The perspectives of natural deep eutectic solvents in agri-food sector

In the paper

“Most of NADES reported in the literature are hydrophilic, while hydrophobic NADES were reported in the literature for the first time in 2015(van Osch et al. 2015;;Ribeiro et al. 2015) and their utilization is yet to be explored.”

What the sources say

• Partly supported

  The Introduction (page unavailable) says DESs are generally hydrophilic and presents hydrophobic DESs for the first time. It does not identify them as natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES). The Conclusions (page unavailable) report their use to extract volatile fatty acids, so the claim that their utilization had yet to be explored is not supported. (LLM, conf=0.86)

  cites van Osch et al. 2015 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Ribeiro et al. 2015 source

In the paper

“Natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES) are firstly described by Choi et al. (2011) as a third class of liquids present in living cells, different from water and lipids, that play an important role as an alternative medium for biosynthesis, transport and storage of compounds with intermediate polarity.”

What the sources say

• Partly supported

  Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 2 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.

  cites Choi et al. (2011) sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“Referring to Jeliński and Cysewski (2018), the quantitative compositions of NADES can be obtained from spectroscopic measurements by computational models such as COnductor-like Screening MOdel for Realistic Solvents -COSMO-RS, but unfortunately, such data are usually unavailable, and the resulting uncertainties make it difficult to construct a NADES model.”

What the sources say

• Partly supported

  In Results and discussion, under “Construction of the model and validation” (page not provided), the paper says quantitative NADES compositions can in principle be obtained from spectroscopic measurements, but such data are usually unavailable and the uncertainty complicates modeling. It does not say COSMO-RS obtains compositions from spectroscopic measurements; it uses COSMO-RS for solvent modeling and solubility prediction. (LLM, conf=0.86)

  cites Jeliński and Cysewski (2018) sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“The majority of (hydrophilic) NADES are characterized with high viscosity higher than that of pure organic solvents, determined to be in the range 200-500 mm 2 s -1 at 40°C, being one of their major disadvantages that may limit their extraction capacity and applicability such as time-consuming solvent transfer operations, slow mass transfer in dissolutions or extractions, preheating before process”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Dai et al. 2013b
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Dai et al. 2015 source
• Partly supported

  Section 3.2.1 identifies high viscosity, compared with conventional solvents, as a disadvantage of NADES that slows mass transfer and reduces extraction ability. Section 3.1.2 reports viscosities for six tested NADES in cP, but does not establish that most hydrophilic NADES fall in the claimed 200–500 mm²/s range at 40°C. The cited passages also do not address time-consuming solvent transfer operations. (LLM, conf=0.88)

  cites Dai et al. 2016 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“This NADES was able to dissolve a comparable amount of rutin as ethanol and twenty times higher than water.”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The Conclusions explicitly state that proline/glutamic acid (2:1) dissolved a comparable amount of rutin to ethanol and twenty times more than water. The citing sentence closely paraphrases that passage. (LLM, conf=0.95)

  cites Faggian et al. (2016) source

In the paper

“In addition, these new solvents presented the lowest viscosities ever obtained (2-14 mPa•s) for this class of solvents and densities lower than water, regardless of the water content.”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The Conclusions (p. 7) state that the fatty acid-based solvents had the lowest viscosities reported for this class (2–14 mPa·s) and densities below water, independently of water content. The paper specifies that density and viscosity were studied for dried and water-saturated solvents from 20 to 80 °C. (LLM, conf=0.95)

  cites Florindo et al. (2018) source

In the paper

“The developed methods were found to be ''greener'', more efficient and faster than conventional extraction methods (Cicci, Sed, and Bravi 2017;Dai et al. 2013c;2014;2016;Duan et al. 2016;Lores et al. 2017;van den Bruinhorst et al. 2016;Wang et al. 2016).”

What the sources say

• Partly supported

  The Introduction and Conclusions describe NaDES ingredients as natural and nontoxic and contrast them with hazardous conventional organic solvents, supporting the greener characterization. The results passage following Figure 2 finds ultrasound-assisted extraction more efficient than the paper’s other NaDES protocol, not more efficient than conventional extraction; it also describes a 24-hour extraction after ultrasound treatment. The paper does not establish that its methods are faster than conventional methods. (LLM, conf=0.84)

  cites Cicci, Sed, and Bravi 2017 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Dai et al. 2013c
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Duan et al. 2016 source

In the paper

“Florindo et al. (2018) prepared three NADESs by exclusively combining fatty acids, such as octanoic acid (C8), nonanoic acid (C9), decanoic acid (C10), and dodecanoic acid (C12), which were proven to act simultaneously as hydrogen bond donors and acceptors and to be stable when in contact with water environments as determined by NMR spectroscopy.”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The Conclusions (p. 7) describe solvents made only from octanoic, nonanoic, decanoic, and dodecanoic acids, which can act as both hydrogen-bond donors and acceptors. The Results and Discussion (p. 4) identify three prepared mixtures and report that NMR confirmed their chemical stability in the presence of water. (LLM, conf=0.94)

  cites Florindo et al. (2018) source

In the paper

“However, referring to the same authors, their total vapor pressures (55 Pa at 373 K) are not as low as those of typical low-volatile ILs (∼1 Pa at 393 K), because the NADES constituents can be evaporated separately (and thus easier), while the ILs need to be evaporated as ion pairs (in order to keep electroneutrality).”

What the sources say

• Partly supported

  The section on the HS-GC-MS method reports approximately 55 Pa at 373 K for a studied hydrophobic DES versus approximately 1 Pa at 393 K for a low-volatility IL, and gives the same explanation about separate evaporation and ion pairs. The paper identifies its measured solvents as hydrophobic DESs, not specifically NADES, so it does not establish the stated vapor pressure for NADES. (LLM, conf=0.88)

  cites Dietz et al. (2019) sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“Solvent-based separation processes can reduce the required energy input for separation, improve biocompatibility, and be used when distillation is technically not feasible because of the delicate nature of (bio)molecules to be separated (Schuur et al. 2019).”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The Introduction says distillation is often highly energy-intensive and may be replaced by solvent-based separation; it also says distillation is often technically infeasible for complex biomass streams. The Aqueous solvent systems section describes mild separations that avoid disrupting biomolecules and identifies biocompatibility as a focus of solvent development. (LLM, conf=0.91)

  cites Schuur et al. 2019 source

In the paper

“Both factors, the molar ratio and water content, are associated with NADES viscosity, so these results are in line with the reported relationship between higher viscosity and higher cell lethality (Hayyan et al. 2016).”

What the sources say

• Supported

  In Results and discussion, the paper states that high viscosity is often associated with increased lethality and compares the viscosities and cytotoxicity of the NADES mixtures. It also discusses how adding water changes NADES viscosity. The cited relationship is therefore supported; the sentence's application of it to the citing authors' own results is their interpretation. (LLM, conf=0.92)

  cites Hayyan et al. 2016 source

In the paper

“Mbous et al. (2017) suggested that the presence of water in NADES decrease their toxic effect.”

What the sources say

• Supported

  In Results and Discussion, the membrane-permeability section reports slightly higher EC50 values for aqueous NADES1 and NADES2 than for the pure mixtures, consistent with slightly lower cytotoxicity. The in vivo analysis also suggests that water dilution could make these solvents more manageable in terms of cytotoxic liability. The paper presents this as a possibility, not a demonstrated reduction in toxicity in mice; page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.86)

  cites Mbous et al. (2017) source

In the paper

“For water-soluble compounds such as caffeic and ferulic acid, the method showed an extraction yield better than H 2 O, while in the case of quercetin and luteolin, poorly water soluble compounds extraction ability of the proposed method was comparable to methanol extraction.”

What the sources say

• Supported

  Section 3.3 compares extraction with the NADES solvent LGH against water and methanol. It reports better yield than water for caffeic and ferulic acids and extraction ability comparable to methanol for poorly water-soluble quercetin and luteolin. (LLM, conf=0.94)

  cites Espino et al. (2018) source

In the paper

“The nature of the interactions that take place depends on the type of solid materials forming liquids.Charge delocalization occurring via hydrogen bonding between HBA and HBD and Van der Walls interactions interfere with the ability of the initial compounds to crystallize, so they are the main cause of a significant melting point depression of NADES (de los Ángeles Fernández et al. 2018a).”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites de los Ángeles Fernández et al. 2018a

In the paper

“As it was concluded by the authors, the impurities were the concequence of the formation of HCl, which led to an ester bond formation between the cholinium cation and the acid.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Florindo et al. (2014) source

In the paper

“Thus, the food industry faces challenges of reducing waste, better utilization of by-products and isolating bioactive compounds which can be used as nutraceuticals.”

In the paper

“Components of NADES are abundantly present in nature, readily available, and biorenewable (Dai et al. 2013a;Pena-Pereira, Kloskowski, and Namieśnik, 2015)”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Dai et al. 2013a
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Pena-Pereira, Kloskowski, and Namieśnik, 2015 source

In the paper

“Later, these novel, advanced class of green solvents have been considered as fourth generation of ionic liquids (Radošević et al. 2015).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Radošević et al. 2015 source

In the paper

“Referring to the same authors, a small amount of water could reduce the viscosity of NADES to the range of water and increase the conductivity by up to 100 times for some NADES.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Dai et al. (2015) source

In the paper

“Synthetic Ionic liquids have been developed in the past decades, which have the advantage that at room temperature are non-flammable, non-volatile, and easy recyclable, but they are made from petroleum which affects their safety and suitability for food applications.”

In the paper

“After mixing Gly and Treh in different molar ratios in order to obtain a eutectic mixture, they managed to obtain a transparent viscous liquid at room temperature using a molar ratio of 1:30 (Treh:Gly).The other selected molar ratios yielded a white solid mixture and/or liquid mixture with some crystals and were thus discarded.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Castro et al. (2018) source

In the paper

“Therefore, in recent years they have been suggested as an alternative to traditional volatile organic solvents in chemical processes and applications such as: solvents for carbon dioxide capture (García et al. 2015;Mulia et al. 2016b), solvents for biodiesel production and processing lignocellulose (Tang et al. 2017;Taslim et al. 2016), as electrolytes (Gomez, Spisso, and Silva 2017), in biocataly”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites García et al. 2015 source
• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Mulia et al. 2016b
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Tang et al. 2017 source

In the paper

“Majority of reported NADES are hydrophilic or highly hydrophilic in which, referring to Dai et al. (2013b), the polarity range varied from 44.81 kcal mol -1 (higher than water) to 51.89 kcal mol -1 (comparable to methanol), with the possibility to be modified through changing the amount of water present in the solvent.”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Dai et al. (2013b)

In the paper

“since the NADES are generally composed of non-toxic substances occurring naturally in foods, they may be directly incorporated in food formulations without additional purification steps, being a major advantage over conventional solvents (Savi et al. 2019).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Savi et al. 2019 source

In the paper

“A marked difference was found in viscosity with an average deviation of 6.25% whereas in the case of density, the difference was smaller with an average absolute deviation of 0.15%.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Florindo et al. (2014) source

In the paper

“Both sugar and polyalcohol based NADES are the least polar, with a polarity close to that of MeOH (51.89 kcal mol -1 ).”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Dai et al. (2013b)

In the paper

“Among the hydrophilic NADES, organic acid based are the most polar (44.81 kcal mol -1 ), followed by amino acids and pure sugar based NADES with a polarity similar to water (48.21 kcal mol -1 ).”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Dai et al. (2013b)

In the paper

“The presence of water lowers the melting point of some NADES and changes their physicochemical (viscosity, polarity, density and conductivity) and solvation properties (Aroso et al. 2017;Cardellini et al. 2014;Craveiro et al. 2016;Dai et al. 2013bDai et al. , 2015;;Xin et al. 2017).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Aroso et al. 2017 source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Cardellini et al. 2014 source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Craveiro et al. 2016 source

In the paper

“the sustainability initiatives demand significant efforts to efficiently exploit food waste and by-products as a bioresource for our next generation of energy, chemicals, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, foods and other high value-added products (European Parliament resolution, (2011/2175(INI)).”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites European Parliament resolution, (2011/2175(INI))

In the paper

“Carbon dioxide as a supercritical fluid is more suitable for lipophilic compounds, so its utilization is limited to defat or decaffeinate foods (Cvjetko Bubalo et al. 2015).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Cvjetko Bubalo et al. 2015 source

In the paper

“The presence of certain amounts of water, which also participate in hydrogen bonding, significantly affects arrangement of NADES molecules in this liquid crystal by enhancing their mobility while still retaining their unique features (Dai et al. 2013b(Dai et al. , 2015)).”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Dai et al. 2013b
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Dai et al. 2015 source

In the paper

“By analyzing the pairwise interactions of the constituent components of the choline chloride-urea mixture, Ashworth et al. (2016) found that interaction of the choline cation with chloride or urea generated a wide range of low energy structures.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Ashworth et al. (2016) source

In the paper

“The number of compounds and arrangements of molecules which may constitute NADES is estimated to ascend to 10 6 , so they are designated as tailored-made solvents due to their high versatility and virtually unlimited number of combinations (Silva et al. 2018).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Silva et al. 2018 source

In the paper

“Water activity (a w ) is a quality and safety parameter relevant for most applications related to food processing and storage as it is a determinant for the growth of microorganisms as well as degradation reactions of a chemical, enzymatic, and physical nature (Renshaw et al. 2019).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Renshaw et al. 2019 source

In the paper

“Hydrophilic NADES usually exhibit high solubilization capacity for polar metabolites due to their inherent high polarity, but they could be applied to some non-water-soluble metabolites (Dai et al. 2013b).”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Dai et al. 2013b

In the paper

“Differences in the reduction power activity was only plant depended; while antiradical activity of NADES extracts (four out of 5 plants) were higher than those obtained with conventional solvents.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Bakirtzi, Triantafyllidou, and Makris (2016) source

In the paper

“Van Osch et al. (2019) suggested four criteria to assess the sustainability of hydrophobic NADES from a chemical engineering point of view: a viscosity smaller than 100 mPa•s, a density difference between NADES and water of at least 50 kg•m -3 upon mixing of the NADES and water, low transfer of the NADES to the water phase and minor to no pH change.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Van Osch et al. (2019) source

In the paper

“Regarding the NADES behavior at the elevated temperatures, they appeared to be stable liquids over a broad temperature range, while their decomposition temperature was reported to be in a range from 117°C to over 200°C (Aroso et al., 2017;Craveiro et al., 2016;Dai et al., 2013c), where sugar-derived ones exhibited the lowest thermal stability (Dai et al., 2013b).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Aroso et al., 2017 source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Craveiro et al., 2016 source
• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Dai et al., 2013c

In the paper

“A majority of tested DES or NADES were able to improve the production yields, with the best yield obtained by using a choline chloride-lactose and choline chloride-raffinose NADES (132% and 131% relative to the yield obtained in the NADES-free solution, respectively) (Yang et al. 2017).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Yang et al. 2017 source

In the paper

“Kumar, Parikh & Pravakar (2016) evaluated the delignification of rice straw using lactic acid and choline chloride mixtures, and managed to solubilize 57% (w/v) of the biomass bound lignin from rice straw using 1:5 M ratio of NADES reagent.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Kumar, Parikh & Pravakar (2016) source

In the paper

“They demonstrated that four out of five NADES extracts exhibited higher cytotoxic potential against the cancer cells than the conventional methanol extract, with the ChCl:malic acid (1:1) extract exhibiting the highest inhibition (Table 2).”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Radošević et al. (2016a)

In the paper

“Moreover, Nam et al. (2015) demonstrated that certain NADES components (e.g.L-proline) contributed to the overall antioxidant activity of extracts, implying the existence of a synergic effect of the solvent and natural compound dissolved in it.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Nam et al. (2015) source

In the paper

“The best positive effects of the NADES formulation were obtained with the antioxidants that exhibited a lower ROS inhibiting effect at short term, so they concluded that the formulation of antioxidants in NADES could greatly improve their activity for ROS inhibition, probably by enhancing their transport through membranes of the fibroblasts used in the bioassay.”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Durand et al. (2017a)

In the paper

“This effect may be related to the fact that the NADES formulation allows the administration of rutin as a solution being more available for the absorption by the gastrointestinal tract.”

In the paper

“It appeared that the NADES with highest solubility were not necessarily the best extraction solvents for vanillin.Plant matrix effects seem to play a role in the extraction yields.”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites González et al. (2017)

In the paper

“Altamash et al. (2018)found that NADES prepared with malic acid were characterized with high viscosity and behaved as semi-solid material at room temperature, while those prepared with lactic acid were liquid exhibiting lower viscosity.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Altamash et al. (2018) source

In the paper

“Most of reported NADES in literature are hydrophilic, but these hydrophobic examples offer highly interesting opportunities for future research on recovery of bio-based chemicals from dilute aqueous streams.”

In the paper

“The betaine monohydrate-glycerol NADES in a molar ratio of 1:8 was demonstrated to have an efficiency of palmitic acid extraction of 34.14%, and the amount of antioxidants can be preserved in the refined palm oil up to 99%.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Zahrina et al. 2018 source

In the paper

“Ribeiro et al. (2015) reported that hydrophobic eutectic solvents can be prepared from mixtures of DL-menthol with a range of carboxylic acids and used as extractive solvents for caffeine, tryptophan, isophthalic acid, and vanillin from water.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Ribeiro et al. (2015) source

In the paper

“However, the way of administration of these very viscous NADES remain unclear, as well as the observed possible hepatotoxicity that could be attributed to their viscosity.”

In the paper

“NADES exhibit stabilizing effect on biological active compounds, which favors their application in cosmetic and pharmaceutical formulations.”

In the paper

“Compared with organic solvents, tocols concentration in the NADESmediated product increased 2.5 fold and the tocols profile was significantly improved by enhancing tocotrienols fraction in the products from 80.8 to 99.8%.”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Ng et al. (2015)

In the paper

“However, heat is not always favorable, especially when thermo sensitive compounds are extracted or a long extraction time is applied.”

In the paper

“The heat reduces solvent viscosity, so that solvent penetration is enabled, resulting in increased extraction yield.”

In the paper

“Regarding molar ratio, it seems that molar ratio had the significant effect to certain extent, but not for all investigated NADES.”

In the paper

“Both UAE and MAE provide shorter extraction time, increased yields, and often improved quality of the extract (Cui et al. 2015;Lores et al. 2017;Wei et al. 2015a;2015b), thus they are categorized under 'Green Extraction' techniques.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Cui et al. 2015 source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Lores et al. 2017 source
• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Wei et al. 2015a;2015b

In the paper

“Therefore, mechanochemical extraction may be recognized as a novel technique, providing shorter extraction time, simple manipulation and increased yields of high quality extracts.”

In the paper

“In MAE, microwave energy is transformed into heat by ionic conduction and dipole rotation mechanisms, in both the solvent and the sample, which can improve the availability of active compounds by interrupting the binding of active compounds to the plant matrix (Destandau, Michel, and Elfakir 2013;Peng et al. 2016).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Destandau, Michel, and Elfakir 2013 source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Peng et al. 2016 source

In the paper

“To prevent heat-induced decomposition of the isolated compounds, Wang et al. (2016) suggested the utilization of a ball mill for cell disruption to increase the contact between the cell matrix and the viscous NADES resulting in the increase of the extraction yield.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Wang et al. (2016) source

In the paper

“Referring to Farias et al. (2017) who tested the liquid-liquid equilibria of aqueous two-phase systems composed by NADES + K 2 HPO 4 + water at 298.15 K, the hydrogen bonds of NADES are disrupted in aqueous solutions, leading to a differential partition of the HBA and HBD between the two phases.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Farias et al. (2017) source

In the paper

“The main driving force in UAE, acoustic cavitation causes disruption of plant cell walls, increase in contact surface, and better penetration of solvent which enhances the mass transport and extraction of active compounds (Tiwari 2015;Tomšik et al. 2016).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Tiwari 2015 source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Tomšik et al. 2016 source

In the paper

“Nevertheless, there are several challenges in the development of sustainable analytical methodologies and the application of new green solvents, such as deficient sensitivity, inadequate accuracy and precision, increased implementation costs, as well as commercial availability of solvents and their price.”

In the paper

“Recovery and repeatability proved to be within the required specifications set by the current European Commission regulation(No.1881(No. /2006)).”

In the paper

“Since NADES are nonvolatile, there is still a limited number of techniques to concentrate and isolate bioactive compounds or food components from NADES.”

In the paper

“Moreover, susceptibility of applied cell lines varied significantly, with AGS cells being the most susceptible to NADES cytotoxicity, whilst HelaS3 the least.”

In the paper

“Dai et al. (2015) confirmed that dilution of NADES with water weaken their interactions, which completely disappeared upon NADES dilution of 50% v/v.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Dai et al. (2015) source

In the paper

“Consequently, NADES dilution had the significant impact on the observed ratio of biodegradation that could partially explain the differences in observed biodegradability.”

In the paper

“So far, only preliminary information on toxicological profiles of predominantly choline NADES have been reported, probably as this compound is the only for which a maximum safe daily dose has been reported.”

In the paper

“Taking all above mentioned facts into account, the examined NADES are mainly considered as low toxic and readily biodegradable solvents.”

In the paper

“NADES extraction is frequently combined with microwave-and ultrasound-assisted techniques, innovative extraction technologies in terms of reduction energy and required time, as well as in terms of enhancing extraction yields.”

In the paper

“Over the last few years, the investigation of NADES utilization as extraction solvents for phytochemicals and other food components has been expanding rapidly.”

In the paper

“Although NADES are frequently used as solvents in food research at lab scale, NADES scale-up application in industry is hardly explored.”

In the paper

“Authors also observed that examined NADES increased membrane permeability and elevated oxidative stress in applied cells after 24 h of exposure, but to a lesser extent in comparison to DES.”

In the paper

“They present the green alternatives to conventional organic solvents, with unique physicochemical properties that offer possibility to design the solvents for specific purposes.”

In the paper

“The gavage of this extract induced mortality in two rats out of six, dietary restriction, excessive water consumption, weight loss, adipose tissue loss, hepatomegaly, plasma oxidative stress, and increased blood lipid levels.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Benlebna et al. (2018) source

In the paper

“Interestingly, NADES exhibited significant cytotoxicity towards applied noncancer cell line, such as human hepatocity cell line (WRL-68) (EC 50 =112 and 185 mM, for ChCl:fructose and ChCl:glucose, respectively) indicating potential toxic effect on health cells.”

In the paper

“Apart from that, NADES showed several advantages over the organic solvents, such as enhanced biological activity of bioactive compounds and their higher stability in NADES solvents under different storage conditions.”