davies, G., Stahl, E. A., Huckins, L. M., Liewald, D. C. M., Djurovic, S., et al. (2019) · The American Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2019.06.012 · Cited by 115
Self-citationUnique Mapping of Structural and Functional Connectivity on Cognition
Zimmermann, J., Griffiths, J. D., & McIntosh, A. R. (2018) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0900-18.2018 · Cited by 114
A general dimension of genetic sharing across diverse cognitive traits inferred from molecular data
de la Fuente, J., Davies, G., Grotzinger, A. D., Tucker–Drob, E. M., & Deary, I. J. (2020) · Nature Human Behaviour · doi:10.1038/s41562-020-00936-2 · Cited by 112
Self-citationCheesman, R., Hunjan, A. K., Coleman, J. R. I., Ahmadzadeh, Y. I., Plomin, R. J., McAdams, T. A., Eley, T. C., & Breen, G. D. (2020) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797620904450 · Cited by 110
Structural Connections of Functionally Defined Human Insular Subdivisions
Nomi, J. S., Schettini, E., Broce, I., Dick, A. S., & Uddin, L. Q. (2017) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhx211 · Cited by 106
Coupled Changes in Brain White Matter Microstructure and Fluid Intelligence in Later Life
Ritchie, S. J., Bastin, M. E., Tucker–Drob, E. M., Maniega, S. M., Engelhardt, L. E., Cox, S. R., Royle, N. A., Gow, A. J., Corley, J., Pattie, A., et al. (2015) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0862-15.2015 · Cited by 104
Self-citationBias in Mendelian randomization due to assortative mating
Hartwig, F. P., Davies, N. M., & Davey Smith, G. (2018) · Genetic Epidemiology · doi:10.1002/gepi.22138 · Cited by 99
Schilling, K. G., Petit, L., Rheault, F., Remedios, S. W., Pierpaoli, C. M., Anderson, A. W., Landman, B. A., & Descoteaux, M. (2020) · Brain Structure and Function · doi:10.1007/s00429-020-02129-z · Cited by 96
Strong genetic overlap between executive functions and intelligence.
Engelhardt, L. E., Mann, F. D., Briley, D. A., Church, J. A., Harden, K. P., & Tucker-Drob, E. M. (2016) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: General · doi:10.1037/xge0000195 · Cited by 91
Fernández, E., Collins, M. O., Frank, R., Zhu, F., Kopanitsa, M. V., Nithianantharajah, J., Lemprière, S. A., Fricker, D. G., Elsegood, K. A., McLaughlin, C. L., et al. (2017) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2017.09.045 · Cited by 91
Self-citationDeary, I. J., Paul Irwing, B., Der, G., & Bates, T. C. (2006) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2006.09.003 · Cited by 90
Self-citationBrain volumetric changes and cognitive ageing during the eighth decade of life
Ritchie, S. J., Dickie, D. A., Cox, S. R., Hernández, M. D. C. V., Corley, J., Royle, N. A., Pattie, A., Aribisala, B. S., Redmond, P. H., Maniega, S. M., et al. (2015) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.22959 · Cited by 88
Self-citationMalanchini, M., Rimfeld, K., Allegrini, A. G., Ritchie, S. J., & Plomin, R. J. (2020) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.01.016 · Cited by 88
Meta-analysis of epigenome-wide association studies of cognitive abilities
Marioni, R. E., McRae, A. F., Bressler, J., Colicino, E., Hannon, E. J., Li, S., Prada, D., Smith, J. A., Trevisi, L., Tsai, P.-C., et al. (2018) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-017-0008-y · Cited by 87
Self-citationPuzo, C. J., Labriola, C., Sugarman, M. A., Tripodis, Y., Martin, B. M., Palmisano, J. N., Steinberg, E. G., Stein, T. D., Kowall, N. W., McKee, A. C., et al. (2019) · Alzheimer s Research & Therapy · doi:10.1186/s13195-019-0521-0 · Cited by 85
DNA methylation and brain structure and function across the life course: A systematic review
Wheater, E., Stoye, D. Q., Cox, S. R., Wardlaw, J. M., Drake, A. J., Bastin, M. E., & Boardman, J. P. (2020) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.03.007 · Cited by 85
Self-citationSex differences in the adult human brain: Evidence from 5,216 UK Biobank participantsPreprint
Ritchie, S. J., Cox, S. R., Shen, X., et al. (2017) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/123729 · Cited by 81
Self-citationHill, W. D., Davies, G., van de Lagemaat, L. N., Christoforou, A., Marioni, R. E., Fernandes, C. P. D., Liewald, D. C. M., Croning, M. D. R., Payton, A., Craig, L. C. A., et al. (2014) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/tp.2013.114 · Cited by 76
Self-citationGenetic influences on cognitive functions in the elderly: A selective review of twin studies
Lee, T., Henry, J. D., Trollor, J. N., & Sachdev, P. S. (2010) · Brain Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.brainresrev.2010.02.001 · Cited by 70
Association between the cannabinoid receptor gene (CNR1) and the P300 event-related potential
Johnson, J. P., Muhleman, D. R., MacMurray, J. P., Gade, R., Verde, R., Ask, M., Kelley, J., & Comings, D. E. (1997) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/sj.mp.4000246 · Cited by 69
Subcortical intelligence: Caudate volume predicts IQ in healthy adults
Grazioplene, R. G., Ryman, S. G., Gray, J. R., Rustichini, A., Jung, R. E., & DeYoung, C. G. (2014) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.22710 · Cited by 68
Coleman, J. R. I., Bryois, J., Gaspar, H. A., Jansen, P. R., Savage, J. E., Skene, N., Plomin, R., Muñoz-Manchado, A. B., Linnarsson, S., Crawford, G., et al. (2019) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-018-0040-6 · Cited by 66
Corley, J., Cox, S. R., Harris, S. E., Hernandez, M. V., Maniega, S. M., Bastin, M. E., Wardlaw, J. M., Starr, J. M., Marioni, R. E., & Deary, I. J. (2019) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-019-0576-5 · Cited by 64
Self-citationMendelian randomization: the challenge of unobserved environmental confounds
Koellinger, P., & de Vlaming, R. (2019) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyz138 · Cited by 61
Brain Peak Width of Skeletonized Mean Diffusivity (PSMD) and Cognitive Function in Later Life
Deary, I. J., Ritchie, S. J., Maniega, S. M., Cox, S. R., Hernández, M. C. V., Michelle Luciano, A., Starr, J. M., Wardlaw, J. M., & Bastin, M. E. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00524 · Cited by 61
Self-citationJia, T., Chu, C., Liu, Y., van Dongen, J., Papastergios, E., Armstrong, N. J., Bastin, M. E., Carrillo‐Roa, T., den Braber, A., Harris, M. A., et al. (2019) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-019-0605-z · Cited by 60
Self-citationTwig, G., Tirosh, A., Derazne, E., Haklai, Z., Goldberger, N., Afek, A., Gerstein, H. C., Kark, J. D., & Cukierman-Yaffe, T. (2018) · Cardiovascular Diabetology · doi:10.1186/s12933-018-0798-5 · Cited by 59
Deary, I. J., Harris, S. E., & Hill, W. D. (2018) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2018.07.005 · Cited by 55
Self-citationInvestigating the Genetic Architecture of Non-Cognitive Skills Using GWAS-by-SubtractionPreprint
Demange, P., Malanchini, M., Mallard, T. T., et al. (2020) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2020.01.14.905794 · Cited by 55
Der, G., & Deary, I. J. (2017) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2017.08.001 · Cited by 51
Self-citationWhole-brain white matter organization, intelligence, and educational attainment
Bathelt, J., Scerif, G., Nobre, A. C., & Astle, D. E. (2019) · Trends in Neuroscience and Education · doi:10.1016/j.tine.2019.02.004 · Cited by 49
Evans, L. M., Tahmasbi, R., Vrieze, S. I., et al. (2017) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/115527 · Cited by 44
Whole-brain white matter organization, intelligence, and educational attainmentPreprint
Bathelt, J., Scerif, G., Nobre, A., & Astle, D. (2018) · bioRxiv · doi:10.1101/297713 · Cited by 44
Reflections on Stephen Jay Gould's the mismeasure of man (1981): A retrospective review
Carroll, J. M. (1995) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/0160-2896(95)90022-5 · Cited by 40
Anderson, E. L., Howe, L. D., Wade, K. H., et al. (2018) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/401042 · Cited by 40
Hill, W. D., Harris, S. E., & Deary, I. J. (2018) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2018.07.007 · Cited by 40
Self-citationNeuroanatomical Correlates of Intelligence in Healthy Young Adults: The Role of Basal Ganglia Volume
Rhein, C., Mühle, C., Richter‐Schmidinger, T., Alexopoulos, P., Doerfler, A., & Kornhuber, J. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0093623 · Cited by 38
Christensen, G. T., Mortensen, E. L., Christensen, K., & Osler, M. (2016) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2016.08.001 · Cited by 38
Lett, T. A. P., Vogel, B. O., Ripke, S., Wackerhagen, C., Erk, S., Awasthi, S., Trubetskoy, V., Brandl, E. J., Mohnke, S., Veer, I. M., et al. (2019) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhz270 · Cited by 37
Testing the key assumption of heritability estimates based on genome-wide genetic relatedness
Conley, D., Siegal, M. L., Domingue, B. W., Harris, K. M., McQueen, M. B., & Boardman, J. D. (2014) · Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1038/jhg.2014.14 · Cited by 31
Maniega, S. M., Meijboom, R., Chappell, F. M., Hernández, M. V., Starr, J. M., Bastin, M. E., Deary, I. J., & Wardlaw, J. M. (2019) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2019.00784 · Cited by 31
Self-citationGenomic analysis of family data reveals additional genetic effects on intelligence and personalityPreprint
Hill, W. D., Arslan, R. C., Xia, C., Michelle Luciano, A., Amador, C., Navarro, P., Hayward, C., Nagy, R., Porteous, D. J., McIntosh, A. M., et al. (2017) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/106203 · Cited by 30
Self-citationMcKenzie, J. S., & Rogers, D. (1973) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(73)90167-4 · Cited by 26
Jung, R. E., & Chohan, M. O. (2019) · Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.cobeha.2019.03.002 · Cited by 23
Davies, G., Lam, M., Harris, S. E., Trampush, J. W., Michelle Luciano, A., Hill, W. D., Hagenaars, S. P., Ritchie, S. J., Marioni, R. E., Fawns‐Ritchie, C., et al. (2019) · Leiden Repository (Leiden University) · Cited by 21
Self-citationKarama, S., Ad-Dab’bagh, Y., Haier, R. J., Deary, I. J., Lyttelton, O., Lepage, C., & Evans, A. (2009) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/s1053-8119(09)70678-0 · Cited by 18
Self-citationLam, M., Hill, W. D., Trampush, J. W., et al. (2019) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/519967 · Cited by 18
Self-citationSliz, E., Shin, J., Syme, C. A., Black, S. E., Seshadri, S. S., Paus, T., & Pausová, Z. (2020) · Communications Biology · doi:10.1038/s42003-020-01189-5 · Cited by 18
An epigenetic proxy of chronic inflammation outperforms serum levels as a biomarker of brain ageingPreprint
Conole, E., Stevenson, A. J., Green, C., Harris, S., Maniega, S. M., Valdés-Hernández, M. D. C., Harris, M., Bastin, M., Wardlaw, J., Deary, I., et al. (2020) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2020.10.08.20205245 · Cited by 7
Self-citationUnique mapping of structural and functional connectivity on cognitionPreprint
Zimmermann, J., Griffiths, J. G., & McIntosh, A. R. (2018) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/296913 · Cited by 3
Maniega, S. M., Meijboom, R., Chappell, F. M., et al. (2018) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/412064 · Cited by 2
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Timing of lifespan influences on brain and cognition
Walhovd, K. B., Lövden, M., & Fjell, A. M. (2023) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2023.07.001 · Cited by 112
Sauce, B., Liebherr, M., Judd, N., & Klingberg, T. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-11341-2 · Cited by 74
Personality Neuroscience: An Emerging Field With Bright Prospects
DeYoung, C. G., Beaty, R. E., Genç, E., Latzman, R. D., Passamonti, L., Servaas, M. N., Shackman, A. J., Smillie, L. D., Spreng, R. N., Viding, E. M., et al. (2022) · Personality Science · doi:10.5964/ps.7269 · Cited by 69
Fluid intelligence and the locus coeruleus–norepinephrine system
Tsukahara, J. S., & Engle, R. W. (2021) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2110630118 · Cited by 56
Thomas, M. S. C., & Dündar‐Coecke, S. (2023) · Cognitive Science · doi:10.1111/cogs.13217 · Cited by 45
Metadata
- Authors
- Deary, I. J., Cox, S. R., & Hill, W. D.
- Affiliations
- University of Edinburgh (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Deary, Ian J.
- Venue
- Molecular Psychiatry
- Published
- 2021-02-02
- Volume
- 27
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 335-353
- ISSN
- 1359-4184 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-5578
- PMC
- PMC8960418
- OpenAlex
- W3127205570
- Cited by
- 137
- References
- 158
- Citations by year
- 2026: 25 · 2025: 25 · 2024: 30 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 22 · 2021: 14
- FWCI
- 3.44
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- Molecular Psychiatry (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Edinburgh Research Explorer (University of Edinburgh) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Age UK (Disconnected Mind)
- RCUK | Medical Research Council (MR/R024065/1)
- U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health (1R01AG054628-01A1)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Abilities and Testing
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic Associations and Epidemiology
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Keywords
- intelligence, individual differences, genetic variation, heritability, genetic loci, brain structure, neuroimaging, grey matter, white matter, genetic correlation, systems biology, cognitive test scores
- MeSH terms
- Brain, Humans, Intelligence, Neuropsychological Tests, Genetic Variation, White Matter
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
