Reelin expression and glycosylation patterns are altered in Alzheimer’s disease
Open accessAbstract
Reelin is a glycoprotein that is essential for the correct cytoarchitectonic organization of the developing CNS. Its function in the adult brain is less understood, although it has been proposed that Reelin is involved in signaling pathways linked to neurodegeneration. Here we analyzed Reelin expression in brains and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients and nondemented controls. We found a 40% increase in the Reelin protein levels in the cortex of AD patients compared with controls. Similar increases were detected at the Reelin mRNA transcriptional level. This expression correlates with parallel increases in CSF but not in plasma samples. Next, we examined whether CSF Reelin levels were also altered in neurological diseases, including frontotemporal dementia, progressive supranuclear palsy, and Parkinson's disease. The Reelin 180-kDa band increased in all of the neurodegenerative disorders analyzed. Moreover, the 180-kDa Reelin levels correlated positively with Tau protein in CSF. Finally, we studied the pattern of Reelin glycosylation by using several lectins and the anti-HNK-1 antibody. Glycosylation differed in plasma and CSF. Furthermore, the pattern of Reelin lectin binding differed between the CSF of controls and in AD. Our results show that Reelin is up-regulated in the brain and CSF in several neurodegenerative diseases and that CSF and plasma Reelin have distinct cellular origins, thereby supporting that Reelin is involved in the pathogenesis of a number of neurodegenerative diseases.
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For suicide victims, BDNF promoter hypermethylation is observed in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus.
“for suicide victims, BDNF promoter hypermethylation is observed in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus”
From The clinical use of epigenetics in psychiatry: a narrative review of epigenetic mechanisms, key candidate genes, and precision psychiatry (2025) · cites this paper as [66]
The Discussion describes methylation of the Reelin gene in psychiatric disorders, while the Expression of Reelin in Brains of AD and Control Subjects section examines frontal-cortex tissue from Alzheimer’s disease patients. Searches for BDNF, suicide victims, hippocampus, and promoter hypermethylation found no passage addressing the attributed claim; no page numbers were provided for the indexed passages. (LLM, conf=0.78)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn PTSD and suicidality, early-life trauma is associated with long-lasting BDNF promoter methylation, affecting stress reactivity and fear extinction.
“Studies in PTSD and suicidality demonstrate that early-life trauma is associated with long-lasting BDNF promoter methylation, affecting stress reactivity and fear extinction”
From The clinical use of epigenetics in psychiatry: a narrative review of epigenetic mechanisms, key candidate genes, and precision psychiatry (2025) · cites this paper as [66]
The Discussion addresses methylation of the Reelin gene in other psychiatric disorders, not BDNF promoter methylation in PTSD or suicidality. Searches for early-life trauma, BDNF, stress reactivity, and fear extinction found no passage addressing the attributed claim in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.78)
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“Studies in PTSD and suicidality demonstrate that early-life trauma is associated with long-lasting BDNF promoter methylation, affecting stress reactivity and fear extinction, and for suicide victims, BDNF promoter hypermethylation is observed in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus (66 – 68).”
- Authors
- Botella-López, A., Burgaya, F., Gavín, R., García-Ayllón, M. S., Gómez-Tortosa, E., Peña-Casanova, J., Ureña, J. M., Del Río, J. A., Blesa, R., Soriano, E., & Sáez-Valero, J.
- Affiliations
- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (ES)
- Barcelona Biomedical Research Park (ES)
- Institut de Recerca Biomèdica/Parc Cientific de Barcelona and Department of Cell Biology, University of Barcelona, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain;
- *Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, E-03550 Sant Joan d’Alacant, Spain;
- Neurology Department, Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Brain Bank for Neurological Research, Complutense University, E-28040 Madrid, Spain;
- Neurology Department, Hospital del Mar, Institut Municipal d’Assistencia Sanitaria, E-08003 Barcelona, Spain; and
- Hospital de Sant Pau (ES)
- Venue
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
- Publisher
- National Academy of Sciences
- Published
- 2006-04-04
- Volume
- 103
- Issue
- 14
- Pages
- 5573-5578
- ISSN
- 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
- 1091-6490
- PMC
- PMC1414634
- OpenAlex
- W2168996554
- Cited by
- 221
- References
- 47
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 12 · 2013: 15 · 2012: 16
- FWCI
- 8.70
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DIGITAL.CSIC (Spanish National Research Council (CSIC)) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- Pfizer
- Université Catholique de Louvain
- “la Caixa” Foundation
- Pfizer Foundation
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Alzheimer's disease research and treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Glycosylation and Glycoproteins Research
- Keywords
- reelin, Alzheimer's disease, cerebrospinal fluid, lectin binding, neurodegenerative diseases, frontotemporal dementia, progressive supranuclear palsy, Parkinson's disease, tau protein, neurodegeneration
- MeSH terms
- Reelin Protein, Alzheimer Disease, Brain, Glycosylation, Humans, Nerve Tissue Proteins, Protein Binding, Serine Endopeptidases, Blotting, Western, Cell Adhesion Molecules, Neuronal, Case-Control Studies, Extracellular Matrix Proteins, Lectins
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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