Gut microbiome of the Hadza hunter-gatherers
Open accessAbstract
Human gut microbiota directly influences health and provides an extra means of adaptive potential to different lifestyles. To explore variation in gut microbiota and to understand how these bacteria may have co-evolved with humans, here we investigate the phylogenetic diversity and metabolite production of the gut microbiota from a community of human hunter-gatherers, the Hadza of Tanzania. We show that the Hadza have higher levels of microbial richness and biodiversity than Italian urban controls. Further comparisons with two rural farming African groups illustrate other features unique to Hadza that can be linked to a foraging lifestyle. These include absence of Bifidobacterium and differences in microbial composition between the sexes that probably reflect sexual division of labour. Furthermore, enrichment in Prevotella, Treponema and unclassified Bacteroidetes, as well as a peculiar arrangement of Clostridiales taxa, may enhance the Hadza’s ability to digest and extract valuable nutrition from fibrous plant foods. Gut microbes influence our health and may contribute to human adaptation to different lifestyles. Here, the authors describe the gut microbiome of a community of hunter-gatherers and identify unique features that could be linked to a foraging lifestyle.
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Comparison studies of non-Western and Western populations show significant differences in the relative abundances of common phyla and a much greater species diversity in non-Western populations.
“Although no living population today carries an ancestral microbiome, comparison studies of non-Western and Western populations show significant differences in the relative abundances of common phyla and a much greater species diversity in non-Western populations [126,127].”
From Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: An Evolutionary Adaptation to Lifestyle and the Environment (2022) · cites this paper as [126]
Polysaccharide-fermenting taxa are more abundant in the gut microbiota of African populations.
“the increased abundance of taxa that ferment polysaccharides in the gut microbiota of African populations40.”
From Diet–microbiota interactions as moderators of human metabolism (2016) · cites this paper as [40]
Gut microbiota of eight hunter-gatherer or rural farming populations has greater bacterial diversity than Western populations.
“The gut microbiota of eight hunter–gatherer or rural farming populations in various parts of the world showed increased bacterial diversity compared with those of Western populations19,40,52–55.”
From Diet–microbiota interactions as moderators of human metabolism (2016) · cites this paper as [40]
The gut bacteria of urban-industrialized populations often have high abundances of Bacteroides, while the gut bacteria from traditional hunter-gatherer or agropastoral societies have higher abundances of Prevotella.
“The gut bacteria of urban-industrialized populations often have high abundances of Bacteroides, while the gut bacteria from traditional hunter-gatherer or agropastoral societies have higher abundances of Prevotella [22–28].”
From Population structure of human gut bacteria in a diverse cohort from rural Tanzania and Botswana (2019) · cites this paper as [24]
Schnorr and colleagues sampled from the Hadza population in the rainy season during January, when average rainfall is ~146.6 mm.
“Schnorr and colleagues sampled from the Hadza population in the rainy season during January [24], when average rainfall is ~ 146.6 mm [50].”
From Population structure of human gut bacteria in a diverse cohort from rural Tanzania and Botswana (2019) · cites this paper as [24]
Bacteroides has been used to distinguish between developing (low Bacteroides abundance) and industrialized (high Bacteroides abundance) populations.
“Bacteroides has been used to distinguish between developing (low Bacteroides abundance) and industrialized (high Bacteroides abundance) populations [22–28, 30]”
From Population structure of human gut bacteria in a diverse cohort from rural Tanzania and Botswana (2019) · cites this paper as [24]
The relative abundance of Prevotellaceae in the Hadza from this study is nearly tenfold higher than the 8% relative abundance found in the Hadza by Schnorr and colleagues.
“which is nearly tenfold higher than the 8% relative abundance of Prevotellaceae found in the Hadza by Schnorr and colleagues [24]”
From Population structure of human gut bacteria in a diverse cohort from rural Tanzania and Botswana (2019) · cites this paper as [24]
Treponema within family Spirochetaceae is a common constituent of hunter-gatherer gut microbiomes and a catabolizer of fibrous plant materials (cellulose and xylans) that form a large component of Hadza diets.
“in particular, the genus Treponema within family Spirochetaceae, which is a common constituent of hunter-gatherer gut microbiomes [24–27, 30] and a catabolizer of fibrous plant materials (cellulose and xylans) that form a large component of Hadza diets [24]”
From Population structure of human gut bacteria in a diverse cohort from rural Tanzania and Botswana (2019) · cites this paper as [24]
The bacterial phylogenetic differences between sexes in the Hadza that we observe corroborates a previous finding of sex differences in the Hadza gut microbiome.
“The bacterial phylogenetic differences between sexes in the Hadza that we observe corroborates a previous finding of sex differences in the Hadza gut microbiome [24]”
From Population structure of human gut bacteria in a diverse cohort from rural Tanzania and Botswana (2019) · cites this paper as [24]
The Hadza have the highest abundance of Prevotellaceae and Spirochetaceae among populations in this cohort.
“they have the highest abundance of Prevotellaceae and Spirochetaceae [24–27, 30]”
From Population structure of human gut bacteria in a diverse cohort from rural Tanzania and Botswana (2019) · cites this paper as [24]
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- Authors
- Schnorr, S. L., Candela, M., Rampelli, S., Centanni, M., Consolandi, C., Basaglia, G., Turroni, S., Biagi, E., Peano, C., Severgnini, M., Fiori, J., Gotti, R., De Bellis, G., Luiselli, D., Brigidi, P., Mabulla, A., Marlowe, F., Henry, A. G., & Crittenden, A. N.
- Affiliations
- Max Planck Society (DE)
- University of Bologna (IT)
- Institute of Biomedical Technologies (IT)
- University of Dar es Salaam (TZ)
- University of Cambridge (GB)
- University of Nevada, Las Vegas (US)
- Corresponding author
- Henry, Amanda G.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Nature Communications
- Published
- 2014-04-15
- Volume
- 5
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 3654-3654
- ISSN
- 2041-1723 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3996546
- OpenAlex
- W2087278385
- Cited by
- 1,317
- References
- 8
- Citations by year
- 2026: 60 · 2025: 75 · 2024: 89 · 2023: 111 · 2022: 139 · 2021: 157 · 2020: 144 · 2019: 143 · 2018: 106 · 2017: 103 · 2016: 98 · 2015: 64 · 2014: 23 · 2013: 3
- FWCI
- 39.33
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Nature Communications (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Archivio istituzionale della ricerca (Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Max Planck Digital Library (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- Lincy Foundation
- Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Health Sciences › Dentistry › Periodontics › Oral microbiology and periodontitis research
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Microbial Community Ecology and Physiology
- Keywords
- gut microbiota, Hadza, hunter-gatherers, microbial diversity, Prevotella, Treponema, Bacteroidetes, Clostridiales, human adaptation
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Child, Clostridium, Ethnicity, Female, Humans, Intestines, Italy, Male, Middle Aged, Phylogeny, Sex Factors, Tanzania, Treponema, Prevotella, Diet, Mediterranean, Bacteroidetes, Biodiversity, Young Adult, Microbiota, Diet, Paleolithic
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