Characteristics of prosthetic vision in rats with subretinal flat and pillar electrode arrays
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVE: Retinal prostheses aim to restore sight by electrically stimulating the surviving retinal neurons. In clinical trials of the current retinal implants, prosthetic visual acuity does not exceed 20/550. However, to provide meaningful restoration of central vision in patients blinded by age-related macular degeneration (AMD), prosthetic acuity should be at least 20/200, necessitating a pixel pitch of about 50 µm or lower. With such small pixels, stimulation thresholds are high due to limited penetration of electric field into tissue. Here, we address this challenge with our latest photovoltaic arrays and evaluate their performance in vivo. APPROACH: We fabricated photovoltaic arrays with 55 and 40 µm pixels (a) in flat geometry, and (b) with active electrodes on 10 µm tall pillars. The arrays were implanted subretinally into rats with degenerate retina. Stimulation thresholds and grating acuity were evaluated using measurements of the visually evoked potentials (VEP). MAIN RESULTS: With 55 µm pixels, we measured grating acuity of 48 ± 11 µm, which matches the linear pixel pitch of the hexagonal array. This geometrically corresponds to a visual acuity of 20/192 in a human eye, matching the threshold of legal blindness in the US (20/200). With pillar electrodes, the irradiance threshold was nearly halved, and duration threshold reduced by more than three-fold, compared to flat pixels. With 40 µm pixels, VEP was too low for reliable measurements of the grating acuity, even with pillar electrodes. SIGNIFICANCE: While being helpful for treating a complete loss of sight, current prosthetic technologies are insufficient for addressing the leading cause of untreatable visual impairment-AMD. Subretinal photovoltaic arrays may provide sufficient visual acuity for restoration of central vision in patients blinded by AMD.
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A common approach is to use bipolar stimulation through two close electrodes, as shown in retinal, optic nerve, and thalamic prostheses.
“A common approach is to use bipolar stimulation through two close electrodes, as shown in retinal [36,143,144], optic nerve [75], and thalamic prostheses [81].”
From Advances in visual prostheses: engineering and biological challenges (2022) · cites this paper as [143]
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- Authors
- Ho, E., Lei, X., Flores, T., Lorach, H., Huang, T., Galambos, L., Kamins, T., Harris, J., Mathieson, K., & Palanker, D.
- Affiliations
- Stanford University (US)
- University of Strathclyde (GB)
- Stanford Medicine (US)
- Corresponding author
- Ho, Elton
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of Neural Engineering
- Publisher
- IOP Publishing
- Published
- 2019-10-30
- Volume
- 16
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 066027
- ISSN
- 1741-2552 (ISSN-L)
- 1741-2560
- PMC
- PMC7192047
- OpenAlex
- W2964084936
- Cited by
- 65
- References
- 48
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 10
- FWCI
- 4.18
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Neural Engineering (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion, cc-by)
- Strathprints: The University of Strathclyde institutional repository (University of Strathclyde) (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (R01-EY-018608)
- U.S. Department of Defense (W81XWH-15-1-0009)
- Stanford Institute of Neuroscience
- Research to Prevent Blindness
- National Science Foundation (ECCS-1542152)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neural Engineering
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Retinal Development and Disorders
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › CCD and CMOS Imaging Sensors
- Keywords
- retinal prosthesis, grating acuity, stimulation threshold, irradiance threshold, duration thresholds, age-related macular degeneration, visual evoked potentials, electric field penetration, pixel pitch, rat model
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Electrodes, Implanted, Evoked Potentials, Visual, Retina, Retinal Degeneration, Prosthesis Implantation, Rats, Long-Evans, Rats, Visual Prosthesis
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