High-performance Na3V2(PO4)3/C cathode for efficient low-temperature lithium-ion batteries
Open accessAbstract
Existing cathode electrode materials used in commercially available lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) exhibit inadequate electrochemical performance at low temperatures, significantly constraining their utility in regions with cold climates. Promising in this context, the NASICON-structure Na 3 V 2 (PO 4 ) 3 (NVP) nanomaterial was successfully synthesized using a modified Pechini method and consequently evaluated in LIBs. Benefiting from the reduced particle size and mixed ions resulting from the replacement of Na with Li ions, the cathode exhibits an exceptionally high performance at both room and low temperatures, demonstrating at −20 °C the capacity of 83.05 mAh g −1 at 0.2 C, which is 84.33% of that at the room temperature. With such remarkable efficiency, NVP emerges as a compelling cathode candidate for low-temperature LIBs.
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TL;DR
Na3V2(PO4)3/C was synthesized by a modified Pechini method and evaluated as a lithium-ion battery cathode, showing high rate capability and promising low-temperature performance. At −20 °C it delivered 83.05 mAh g−1 at 0.2 C, corresponding to 84.33% of its room-temperature capacity.
Key findings
- The NVP/C cathode delivered discharge capacities of 85.77, 79.57, and 63.46 mAh g−1 at 5 C, 10 C, and 30 C at room temperature, respectively.
- At −20 °C, the initial discharge capacity was 83.05 mAh g−1 at 0.2 C, equal to 84.33% of room-temperature capacity; by the 100th cycle it decreased to 67.75 mAh g−1 (62.70% of room-temperature capacity).
- At room temperature, capacity decreased by 4.8% after 100 cycles at 0.2 C (from 100.53 to 95.7 mAh g−1), and 86.6% of initial capacity was retained after 800 cycles at 1 C.
- The material had rounded nanoparticles in the 50–150 nm range, a carbon coating of about 12 nm, and 13 wt.% carbon content; GITT showed Li-ion diffusivity at low temperature comparable to room temperature.
Methods
- NVP/C was synthesized by a modified Pechini method using V2O5, oxalic acid, citric acid, and NaH2(PO4) in a 1:6:6:3 molar ratio, followed by two-step annealing in argon at 600 °C for 10 h and 800 °C for 2 h.
- Characterization included XRD with Rietveld refinement, SEM, Cs-STEM/HRTEM, EDS, Raman spectroscopy, CHNS analysis, and XPS.
- Electrochemical tests used CR2032 coin cells with lithium metal anode, Whatman GF/D separator, and 1 M LiPF6 in EC/DEC/EMC (1:1:1 v/v); electrodes contained 80 wt.% NVP/C, 10 wt.% PVDF, and 10 wt.% Super P with about 2 mg cm−2 loading. Galvanostatic cycling, CV, and GITT were performed between 3.0 and 4.3 V vs. Li+/Li at room temperature, −20 °C, and −25 °C.
Limitations
- The paper does not state a dedicated limitations section.
- Evident from the text: testing used coin half-cells with lithium metal and in situ Na+/Li+ ion exchange via 24 h standing, not full-cell or commercial configurations.
- Evident from the text: low-temperature cycling was limited, especially at −25 °C (only 20 cycles), and capacity faded at low temperature; GITT calculations assumed stable electrode parameters and ignored changes during ion exchange and cycling.
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Claims the paper makes
12 of 57 cited sources checked · 3 supported · 0 flagged · accuracy not yet measured
- Findingcitation§ Results and discussion
In the deconvoluted O 1s spectrum, peaks at 532.62 and 534.9 eV represent C-O/C-O-P and C=O/P=O bonds, respectively.
“The presence of oxygenated functional groups was further confirmed by peaks at 532.62 and 534.9 eV in the deconvoluted O 1 s spectrum, which represented by C-O/C-O–P and C=O/P=O bonds, respectively (Fig. 5c)44.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [44] Ihsan-Ul-Haq, M. et al. Revealing cathode–electrolyte interface on flower‐shaped Na3V2 (PO4) 3/C cathode through cryogenic electron Microscopy. Adv. Energy Sustain. Res. 2, 2100072 (2021). source
Section 2.1 (Structure and Morphology; page not specified) says the deconvoluted O 1s spectrum corroborates oxygenated groups, but gives peaks at 531.4 and 532.5 eV, assigned to C=O and P–O–C, respectively. It does not support the claimed 532.62 and 534.9 eV values or their respective bond assignments. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Interpretationcitation§ Results and discussion
High irreversible capacity on the first cycle can be attributed to the extraction of residual sodium and formation of an SEI layer.
“High irreversible capacity on the first cycle as explained previously can be attributed to the extraction of residual sodium and formation of an SEI layer30.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [30] Bieker, G., Winter, M. & Bieker, P. Electrochemical in situ investigations of SEI and dendrite formation on the lithium metal anode. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 17, 8670–8679 (2015). source
The Results and discussion section reports that Coulombic efficiency increases during the first lithium-plating cycles, indicating formation of a passivating film. That supports the SEI-formation part, but the paper does not address extraction of residual sodium or establish it as a cause of high first-cycle irreversible capacity. (LLM, conf=0.78)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Interpretationcitation§ Results and discussion
The existing capacity decay during LT cycling can be partially caused by lithium plating and the growth of the solid electrolyte interface (SEI) layer.
“The existing capacity decay during LT cycling can be partially caused by lithium plating and the growth of the solid electrolyte interface (SEI) layer32,33,34,35,36.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim2 of 5 sources checked- cites [32] Petzl, M., Kasper, M. & Danzer, M. A. Lithium plating in a commercial lithium-ion battery–A low-temperature aging study. J. Power Sources 275, 799–807 (2015). source
- cites [33] Guo, Y., Li, D., Xiong, R. & Li, H. Investigation of the temperature-dependent behaviors of Li metal anode. Chem. Commun. 55, 9773–9776 (2019). source
- cites [34] Thenuwara, A. C. et al. Efficient low-temperature cycling of lithium metal anodes by tailoring the solid-electrolyte interphase. ACS Energy Lett. 5, 2411–2420 (2020). source
- cites [35] Love, C. T., Baturina, O. A. & Swider-Lyons, K. E. Observation of lithium dendrites at ambient temperature and below. ECS Electrochem. Lett. 4, A24 (2015). source
The paper states that low-temperature charging can cause lithium plating and that uniform plating leads to a loss of useful capacity. In Results and Discussion, it discusses how SEI-layer thickness affects dendrite growth, but it does not say that growth of the SEI layer causes capacity decay during low-temperature cycling. No page numbers are available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [36] Lin, H. P. et al. Low-temperature behavior of Li-ion cells. Electrochem. Solid-State Lett. 4, A71 (2001). source
- Findingown data§ Results and discussion
Peaks at 530.63 and 531.1 eV indicate the existence of phosphate groups in NVP/C.
“Additionally, the peaks at 530.63 and 531.1 eV indicated the existence of phosphate groups in NVP/C.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data§ Introduction
The NVP/C electrode shows a discharge capacity of 79.57 mAh g−1 at 10 C.
“The NVP/C electrode shows remarkable rate performance with a discharge capacity of 85.77 mAh g−1 at 5 C, 79.57 mAh g−1 at 10 C, and 63.46 mAh g−1 at the rate of 30 C.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
- Findingown data§ Introduction
The NVP/C electrode shows a discharge capacity of 85.77 mAh g−1 at 5 C.
“The NVP/C electrode shows remarkable rate performance with a discharge capacity of 85.77 mAh g−1 at 5 C, 79.57 mAh g−1 at 10 C, and 63.46 mAh g−1 at the rate of 30 C.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data§ Results and discussion
At room temperature, CV cycles of NVP/С//Li registered two oxidation peaks at ∼3.8 V and ∼4.0 V and two overlapping reduction peaks at ∼3.6 V and ∼3.8 V.
“As shown in Fig. 3a, CV cycles of NVP/С//Li registered two oxidation peaks at ∼3.8 V and ∼4.0 V and two overlapping reduction peaks at ∼3.6 V and ∼3.8 V at RT.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingcitation§ Results and discussion
Cycled NVP/C shows additional LiF (136.69 eV) and LixPOyFz (135.35 eV) peaks in the P 2p spectrum.
“Cycled NVP/C demonstrated additional LiF (136.69 eV) and LixPOyFz(135.35 eV) peaks, which also show the formation of the passivation layer46.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [46] Lee, H. et al. Detrimental effects of chemical crossover from the lithium anode to cathode in rechargeable lithium metal batteries. ACS Energy Lett. 3, 2921–2930 (2018). source
- Findingown data§ Results and discussion
Lithiated NVP showed clear peaks, indicating a successful ion-exchange process.
“Lithiated NVP also showed clear peaks, indicating the successful ion-exchange process.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data§ Conclusion
A retention of 86.6% of the initial capacity was achieved after 800 cycles at 1 C.
“The specific capacity decreased by only 4.9% after 100 cycles at 0.2 C, and a retention of 86.6% of the initial capacity was achieved after 800 cycles at 1 C.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data§ Conclusion
At room temperature, the NVP/C electrode exhibited discharge capacities of 85.77, 79.57 and 63.46 mAh g−1 at 5 C, 10 C and 30 C, respectively.
“At RT, the NVP/C electrode exhibited promising electrochemical properties, including discharge capacities of 85.77, 79.57, and 63.46 mAh g−1 at 5 C, 10 C, and 30 C, respectively.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingcitation§ Results and discussion
Formation of C-O and C=O bonds during cycling shifted the O 1s peaks to 532.38 eV and 535.53 eV, respectively.
“Formation of C–O, C=O bonds during cycling shifted these peaks to 532.38 eV and 535.53 eV, respectively45.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [45] Chalasani, D., Li, J., Jackson, N. M., Payne, M. & Lucht, B. L. Methylene ethylene carbonate: Novel additive to improve the high-temperature performance of lithium ion batteries. J. Power Sources 208, 67–73 (2012). source
- Findingown data§ Results and discussion
The peaks of NVP powder coincide well with the reference PDF card No00-062-0345 of NVP, indicating the absence of any impurities.
“The peaks of NVP powder coincide well with the reference PDF card №00-062-0345 of NVP, indicating the absence of any impurities25”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [25] Luo, S. H., Li, J. Y., Bao, S., Liu, Y. Y. & Wang, Z. Na3V2(PO4)3/C composite prepared by sol-gel method as cathode for sodium ion batteries. J. Electrochem. Soc. 165, A1460 (2018). source
- Findingown data§ Results and discussion
The intensity ratio between the D band and G band (ID/IG) for NVP/C is equal to 1.
“The intensity ratio between the D band and G band (ID/IG) for NVP/C is equal to 1”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingnone given§ Conclusion
NASICON-structured Na3V2(PO4)3 was successfully synthesized using a modified Pechini method.
“NASICON-structured Na3V2(PO4)3 was successfully synthesized using a modified Pechini method and evaluated for its performance as a cathode in LIBs.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data§ Results and discussion
At −25 °C, the discharge capacity decreased from 82.11 mAh g−1 (79.30%) in the 1st cycle to 58.17 mAh g−1 (56.18%) in the 20th cycle.
“At −25 °C, the discharge capacity decreased from 82.11 mAh g−1 (79.30%) in the 1st cycle to 58.17 mAh g−1 (56.18%) in the 20th cycle.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data§ Results and discussion
NVP/C displayed a complex surface chemistry after cycling, characterized by the presence of P-O-C bonds and various phosphate moieties.
“In summary, the NVP/C displayed a complex surface chemistry after cycling, characterized by the presence of P–O–C bonds and various phosphate moieties.”
- Also stated in: § Conclusion · plain
“The NVP/C electrode displayed a complex surface chemistry with the presence of P-O-C bonds and various phosphate moieties, contributing to its structural stability and efficient charge transfer.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Also stated in: § Conclusion · plain
- Findingown data§ Results and discussion
After tests at −20 °C and −25 °C, the coin cells were again tested at RT and showed excellent capacity retention.
“After tests at −20 °C and −25 °C, the coin cells were again tested at RT and showed excellent capacity retention.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data§ Results and discussion
The F 1s spectrum shows LiF (685.7 eV) and LixPOyFz (686.12 eV) peaks after cycling.
“Figure 5e also indicates LiF (685.7 eV) and LixPOyFz (686.12 eV) peaks after cycling.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data§ Results and discussion
When cycled at RT, the discharge capacity for 100 cycles dropped from 100.53 mAh g−1 to 95.7 mAh g−1 (4.8%).
“As can be seen, when cycled at RT, the discharge capacity for 100 cycles dropped from 100.53 mAh g−1 to 95.7 mAh g−1 (4.8%).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data§ Results and discussion
The log(DLi+) vs. voltage plots at RT demonstrate 1 minimum in both charge and discharge processes at ∼3.8 V and ∼3.7 V, respectively.
“The log(DLi+) vs. voltage plots at RT demonstrate 1 minimum in both charge and discharge processes at ∼3.8 V and ∼3.7 V, respectively.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- The authors state this as an assumption: In the diffusion coefficient calculations, the active mass, molar volume, molecular weight, surface area, and thickness of the NVP electrode remain stable with the ion exchange process and during charge/discharge, and changes are ignored.
- Findingown data§ Results and discussion
EDS confirmed homogeneous distribution of the elements in the active material.
“EDS of the powder depicted in Fig. 1b confirmed the homogeneous distribution of the elements in the active material.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data§ Conclusion
The specific capacity of the NVP/C electrode decreased by only 4.9% after 100 cycles at 0.2 C.
“The specific capacity decreased by only 4.9% after 100 cycles at 0.2 C, and a retention of 86.6% of the initial capacity was achieved after 800 cycles at 1 C.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data§ Results and discussion
In the charge process, the DLi+ app values were in the range of 5.86 × 10−13 to 9.19 × 10−9 cm2 s−1 at RT and from 2.48 × 10−14 to 6.14 × 10−9 cm2 s−1 at −20 °C.
“In the charge process, the DLi+ app values were in the range of 5.86 × 10−13 to 9.19 × 10−9 cm2 s−1 at RT and from 2.48 × 10−14 to 6.14 × 10−9 cm2 s−1 at −20 °C.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- The authors state this as an assumption: In the diffusion coefficient calculations, the active mass, molar volume, molecular weight, surface area, and thickness of the NVP electrode remain stable with the ion exchange process and during charge/discharge, and changes are ignored.
- Findingown data§ Results and discussion
At −20 °C, NVP/C//Li demonstrated one oxidation peak at ∼4.2 V and two reduction peaks at ∼3.5 and ∼3.3 V.
“At −20 °C, NVP/C//Li demonstrated one oxidation peak at ∼4.2 V and two reduction peaks at ∼3.5 and ∼3.3 V.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingcitation§ Results and discussion
The high-resolution V 2p XPS spectrum exhibits two peaks at 517.07 and 524.2 eV, corresponding to the V 2p3/2 and V 2p1/2 transitions, respectively.
“The high-resolution XPS spectrum of V 2p (Fig. 5f) exhibited two peaks at 517.07 and 524.2 eV, corresponding to the V 2p3/2 and V 2p1/2 transitions, respectively48.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [48] Bi, L., Li, X., Liu, X., Zheng, Q. & Lin, D. Enhanced cycling stability and rate capability in a La-doped Na3V2(PO4)3/C cathode for high-performance sodium ion batteries. ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng. 7, 7693–7699 (2019). source
- Findingown data§ Results and discussion
The carbon content of the NVP/C cathode was 13 wt.%.
“According to the CHNS analysis, the carbon content of the NVP/C cathode was 13 wt.%.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data§ Results and discussion
EDS of the NVP/C//Li electrode after cycling at RT and −20 °C for 100 cycles confirmed an unchanged homogeneous distribution of elements in the cathode.
“The EDS of the electrode, depicted in Fig. 6a, c, confirmed the unchanged homogeneous distribution of elements in the cathode.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingnone given§ Results and discussion
After reducing the current back to 0.1 C, the discharge capacity was restored.
“After reducing the current back to 0.1 C, the discharge capacity was restored.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data§ Results and discussion
At −20 °C, NVP/C shows discharge capacities of 91.38, 81.49, 67.14, 53.32, 38.92, and 18.24 mAh g−1 at rates of 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 1, 2 and 5 C, respectively.
“At −20 °C, NVP/C shows discharge capacity 91.38, 81.49, 67.14, 53.32, 38.92, and 18.24 mAh g−1 at rates of 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 1, 2 and 5 C, respectively.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data§ Results and discussion
HRTEM images confirmed a thick and perfectly coated carbon layer of about 12 nm.
“Figure 1d, f also confirmed a thick and perfectly coated carbon layer of about 12 nm”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data§ Results and discussion
The V 2p peaks decreased in intensity due to the CEI layer.
“As expected, these peaks demonstrated a decrease of intensity due to the CEI layer.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data§ Introduction
After 800 cycles at 1 C at room temperature, 86.6% of the initial capacity of the NVP/C electrode was retained.
“Even after 800 cycles at 1 C at RT, 86.6% of the initial capacity was retained, meaning superior structural stability.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data§ Results and discussion
These results correspond to 90.62, 80.81, 66.58, 52.88, 38.6, and 18.09% of the RT capacity at 0.2 C, respectively.
“These results correspond to 90.62, 80.81, 66.58, 52.88, 38.6, and 18.09% of the RT capacity at 0.2 C, respectively.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data§ Results and discussion
The voltage-capacity curves of the GITT shown in Fig. 4a conveyed the polarization of the NVP//Li between 3 V and 4.3 V at RT and −20 °C.
“The voltage–capacity curves of the GITT shown in Fig. 4a conveyed the polarization of the NVP//Li between 3 V and 4.3 V at RT and −20 °C, respectively.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data§ Results and discussion
The NVP particles are well coated with the carbon matrix.
“From Fig. 1c, it can be noticed that the NVP particles are well coated with the carbon matrix.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data§ Results and discussion
After cycling (NVP//Li), the C=O and C-O/C-O-P peaks in the C 1s spectrum increase.
“After cycling (NVP//Li), one can see the increase of C=O, C-O/C–O–P peaks due to the formation of CEI layer.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data§ Conclusion
After low-temperature cycling and returning to room temperature, the battery recovered its original capacity.
“Moreover, after cycling and returning to room temperature, the battery recovered its original capacity, further highlighting the robustness and resilience of the NVP electrode in harsh environments.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data§ Results and discussion
Discharge capacity was reduced from 94.8 mAh g−1 to 82.1 mAh g−1 (13.39%).
“As can be seen, discharge capacity was reduced from 94.8 mAh g−1 to 82.1 mAh g−1 (13.39%).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data§ Introduction
The NVP/C electrode shows a discharge capacity of 63.46 mAh g−1 at 30 C.
“The NVP/C electrode shows remarkable rate performance with a discharge capacity of 85.77 mAh g−1 at 5 C, 79.57 mAh g−1 at 10 C, and 63.46 mAh g−1 at the rate of 30 C.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data§ Results and discussion
SEM images of the NVP/C powder showed rounded nanoparticles distributed in the 50-150 nm range.
“SEM images of the NVP/C powder (Fig. 1a) demonstrated rounded nanoparticles distributed in the 50–150 nm range.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data§ Results and discussion
At RT, NVP/C//Li delivered discharge capacities of 104.64, 103.91, 101.05, 97.13, 85,77 79.57, 70.45, and 63.46 mAh g−1 at rates of 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 1, 2, 5, 10, 20 and 30 C, respectively.
“Figure 3d displays rate performance at RT with discharge capacity 104.64, 103.91, 101.05, 97.13, 85,77 79.57, 70.45, and 63.46 mAh g−1 at rates of 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 1, 2, 5, 10, 20 and 30 C, respectively.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data§ Results and discussion
The high-resolution C 1s spectrum of NVP shows three distinct peaks at binding energies of 284.42, 285.44 and 288.13 eV, corresponding to C=C, C-O/C-O-P and C=O bonds respectively.
“The high-resolution C 1 s spectrum was analyzed (Fig. 5b), where three distinct peaks at binding energies of 284.42, 285.44, and 288.13 eV was noticed. These peaks corresponded to the presence of C=C, C-O/C-O–P, and C=O bonds, respectively42.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [42] He, J., Tao, T., Yang, F. & Sun, Z. Unraveling Li+ intercalation mechanism and cathode electrolyte interphase of Na3V2(PO4)3 and Na3(VOPO4)2F Cathode as Robust Framework Towards High‐Performance Lithium‐Ion Batteries. ChemSusChem 15, e202200817 (2022). source
- Interpretationcitation§ Results and discussion
The complete disappearance of the reduction peak at ∼4.0 V after the 1st cycle can be explained by the vast excess of lithium ions, which inhibits the reduction of sodium.
“The complete disappearance of the reduction peak at ∼4.0 V after the 1st cycle can be explained by the vast excess of lithium ions, which inhibits the reduction of sodium22.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [22] Song, W. et al. A Na3V2(PO4)3 cathode material for use in hybrid lithium ion batteries. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 15, 14357–14363 (2013). source
- Interpretationown data§ Conclusion
The NVP/C electrode is a promising candidate for lithium-ion battery applications, particularly under challenging conditions such as low temperatures.
“The electrochemical test results demonstrated remarkable rate performance, cycling stability, and low-temperature capability, making the NVP electrode a promising candidate for applications in lithium-ion batteries, particularly in challenging conditions such as low temperatures.”
- Also stated in: § Conclusion · boosted
“The superior cycling stability, rate capability, and exceptional low-temperature performance underscore the potential of NVP/C in applications where reliable operation under challenging conditions is crucial, including low temperatures.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Also stated in: § Conclusion · boosted
- Interpretationcitation§ Results and discussion
The small particle size should improve low-temperature performance.
“and should improve LT performance8”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [8] Zhao, N., Li, Y., Zhao, X., Zhi, X. & Liang, G. Effect of particle size and purity on the low temperature electrochemical performance of LiFePO4/C cathode material. J. Alloy. Compd. 683, 123–132 (2016). source
- Interpretationown data§ Results and discussion
NVP/C undergoes a two-phase transition during the discharge process at −20 °C.
“It can be clearly seen that NVP/C undergoes a two-phase transition during the discharge process at −20 °C.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- The authors state this as an assumption: In the diffusion coefficient calculations, the active mass, molar volume, molecular weight, surface area, and thickness of the NVP electrode remain stable with the ion exchange process and during charge/discharge, and changes are ignored.
- Interpretationreasoning§ Results and discussion
The oxidation peak at ∼4.0 V and reduction peak at ∼3.6 V can be attributed to the extraction/insertion of residual sodium.
“Therefore, the oxidation peak at ∼4.0 V and reduction peak at ∼3.6 V can be attributed to the extraction/insertion of the residual sodium.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationnone given§ Results and discussion
The primary cause of the increased capacity decay at −25 °C can be attributed to changes in the physical properties of the electrolyte and its low freezing point, which impede the movement of lithium ions between the electrodes and slow down the kinetics of electrochemical reactions.
“The primary cause of the increased capacity decay at −25 °C can be attributed to changes in the physical properties of the electrolyte and its low freezing point, which impede the movement of lithium ions between the electrodes and slow down the kinetics of electrochemical reactions.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data§ Results and discussion
The thick carbon layer can be attributed to the high molar ratio of citric and oxalic acid.
“which can be attributed to the high molar ratio of citric and oxalic acid”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Premisecitation§ Results and discussion
Sodium cannot be fully substituted by lithium even ex-situ.
“Since sodium cannot be fully substituted by lithium even ex-situ”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Qin et al. [17]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Interpretationown data§ Introduction
The NVP/C electrode has superior structural stability.
“meaning superior structural stability.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data§ Abstract
The NVP/C cathode's high performance at both room and low temperatures benefits from reduced particle size and mixed ions resulting from replacement of Na with Li ions.
“Benefiting from the reduced particle size and mixed ions resulting from the replacement of Na with Li ions, the cathode exhibits an exceptionally high performance at both room and low temperatures, demonstrating at −20 °C the capacity of 83.05 mAh g−1 at 0.2 C, which is 84.33% of that at the room temperature.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation§ Introduction
LCO low-temperature performance is restricted by lithium-ion conductivity within two-dimensional (2D) channels.
“However, the low-temperature performances of both LFP and LCO are restricted by lithium-ion conductivity within one-dimensional (1D) and two-dimensional (2D) channels, respectively9,10,11.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites [9] Chen, S., Tang, Q., Chen, X. & Tan, L. Nitrogen-doped carbon coated LiFePO4/carbon nanotube interconnected nanocomposites for high performance lithium ion batteries. N. J. Chem. 39, 9782–9788 (2015). source
- cites [10] Ouyang, C., Shi, S., Wang, Z., Huang, X. & Chen, L. First-principles study of Li ion diffusion in LiFePO4. Phys. Rev. B 69, 104303 (2004). source
- cites [11] Dathar, G. K. P., Sheppard, D., Stevenson, K. J. & Henkelman, G. Calculations of Li-ion diffusion in olivine phosphates. Chem. Mater. 23, 4032–4037 (2011). source
- Interpretationreasoning§ Results and discussion
The high carbon content can be attributed to the high molar ratio of citric and oxalic acid.
“Such a high carbon content can be attributed to the high molar ratio of citric and oxalic acid.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Premisecitation§ Introduction
LFP low-temperature performance is restricted by lithium-ion conductivity within one-dimensional (1D) channels.
“However, the low-temperature performances of both LFP and LCO are restricted by lithium-ion conductivity within one-dimensional (1D) and two-dimensional (2D) channels, respectively9,10,11.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites [9] Chen, S., Tang, Q., Chen, X. & Tan, L. Nitrogen-doped carbon coated LiFePO4/carbon nanotube interconnected nanocomposites for high performance lithium ion batteries. N. J. Chem. 39, 9782–9788 (2015). source
- cites [10] Ouyang, C., Shi, S., Wang, Z., Huang, X. & Chen, L. First-principles study of Li ion diffusion in LiFePO4. Phys. Rev. B 69, 104303 (2004). source
- cites [11] Dathar, G. K. P., Sheppard, D., Stevenson, K. J. & Henkelman, G. Calculations of Li-ion diffusion in olivine phosphates. Chem. Mater. 23, 4032–4037 (2011). source
- Interpretationown data§ Results and discussion
NVP obtained by the modified Pechini method was synthesized successfully.
“which shows that NVP obtained by the modified Pechini method was synthesized successfully.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning§ Results and discussion
The decrease in lattice parameters and unit cell volume in cycled NVP/C//Li is more likely attributed to the smaller radius of Li+ (0.76 Å) than that of Na+ (1.06 Å).
“which more likely attributed to the smaller radius of the Li+ (0.76) ions than that of the Na+ ions (1.06 Å).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationown data§ Results and discussion
At low temperatures, Li ion diffusivity in the synthesized material is comparable to that at room temperature.
“The findings indicate that at low temperatures, Li ion diffusivity in the synthesized material is comparable to that at room temperature.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- The authors state this as an assumption: In the diffusion coefficient calculations, the active mass, molar volume, molecular weight, surface area, and thickness of the NVP electrode remain stable with the ion exchange process and during charge/discharge, and changes are ignored.
- Interpretationcitation§ Results and discussion
The additional LiF and LixPOyFz peaks after cycling show the formation of the passivation layer.
“Cycled NVP/C demonstrated additional LiF (136.69 eV) and LixPOyFz(135.35 eV) peaks, which also show the formation of the passivation layer46.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [46] Lee, H. et al. Detrimental effects of chemical crossover from the lithium anode to cathode in rechargeable lithium metal batteries. ACS Energy Lett. 3, 2921–2930 (2018). source
- Interpretationown data§ Conclusion
The thick carbon layer of the synthesized NVP/C contributes to its structural stability.
“The synthesized NVP/C exhibited a well-dispersed morphology with rounded nanoparticles and a thick carbon layer, contributing to its structural stability.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data§ Results and discussion
The increase of the C=O and C-O/C-O-P peaks after cycling is due to the formation of the CEI layer.
“After cycling (NVP//Li), one can see the increase of C=O, C-O/C–O–P peaks due to the formation of CEI layer.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning§ Results and discussion
The perfectly spherical shape and small size of the NVP/C particles can be attributed to the polycondensation reaction between ethylene glycol and citric acid, which inhibits particle growth during synthesis.
“The perfectly spherical shape and small size of these particles can be attributed to the polycondensation reaction between ethylene glycol and citric acid, which effectively inhibits particle growth during the synthesis process”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data§ Results and discussion
The thick carbon layer is considered essential for the modified Pechini method.
“and considered essential for the modified Pechini method.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationreasoning§ Conclusion
The outstanding rate capability and low-temperature performance of the NVP electrode are attributed to its fast ionic conductive structure and reduced particle size.
“The outstanding rate capability and low-temperature performance were attributed to the fast ionic conductive structure and reduced particle size of the NVP electrode.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data§ Results and discussion
The presence of fluoride in the cycled electrode indicates the formation of a CEI layer.
“The presence of fluoride indicates the formation of a CEI (cathode electrolyte interphase) layer, and small amounts of aluminum likely originate from the aluminum current collector.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
- Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 26
- May combine two claims. 34
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Interpretationcitation§ Results and discussionAn ID/IG ratio of 1 indicates a balanced amount of disordered and graphitic carbon structures.
“indicating a balanced amount of disordered and graphitic carbon structures27.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [27] Xiong, H. et al. A polymer‐assisted spinodal decomposition strategy toward interconnected porous sodium super ionic conductor‐structured polyanion‐type materials and their application as a high‐power sodium‐ion battery cathode. Adv. Sci. 8, 2004943 (2021). source
The Results and Discussion section identifies the D band as disorder-related and the G band as graphite-related, and reports ID/IG ratios of 1.01 and 0.98 for two samples. It does not say that a ratio near 1 establishes equal amounts of disordered and graphitic carbon; it uses the ratios to compare graphitization among samples. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
Premisecitation§ IntroductionTo compensate for low Li-ion conductivity and sluggish interfacial charge transfer kinetics, the cathode should have a small particle size and a structure with high ionic and electronic conductivity.
“In order to compensate for low Li-ion conductivity and sluggish interfacial charge transfer kinetics, the cathode should have a small particle size and a structure with high ionic and electronic conductivity6,7.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 2 sources checked- cites [6] Zhang, W. et al. Lowering charge transfer barrier of LiMn2O4 via nickel surface doping to enhance Li+ intercalation kinetics at subzero temperatures. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 141, 14038–14042 (2019). source
In the Supporting Information Placeholder section (page not given), the paper identifies slow Li diffusion and sluggish charge transfer as low-temperature limitations and says nanostructures can shorten Li-ion diffusion paths. It does not recommend a cathode structure with high ionic and electronic conductivity; for interfacial charge transfer, it instead proposes lowering the energy barrier through nickel surface doping. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [7] Piao, N. et al. Challenges and development of lithium-ion batteries for low temperature environments. Etransportation 11, 100145 (2022). source
- Rests on an assumption: Improving only electrolyte properties is insufficient because changes in the properties of electrodes also limit lithium-ion battery performance.
May combine two claims.
Interpretationcitation§ IntroductionThese properties make NVP especially promising for low-temperature applications, as sluggish ion transport and interfacial charge transfer typically limit performance under such conditions.
“These properties make NVP especially promising for low-temperature applications, as sluggish ion transport and interfacial charge transfer typically limit performance under such conditions14,15,16.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 3 sources checked- cites [14] Zhang, X. et al. Na3V2 (PO4)3: an advanced cathode for sodium-ion batteries. Nanoscale 11, 2556–2576 (2019). source
- cites [15] Wang, R., Zhang, S., Peng, S., Tong, Y. & Hu, X. Research progress of electrolyte additives for subzero-temperature aqueous sodium-ion batteries. Carbon Neutral. 3, 6 (2024). source
The Introduction (page unavailable) says low temperatures slow ion movement and reduce charge-transfer efficiency. Section 3.1 (page unavailable) reports NVP/NTP cells operating from −50 °C to 50 °C, but attributes that range to electrolyte additives, not to properties of NVP itself. The source therefore supports the low-temperature challenge and an example of NVP use, but not the stated reason NVP is especially promising. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [16] Lu, X. et al. Building fast ion-conducting pathways on 3D metallic scaffolds for high-performance sodium metal anodes. ACS nano 17, 10665–10676 (2023). source
May combine two claims.
Interpretationcitation§ Results and discussionThe increase in polarization at low temperature can be a result of a decrease in the ionic conductivity of electrolytes and a slowdown of the electrochemical reactions.
“In general, the increase in polarization at LT can be a result of a decrease in the ionic conductivity of electrolytes and a slowdown of the electrochemical reactions28,29.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 2 sources checked- cites [28] Gupta, A. & Manthiram, A. Designing advanced lithium‐based batteries for low‐temperature Conditions. Adv. energy Mater. 10, 2001972 (2020). source
- cites [29] Teranishi, T. et al. Low‐temperature high‐rate capabilities of lithium batteries via polarization‐assisted ion pathways. Adv. Electron. Mater. 4, 1700413 (2018). source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Premisecitation§ Results and discussionThe Raman peaks at 1335 and 1586.5 cm−1 are attributed to disordered carbon (D band) and sp2 carbon (G band), respectively.
“Two Raman peaks at 1335 and 1586.5 cm−1, are attributed to disordered carbon electronic configuration (D band) and sp2 carbon electronic configuration (G band), respectively26.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [26] Issatayev, N., Kalimuldina, G., Nurpeissova, A. & Bakenov, Z. Biomass-derived porous carbon from agar as an anode material for lithium-ion batteries. Nanomaterials 12, 22 (2021). source
May combine two claims.
Interpretationcitation§ Results and discussionHigh initial polarization can be explained by the low temperature of the coin cell, which then increases affected by heating during cycling.
“High initial polarization can be explained by the low temperature of the coin cell, which then increases affected by heating during cycling31.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [31] Ouyang, D. et al. Influence of low temperature conditions on lithium-ion batteries and the application of an insulation material. RSC Adv. 9, 9053–9066 (2019). source
In Results and discussion (page unavailable), the paper links low temperature to higher internal resistance and reports an initial rise in voltage difference associated with activation polarization. It does not show that heating during cycling increases polarization; the voltage difference subsequently decreases. The experiments also used cylindrical 18650 batteries, not coin cells (Materials and sample preparation; page unavailable). (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
Premisecitation§ Results and discussionThe formation of the cathode-electrolyte interphase (CEI) between the cathode and the electrolyte is crucial for the stability of lithium-ion batteries, especially for low-temperature cycling.
“The formation of the cathode–electrolyte interphase (CEI) between the cathode and the electrolyte is crucial for the stability of LiB, especially for LT cycling39,40,41.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 3 sources checked- cites [39] Kim, T., Ono, L. K. & Qi, Y. Understanding the active formation of a cathode–electrolyte interphase (CEI) layer with energy level band bending for lithium-ion batteries. J. Mater. Chem. A 11, 221–231 (2023). source
The Conclusions link formation of an unstable CEI layer to capacity decay, supporting the importance of the cathode–electrolyte interphase for battery stability. The Results and discussion do not establish the claim about low-temperature cycling: their “RT” condition means a rate capability test with changing current rates, not low-temperature cycling. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [40] Han, X. et al. CEI optimization: enable the high capacity and reversible sodium‐ion batteries for future massive energy storage. Adv. Energy Sustain. Res. 5, 2300166 (2024). source
- cites [41] He, J., Tao, T., Yang, F. & Sun, Z. Optimizing the electrolyte systems for Na3(VO1‐xPO4)2F1+2x(0≤x≤1) cathode and understanding their interfacial chemistries towards high‐rate sodium‐ion batteries. ChemSusChem 15, e202102522 (2022). source
May combine two claims.
Premisecitation§ IntroductionNa3V2(PO4)3 (NVP) has a NASICON-type structure, which provides 3D channels for fast Na-ion diffusion and high structural stability.
“Among various sodium-based cathodes, Na3V2(PO4)3 (NVP) has garnered significant attention due to its NASICON-type structure, which provides 3D channels for fast Na-ion diffusion and high structural stability.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 3 sources checked- cites [14] Zhang, X. et al. Na3V2 (PO4)3: an advanced cathode for sodium-ion batteries. Nanoscale 11, 2556–2576 (2019). source
- cites [15] Wang, R., Zhang, S., Peng, S., Tong, Y. & Hu, X. Research progress of electrolyte additives for subzero-temperature aqueous sodium-ion batteries. Carbon Neutral. 3, 6 (2024). source
Section 2 (page unavailable) mentions Na3V2(PO4)3 as an anode in a hybrid battery, and Section 3.1 discusses the stability of an NVP/NTP battery with electrolyte additives. Neither passage addresses NVP’s NASICON structure, three-dimensional Na-ion diffusion channels, or intrinsic structural stability; searches for those terms found no supporting passage. (LLM, conf=0.75)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [16] Lu, X. et al. Building fast ion-conducting pathways on 3D metallic scaffolds for high-performance sodium metal anodes. ACS nano 17, 10665–10676 (2023). source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Findingown data§ Results and discussionThe initial charge curve started at ∼4 V and then gradually climbed down to ∼3.9 V.
“As can be seen in Fig. 3с, the initial charge curve started at ∼4 V and then gradually climbed down to ∼3.9 V.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown data§ AbstractAt −20 °C, the NVP/C electrode delivered a discharge capacity of 83.05 mAh g−1 at 0.2 C, which is 84.33% of its room-temperature capacity.
“demonstrating at −20 °C the capacity of 83.05 mAh g−1 at 0.2 C, which is 84.33% of that at the room temperature.”
- Also stated in: § Introduction · plain
“Furthermore, at the temperature of −20 °C a discharge capacity of 83.05 mAh g−1 was obtained at 0.2 C, which equals 84.33% capacity retention of room temperature.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Also stated in: § Introduction · plain
May combine two claims.
Findingown data§ Results and discussionIn the discharge process, the DLi+ app values were in the range from 2.46 × 10−13 to 1.58 × 10−08 cm2 s−1 at RT and from 1.22 × 10−12 to 7.85 × 10−9 cm2 s−1 at −20 °C.
“In the discharge process, the DLi+ app values were in the range from 2.46 × 10−13 to 1.58 × 10−08 cm2 s−1 at RT and from 1.22 × 10−12 to 7.85 × 10−9 cm2 s−1 at −20 °C.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- The authors state this as an assumption: In the diffusion coefficient calculations, the active mass, molar volume, molecular weight, surface area, and thickness of the NVP electrode remain stable with the ion exchange process and during charge/discharge, and changes are ignored.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Findingcitation§ Results and discussionAfter etching, an additional P-P peak at 130.35 eV could be formed due to the decomposition of phosphates.
“After etching, an additional peak of P-P at 130.35 eV could be formed due to the decomposition of phosphates47.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [47] Bouchoule, S., Vallier, L., Patriarche, G., Chevolleau, T. & Cardinaud, C. Effect of Cl2-and HBr-based inductively coupled plasma etching on InP surface composition analyzed using in situ x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. J. Vacuum Sci. Technol. A 30, 031301 (2012). source
May combine two claims.
Findingown data§ ConclusionAt −20 °C and −25 °C, the NVP electrode maintained discharge capacities of 87 and 82.11 mAh g−1 at 0.2 C, corresponding to 86% and 79.3% of its room-temperature capacity, respectively.
“Even under low-temperature conditions (−20 °C and −25 °C), the NVP electrode maintained a discharge capacity of 87 mAh g−1 and 82.11 mAh g−1 at 0.2 C, corresponding to 86% and 79.3% of its room temperature capacity, respectively.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown data§ Results and discussionAt −20 °C, discharge capacity faded from 83.05 mAh g−1 (84.33% of RT capacity) in the 1st cycle to 69.14 mAh g−1 (70.21%) in the 20th cycle and then slowly decreased to 67.75 mAh g−1 (62.70%) by the 100th cycle.
“At −20 °C, discharge capacity faded from 83.05 mAh g−1 (84.33% of RT capacity) in the 1st cycle to 69.14 mAh g−1 (70.21%) in the 20th cycle and then slowly decreased to 67.75 mAh g−1 (62.70%) by the 100th cycle.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown data§ Results and discussionHRTEM shows an interplanar d-spacing of 0.364 nm at both RT and −20 °C, corresponding to the (00-6) plane of r-LVP with a residual amount of sodium.
“The HRTEM in Fig. 6b, d show an interplanar d-spacing of 0.364 nm at RT and −20 °C, which corresponds to the (00-6) plane of r-LVP with residual amount of sodium49.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [49] Wang, Y. et al. High-performance multiphase Li2.5Na0.5V2(PO4)3 nanocomposite cathode enabled by hierarchical porous structure. J. Alloy. Compd. 777, 784–794 (2019). source
May combine two claims.
Findingown data§ Results and discussionThe P-O-C bond in NVP/C is displayed by a peak at 133.37 eV in the deconvoluted P 2p spectrum, with two additional peaks at 132.62 and 133.86 eV representing P=O and phosphate moieties, respectively.
“The P-O-C bond in NVP/C was prominently displayed by a peak at 133.37 eV in the deconvoluted P 2p spectrum (Fig. 5d), with two additional peaks at 132.62 and 133.86 eV representing P=O and phosphate moieties, respectively.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Findingown data§ IntroductionAdding oxalic and citric acid to V2O5 changes the solution color from yellow to blue, indicating reduction of vanadium from V+5 to V+3.
“After adding oxalic and citric acid to the V2O5, the yellow color of the solution changes to blue, showing the reduction of vanadium from V+5 to V+3.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
Findingown data§ Results and discussionFigure 3f shows the cycling performance of the NVP/C//Li at RT during 800 cycles at 1 C after activation.
“Figure 3f shows the cycling performance of the NVP/C//Li at RT during 800 cycles at 1 C after activation.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Findingcitation§ Results and discussionThe fresh NVP electrode shows an additional C 1s peak at 290.38 eV attributable to CF2 (PVDF).
“The fresh NVP electrode shows an additional peak at 290.38 eV attributable to CF2 (PVDF)43.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [43] Mohammadi Ghaleni, M. et al. Fabrication of Janus membranes for desalination of oil-contaminated saline water. ACS Appl. Mater. interfaces 10, 44871–44879 (2018). source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Findingown data§ Results and discussionFigure 3b shows the initial charge-discharge profile of activation at 0.2 C in the potential range of 3.0-4.3 V for 3 cycles with discharge plateaus at around 3.8 V and additional on the first cycle at 4.0 V versus Li+/Li.
“Figure 3b shows the initial charge-discharge profile of activation at 0.2 C in the potential range of 3.0–4.3 V for 3 cycles with discharge plateaus at around 3.8 V and additional on the first cycle at 4.0 V versus Li+/Li.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown data§ Results and discussionHRTEM shows no significant changes in morphology and structure of NVP/C//Li after RT and low-temperature cycling, confirming its structural stability.
“Figure 6b, d also demonstrates no significant changes in morphology and structure after RT and LT cycling, confirming the structural stability of NVP/C//Li.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown data§ Results and discussionNVP/C//Li delivers an initial charge capacity of around 200 mAh g−1 and a reversible discharge capacity of 102 mAh g−1 at 0.2 C.
“As shown in Fig. 3b, NVP/C//Li delivers an initial charge capacity of around 200 mAh g−1 and a reversible discharge capacity of 102 mAh g−1 at 0.2 C.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown data§ ConclusionCharacterization by XRD, XPS and other techniques confirmed the successful synthesis of NVP/C and provided insights into its structural and surface chemical changes during Li+/Na+ intercalation/deintercalation.
“Characterization through XRD, XPS, and other techniques confirmed the successful synthesis of NVP/C and provided insights into its structural and surface chemical changes during Li+/Na+ intercalation/deintercalation.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown data§ Results and discussionAt −20 °C, the log(DLi+) vs. voltage plots exhibited one minimum in the charging process at ∼3.9 V and two minima in the discharge process at ∼3.65 V and ∼3.55 V.
“At −20 °C, they exhibited one minimum in the charging process at ∼3.9 V and two minima in the discharge process at ∼3.65 V and ∼3.55 V.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- The authors state this as an assumption: In the diffusion coefficient calculations, the active mass, molar volume, molecular weight, surface area, and thickness of the NVP electrode remain stable with the ion exchange process and during charge/discharge, and changes are ignored.
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
Findingown data§ Results and discussionFigure 3e shows the cycling performance of the NVP/C//Li at RT and −20 °C during 100 cycles, and at −25 °C during 20 cycles at 0.2 C after activation.
“Figure 3e shows the cycling performance of the NVP/C//Li at RT and −20 °C during 100 cycles, and at −25 °C during 20 cycles at 0.2 C after activation.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown data§ Results and discussionThe oxidation peak shifted from ∼3.8 V at RT to ∼4.2 V at −20 °C and two reduction peaks from ∼3.6 V and ∼3.8 V at RT to ∼3.5 V and ∼3.3 V at −20 °C.
“This indicates that an oxidation peak shifted from ∼3.8 V at RT to ∼4.2 V at −20 °C and two reduction peaks from at ∼3.6 V and ∼3.8 V at RT to at ∼3.5 V and ∼3.3 V at −20 °C.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingreasoning§ Results and discussionIn cycled NVP/C//Li, lattice parameters a and b and the unit cell volume decreased by ~0.4 Å and 87.569 Å3, respectively.
“parameters a and b, and subsequently, volume of the unit cell decreased by ~0.4 Å and 87.569 Å3 in the cycled NVP/C//Li”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Findingown data§ Results and discussionFigure 3c shows a charge-discharge profile in the potential range of 3.0-4.3 V at 0.2 C during cycling at −20 °C.
“Figure 3c shows a charge-discharge profile in the potential range of 3.0–4.3 V at 0.2 C during cycling at −20 °C.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingnone given§ ConclusionThe synthesized NVP/C exhibited a well-dispersed morphology with rounded nanoparticles and a thick carbon layer.
“The synthesized NVP/C exhibited a well-dispersed morphology with rounded nanoparticles and a thick carbon layer, contributing to its structural stability.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
Findingown data§ Results and discussionThe lithium-ion diffusion coefficients calculated from the GITT curves of the NVP//Li as a function of voltage during charge and discharge at RT and −20 °C are shown in Fig. 4b.
“The lithium-ion diffusion coefficients calculated from the GITT curves of the NVP//Li as a function of voltage during charge and discharge at RT and −20 °C are shown in Fig. 4b, respectively.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- The authors state this as an assumption: In the diffusion coefficient calculations, the active mass, molar volume, molecular weight, surface area, and thickness of the NVP electrode remain stable with the ion exchange process and during charge/discharge, and changes are ignored.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Findingown data§ Results and discussionThe Raman spectrum of NVP/C has two peaks at 1335 and 1586.5 cm−1.
“Two Raman peaks at 1335 and 1586.5 cm−1, are attributed to disordered carbon electronic configuration (D band) and sp2 carbon electronic configuration (G band), respectively26.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown data§ Results and discussionXPS survey spectra of NVP showed the absence of Na on the surface after cycling and an insignificant amount of Na after etching, indicating successful ion-exchange after the first cycle.
“As displayed in Fig. 5a, XPS survey spectra of NVP verified the absence of Na after cycling on surface and an insignificant amount of Na after etching which shows successful ion-exchange after the first cycle.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown data§ Results and discussionHRTEM images revealed high crystallinity of the NVP/C with an interplanar d-spacing of 0.624 nm, corresponding to the (012) interplane of rhombohedral NASICON-type NVP.
“In addition, these HRTEM images revealed a high crystallinity of the NVP/C with the interplanar d-spacing of 0.624 nm, which corresponds to the (012) interplane of rhombohedral NASICON-type NVP24.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [24] Duan, W. et al. Na3V2(PO4) 3@C core–shell nanocomposites for rechargeable sodium-ion batteries. J. Mater. Chem. A 2, 8668–8675 (2014). source
May combine two claims.
Premisecitation§ IntroductionLow temperatures inhibit lithium-ion battery performance and limit their application at high altitudes and cold weather.
“However, low temperatures (LT) inhibit LIBs performance and limit their application at high altitudes and cold weather.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [4] Belgibayeva, A. et al. Lithium-ion batteries for low-temperature applications: Limiting factors and solutions. J. Power Sources 557, 232550 (2023). source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Premisecitation§ IntroductionQin et al. reported that the rhombohedral phase of Li3V2(PO4)3 exhibited 80% room-temperature capacity retention at −30 °C due to 3D lithium-ion channels.
“Qin et al. reported that the rhombohedral phase of Li3V2(PO4)3 exhibited 80% RT capacity retention at −30 °C due to 3D lithium-ion channels20.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [20] Qin, R., Wei, Y., Zhai, T. & Li, H. LISICON structured Li3V2 (PO4)3 with high rate and ultralong life for low-temperature lithium-ion batteries. J. Mater. Chem. A 6, 9737–9746 (2018). source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Interpretationown data§ Results and discussionThe small amounts of aluminum detected in the cycled electrode likely originate from the aluminum current collector.
“The presence of fluoride indicates the formation of a CEI (cathode electrolyte interphase) layer, and small amounts of aluminum likely originate from the aluminum current collector.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Premisecitation§ IntroductionLCO (Dong et al.) can deliver 30% capacity retention after 100 cycles at 1 C at −25 °C.
“For example, LFP (Zhao et al.)12 shows 58.7% retention of RT capacity at 0.5 C at −20 °C, and LCO (Dong et al.)13 can deliver 30% capacity retention after 100 cycles at 1 C at −25 °C.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [13] Dong, W. et al. Superwettable high-voltage LiCoO2 for low-temperature lithium ion batteries. ACS Energy Lett. 8, 881–888 (2023). source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Premisecitation§ IntroductionLFP (Zhao et al.) shows 58.7% retention of room-temperature capacity at 0.5 C at −20 °C.
“For example, LFP (Zhao et al.)12 shows 58.7% retention of RT capacity at 0.5 C at −20 °C, and LCO (Dong et al.)13 can deliver 30% capacity retention after 100 cycles at 1 C at −25 °C.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [12] Zhao, N., Zhi, X., Wang, L., Liu, Y. & Liang, G. Effect of microstructure on low temperature electrochemical properties of LiFePO4/C cathode material. J. Alloy. Compd. 645, 301–308 (2015). source
May combine two claims.
Interpretationown data§ Results and discussionThe discharge plateau at 3.8 V corresponds to the removal of two equivalent Li of r-LVP, and the discharge plateau at 4.0 V in the 1st cycle can be explained by desodiation.
“Consequently, the discharge plateau at 3.8 V corresponds to the removal of two equivalent Li of r-LVP, and the discharge plateau at 4.0 V in the 1st cycle can be explained by desodiation.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.
Premisereasoning§ Results and discussionSodium ions are larger and heavier than lithium ions, so they should have a higher reduction peak.
“Sodium ions are larger and heavier than lithium ions and, therefore, should have a higher reduction peak.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Interpretationcitation§ Results and discussionA pair of oxidation/reduction peaks at ∼3.8 V/∼3.6 V is attributed to the extraction/insertion of lithium ions, which is a sign of the formation of a rhombohedral phase of LVP instead of a monoclinal phase with several peaks.
“Hence, a pair of oxidation/reduction peaks at ∼3.8 V/∼3.6 V is attributed to the extraction/insertion of lithium ions, which is a sign of the formation of a rhombohedral phase of LVP instead of a monoclinal phase with several peaks17.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [17] Yang, J. et al. Interface-controlled rhombohedral Li3V2 (PO4)3 embedded in carbon nanofibers with ultrafast kinetics for Li-ion batteries. J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 11, 4059–4069 (2020). source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Premisecitation§ IntroductionJian et al. performed the ion-exchange process twice, achieving reversible capacities of 97.7 and 76 mAh g−1 at 2 C and 5 C, respectively.
“To enhance the degree of ion exchange, Jian et al. performed the process twice, achieving reversible capacities of 97.7 and 76 mAh g−1 at 2 C and 5 C, respectively18.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [18] Jian, Z. et al. Carbon-coated rhombohedral Li3V2 (PO4)3 as both cathode and anode materials for lithium-ion batteries: electrochemical performance and lithium storage mechanism. J. Mater. Chem. A 2, 20231–20236 (2014). source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Premisecitation§ IntroductionSong et al. improved specific capacity from 128 to 148 mAh g−1 by increasing the standing time from 1 to 24 h.
“Song et al. improved specific capacity from 128 to 148 mAh g−1 by increasing the standing time from 1 to 24 h22.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [22] Song, W. et al. A Na3V2(PO4)3 cathode material for use in hybrid lithium ion batteries. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 15, 14357–14363 (2013). source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Premisecitation§ IntroductionLi et al. synthesized rhombohedral Li2.4Na0.6V2(PO4)3/C nanoplates using a simple sol-gel method with a capacity retention of 76.7% after 500 cycles at 10 C in the 3.0-4.3 V range.
“Li et al. synthesized rhombohedral Li2.4Na0.6V2(PO4)3/C nanoplates using a simple sol-gel method with a capacity retention of 76.7% after 500 cycles at 10 C in the 3.0–4.3 V range19.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [19] Li, M. et al. Rhombohedral Li2.4Na0.6V2 (PO 4) 3@ C nanoplates as high-rate and long-life cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries. J. Mater. Sci. 53, 10327–10337 (2018). source
May combine two claims.
Interpretationreasoning§ Results and discussionThe good electrochemical performance of NVP/C//Li at both RT and LT can be attributed to 3D structure and small particle size, which facilitate ion transportation and carbon coating, which increases electronic conductivity.
“Overall, the good electrochemical performance of NVP/C//Li at both RT and LT can be attributed to 3D structure and small particle size, which facilitate ion transportation and carbon coating, which increases electronic conductivity.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Premisecitation§ IntroductionLiang et al. synthesized Mo-doped NVP/C in pouch-type full cells with commercial Li4Ti5O12 (LTO), maintained approximately 72.5% of room-temperature capacity at −25 °C.
“Liang et al. synthesized Mo-doped NVP/C in pouch-type full cells with commercial Li4Ti5O12 (LTO), maintained approximately 72.5% of RT capacity at −25 °C21.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [21] Liang, L. et al. Construction and operating mechanism of high‐rate Mo‐doped Na3V2 (PO4)3@ C nanowires toward practicable wide‐temperature‐tolerance Na‐ion and hybrid Li/Na‐ion batteries. Adv. Energy Mater. 11, 2100287 (2021). source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Premisecitation§ IntroductionDecreasing the particle size of lithium iron phosphate (LFP) increased its specific capacity at −20 °C from 78.2 to 112.6 mAh g−1.
“For example, Zhao et al. increased specific capacity at −20 °C from 78.2 to 112.6 mAh g−1 by decreasing the particle size of lithium iron phosphate (LFP)8.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [8] Zhao, N., Li, Y., Zhao, X., Zhi, X. & Liang, G. Effect of particle size and purity on the low temperature electrochemical performance of LiFePO4/C cathode material. J. Alloy. Compd. 683, 123–132 (2016). source
May combine two claims.
Interpretationreasoning§ Results and discussionThe surface features of cycled NVP/C (P-O-C bonds and phosphate moieties) likely contribute to the structural stability and efficient charge transfer of the electrode, making it suitable for extended cycling.
“These surface features likely contribute to the structural stability and efficient charge transfer of the electrode, making it suitable for extended cycling.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Premisecitation§ IntroductionYang et al. presented a composite of r-LVP obtained through ion-exchange method and carbon nanofibers which maintains 69 mAh g−1 even at 100 C rate as a cathode material.
“Yang et al. presented a composite of r-LVP obtained through ion-exchange method and carbon nanofibers which remarkably maintains 69 mAh g−1 even at 100 C rate as a cathode material17.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [17] Yang, J. et al. Interface-controlled rhombohedral Li3V2 (PO4)3 embedded in carbon nanofibers with ultrafast kinetics for Li-ion batteries. J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 11, 4059–4069 (2020). source
May combine two claims.
Premisecitation§ IntroductionThe main reason for the performance drop at low temperatures is the change in the properties of the liquid electrolyte and its low freezing point, which inhibits Li-ion conductivity between the cathode and anode, thereby reducing the electrochemical reaction rate.
“The main reason for the performance drop at low temperatures is the change in the properties of the liquid electrolyte and its low freezing point, which inhibits Li-ion conductivity between the cathode and anode, thereby reducing the electrochemical reaction rate2,5.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [2] Jaguemont, J., Boulon, L. & Dubé, Y. A comprehensive review of lithium-ion batteries used in hybrid and electric vehicles at cold temperatures. Appl. Energy 164, 99–114 (2016). source
- cites [5] Viswanathan, V. et al. The challenges and opportunities of battery-powered flight. Nature 601, 519–525 (2022). source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Premisecitation§ IntroductionThe modified Pechini method can be used to decrease particle size and improve electronic conductivity; it includes a polycondensation reaction between ethylene glycol and citric acid leading to the formation of a polymeric matrix that inhibits the growth of particles and creates conductive carbon coating.
“To decrease particle size and improve electronic conductivity modified Pechini method can be used, which includes a polycondensation reaction between ethylene glycol and citric acid leading to the formation of a polymeric matrix that inhibits the growth of particles and creates conductive carbon coating23.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [23] Chekannikov, A. et al. Na3V2(PO4)3/C/Ag nanocomposite materials for Na-ion batteries obtained by the modified Pechini method. J. Solid State Electrochem. 21, 1615–1624 (2017). source
May combine two claims.
Interpretationcitation§ Results and discussionNa+ ions start to deintercalate after depletion of lithium-ion which cannot be replaced fast enough due to decrease of viscosity of electrolyte at LT at about 3.45 V.
“Na+ ions start to deintercalate after depletion of lithium-ion which cannot be replaced fast enough due to decrease of viscosity of electrolyte at LT at about 3.45 V38.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [38] Shangguan, X. et al. Additive‐assisted novel dual‐salt electrolyte addresses wide temperature operation of lithium–metal batteries. Small 15, 1900269 (2019). source
- The authors state this as an assumption: In the diffusion coefficient calculations, the active mass, molar volume, molecular weight, surface area, and thickness of the NVP electrode remain stable with the ion exchange process and during charge/discharge, and changes are ignored.
The paper relies on this without support.
Improving only electrolyte properties is insufficient because changes in the properties of electrodes also limit lithium-ion battery performance.
“Nevertheless, improving only electrolyte properties is insufficient, since changes in the properties of electrodes also limits performance of LIBs.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Poly-anion Li3V2(PO4)3 (LVP) features three-dimensional (3D) lithium-ion channels, which enable faster ionic mobility.
“In contrast, poly-anion Li3V2(PO4)3 (LVP) features three-dimensional (3D) lithium-ion channels, which enable faster ionic mobility.”
The paper relies on this without support.
LVP can form rhombohedral (r-LVP) and monoclinic (m-LVP) phases.
“LVP can form rhombohedral (r-LVP), known as a LISICON (lithium superionic conductor) structure, and monoclinic (m-LVP) phases, among which the former has a single potential plateau and faster ionic conductive structure and therefore is more suitable for LT LIBs.”
The paper relies on this without support.
r-LVP has a single potential plateau and faster ionic conductive structure and is more suitable for low-temperature lithium-ion batteries.
“LVP can form rhombohedral (r-LVP), known as a LISICON (lithium superionic conductor) structure, and monoclinic (m-LVP) phases, among which the former has a single potential plateau and faster ionic conductive structure and therefore is more suitable for LT LIBs.”
The paper relies on this without support.
r-LVP is less thermodynamically stable than m-LVP.
“But since r-LVP is less thermodynamically stable than the monoclinic phase (m-LVP), r-LVP can be obtained through the Na–Li ion-exchange process from the corresponding sodium analogue Na3V2(PO4)3 (NVP).”
The paper relies on this without support.
r-LVP can be obtained through the Na–Li ion-exchange process from Na3V2(PO4)3 (NVP).
“But since r-LVP is less thermodynamically stable than the monoclinic phase (m-LVP), r-LVP can be obtained through the Na–Li ion-exchange process from the corresponding sodium analogue Na3V2(PO4)3 (NVP).”
The paper relies on this without support.
Ion-exchange can be conducted inside the battery by using a lithium metal anode with increased standing time to overcome lithium loss during centrifugation and washing.
“To overcome lithium loss during centrifugation and washing, ion-exchange can be conducted inside of the battery by using a lithium metal anode with increased standing time.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
In the diffusion coefficient calculations, the active mass, molar volume, molecular weight, surface area, and thickness of the NVP electrode remain stable with the ion exchange process and during charge/discharge, and changes are ignored.
“In calculations, it is assumed that these parameters remain stable with the ion exchange process and during charge/discharge in the NVP, and the changes are ignored.”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
The 100th-cycle −20 °C percentage is understated
MajorUsing the room-temperature capacity of 100.53 mAh g−1 reported for the same cycling results, 67.75 mAh g−1 is 67.39% of RT capacity, not 62.70%.
Reported 62.7 · recomputed 67.392818
“then slowly decreased to 67.75 mAh g−1 (62.70%) by the 100th cycle.”
Conclusion gives a different −20 °C capacity
MinorThe conclusion reports 87 mAh g−1 at −20 °C and 0.2 C, whereas the results report 83.05 mAh g−1 under those conditions. The accompanying percentages also differ.
“Even under low-temperature conditions (−20 °C and −25 °C), the NVP electrode maintained a discharge capacity of 87 mAh g−1 and 82.11 mAh g−1 at 0.2 C, corresponding to 86% and 79.3% of its room temperature capacity, respectively.”
“At −20 °C, discharge capacity faded from 83.05 mAh g−1 (84.33% of RT capacity) in the 1st cycle”
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Self-citationA Na3V2(PO4)3 cathode material for use in hybrid lithium ion batteries
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Yang, J., Zhang, J., Lau, V. W.-H., Park, M., Lee, S., Kim, J., & Kang, Y.-M. (2020) · The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters · doi:10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c01035 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Research progress of electrolyte additives for subzero-temperature aqueous sodium-ion batteries
Wang, R., Zhang, S., Peng, S., Tong, Y., & Hu, X. (2024) · Carbon Neutrality · doi:10.1007/s43979-024-00081-z · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Chen, S., Tang, Q., Chen, X., & Tan, L. (2015) · New Journal of Chemistry · doi:10.1039/c5nj02090e · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Li, M., Zuo, Z., Deng, J., Yao, Q., Wang, Z., Zhou, H., & Rao, G. (2018) · Journal of Materials Science · doi:10.1007/s10853-018-2302-8 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Zhao, C., Chu, B., Nian, H., et al. (2025) · Advanced Materials · doi:10.1002/adma.202510621 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Microwave-assisted synthesis of high-performance Na₃V₂(PO₄)₃/C cathode for sodium-ion batteries
Cai, J., Chen, L., Zeng, Y., et al. (2025) · International Journal of Electrochemical Science · doi:10.1016/j.ijoes.2025.101204 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Teng, W., Li, X., Geng, Z., et al. (2025) · Polymer · doi:10.1016/j.polymer.2025.129535 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Mukushev, I., Issatayev, N., Mukanova, A. O., et al. (2026) · RSC Advances · doi:10.1039/d5ra08915h · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citationShi, L., Tong, J., Wu, Z., et al. (2026) · Electrochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.electacta.2026.148850 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Soundharrajan, V., Nithiananth, S., Vadivel, S., et al. (2026) · Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.jelechem.2026.120321 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Alwesabi, W. A., Dange, P. D., Katta, V. K., et al. (2025) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.5367878
Shi, L., Tong, J., Wu, Z., et al. (2026) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.6178588
Wang, Z., Tan, Z., Zou, Y., et al. (2026) · Nanoscale · doi:10.1039/d6nr00037a
Strategies for Unlocking Safe and Sustainable Aqueous Sodium‐Ion Batteries
Undagoitia, M., Abreu, R., Costa, C. M., et al. (2026) · Batteries & Supercaps · doi:10.1002/batt.70385
Li, X., Chen, J., Faber, M., et al. (2026) · Electrochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.electacta.2026.149832
- Authors
- Mukushev, I., Tyan, Y., Kalimuldina, G., Mukanova, A., Jakupova, Z., Kim, S.-S., Bakenov, Z., & Nurpeissova, A.
- Affiliations
- L. N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University (KZ)
- Nazarbayev University (KZ)
- Chungnam National University (KR)
- Corresponding author
- Bakenov, Zhumabay
- Nurpeissova, Arailym
- ORCID
- Venue
- NPG Asia Materials
- Published
- 2025-03-07
- Volume
- 17
- Issue
- 1
- ISSN
- 1884-4049 (ISSN-L)
- 1884-4057
- OpenAlex
- W4408176610
- Cited by
- 11
- References
- 60
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 4
- FWCI
- 2.51
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- NPG Asia Materials (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Nazarbayev University Repository (Nazarbayev University) (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Republic of Kazakhstan
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Advancements in Battery Materials
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Advanced Battery Materials and Technologies
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Automotive Engineering › Advanced Battery Technologies Research
- Keywords
- Na3V2(PO4)3, NASICON structure, lithium-ion battery cathodes, low-temperature performance, Pechini synthesis, nanomaterial synthesis, particle size reduction
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Claims read by deepseek-v4.1-flash under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-10-28.
Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-10-28.
Cited sources are checked by gpt-6-sol.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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