The Impact of Placental Malaria on Gestational Age and Birth Weight
Abstract
Maternal malaria is associated with reduced birth weight, which is thought to be effected through placental insufficiency, which leads to intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR). The impact of malaria on preterm delivery is unclear. The effects of placental malaria-related changes on birth weight and gestational age were studied in 1177 mothers (and their newborns) from Tanzania. Evidence of malaria infection was found in 75.5% of placental samples. Only massive mononuclear intervillous inflammatory infiltration (MMI) was associated with increased risk of low birth weight (odds ratio ¿OR, 4.0). Maternal parasitized red blood cells and perivillous fibrin deposition both were associated independently with increased risk of premature delivery (OR, 3.2; OR, 2.1, respectively). MMI is an important mechanism in the pathogenesis of IUGR in malaria-infected placentas. This study also shows that placental malaria causes prematurity even in high-transmission areas. The impact of maternal malaria on infant mortality may be greater than was thought previously.
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P. falciparum infection during pregnancy increases the risk of spontaneous abortion, stillbirth, preterm delivery, low birthweight, small for gestational age, maternal and newborn anaemia, and maternal death.
“Plasmodium falciparum infection during pregnancy increases the risk of spontaneous abortion [1], stillbirth [1], preterm delivery [2], low birthweight [3], small for gestational age [4], maternal and newborn anaemia [5], and maternal death [2, 4, 6].”
From Global estimates of pregnancies at risk of Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax infection in 2020 and changes in risk patterns since 2000 (2022) · cites this paper as [2]
Falciparum infection and disease in pregnancy are commonly manifested as maternal anaemia, pre-term delivery and low birth weight, and are linked to poor infant development and increased neonatal and infant morbidity and mortality, especially in low transmission settings.
“with falciparum infection and disease, commonly manifested as maternal anaemia, pre-term delivery and low birth weight [2–4] linked to poor infant development, increased neonatal and infant morbidity and mortality especially in low transmission settings [1, 5].”
From Intermittent preventive treatment with Sulphadoxine-Pyrimethamine (IPTp-SP) is associated with protection against sub-microscopic P. falciparum infection in pregnant women during the low transmission dry season in southwestern Cameroon: A Semi - longitudinal study (2022) · cites this paper as [4]
In African women, chronic placental infection (especially massive chronic intervillositis) has been particularly associated with growth restriction, while acute infection with high parasitaemia was associated with preterm delivery.
“In African women, chronic placental infection (especially massive chronic intervillositis, the accumulation of large numbers of white cells in the maternal blood spaces of the placenta) has been particularly associated with growth restriction, while acute infection with high parasitaemia was associated with preterm delivery.26”
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- Authors
- Menendez, C., Ordi, J., Ismail, M. R., Ventura, P. J., Aponte, J. J., Kahigwa, E., Font, F., & Alonso, P. L.
- Affiliations
- Eduardo Mondlane University (MZ)
- Universitat de Barcelona (ES)
- Ifakara Health Institute (TZ)
- Venue
- The Journal of Infectious Diseases
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2000-05
- Volume
- 181
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 1740-1745
- ISSN
- 0022-1899 (ISSN-L)
- 1537-6613
- OpenAlex
- W2138514282
- Cited by
- 467
- References
- 30
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 23 · 2020: 33 · 2019: 25 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 21 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 18 · 2014: 23 · 2013: 17 · 2012: 33
- FWCI
- 10.94
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The Journal of Infectious Diseases (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Malaria Research and Control
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Obstetrics and Gynecology › Pregnancy and preeclampsia studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Preterm Birth and Chorioamnionitis
- Keywords
- placental malaria, gestational age, birth weight, low birth weight, preterm birth, fetal growth restriction, placental insufficiency, perivillous fibrin deposition, parasitized red blood cells, maternal malaria, infant mortality, placental pathology
- MeSH terms
- Birth Weight, Female, Fetal Growth Retardation, Fibrin, Gestational Age, Humans, Infant, Low Birth Weight, Infant, Newborn, Placenta, Pregnancy, Tanzania, Chorionic Villi Sampling, Pregnancy Complications, Parasitic, Odds Ratio, Malaria, Falciparum, Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical
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