Canadian 24-hour movement guidelines for children and youth: an integration of physical activity, sedentary behaviour, and sleep
Open accessAbstract
Leaders from the Canadian Society for Exercise Physiology convened representatives of national organizations, content experts, methodologists, stakeholders, and end-users who followed rigorous and transparent guideline development procedures to create the Canadian 24-Hour Movement Guidelines for Children and Youth: An Integration of Physical Activity, Sedentary Behaviour, and Sleep. These novel guidelines for children and youth aged 5-17 years respect the natural and intuitive integration of movement behaviours across the whole day (24-h period). The development process was guided by the Appraisal of Guidelines for Research Evaluation (AGREE) II instrument and systematic reviews of evidence informing the guidelines were assessed using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) approach. Four systematic reviews (physical activity, sedentary behaviour, sleep, integrated behaviours) examining the relationships between and among movement behaviours and several health indicators were completed and interpreted by expert consensus. Complementary compositional analyses were performed using Canadian Health Measures Survey data to examine the relationships between movement behaviours and health indicators. A stakeholder survey was employed (n = 590) and 28 focus groups/stakeholder interviews (n = 104) were completed to gather feedback on draft guidelines. Following an introductory preamble, the guidelines provide evidence-informed recommendations for a healthy day (24 h), comprising a combination of sleep, sedentary behaviours, light-, moderate-, and vigorous-intensity physical activity. Proactive dissemination, promotion, implementation, and evaluation plans have been prepared in an effort to optimize uptake and activation of the new guidelines. Future research should consider the integrated relationships among movement behaviours, and similar integrated guidelines for other age groups should be developed.
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Canada's and Australia's 24-Hour Movement Guidelines recommend that each day should include at least 60 min of moderate-to-vigorous exercise, several hours of light physical activity, no more than two hours of sedentary leisure activities, and 8-11 hours of uninterrupted sleep for young people.
“In order to preserve both overall mental health and cognitive functioning, both Canada's 15 and Australia's 16 24-Hour Movement Guidelines have adopted a 'whole day time-use' paradigm for young people, recommending that each day should include at least 60 min of moderate-to-vigorous exercise, several hours of light physical activity, no more than two hours of sedentary leisure activities, and 8-11”
From A meta-review of "lifestyle psychiatry": the role of exercise, smoking, diet and sleep in the prevention and treatment of mental disorders (2020) · cites this paper as [15]
Recent 24-h movement guidelines promote whole-day movement patterns that target both enhanced moderate-to-vigorous physical activity and restriction of sedentary time.
“Recent 24-h movement guidelines have promoted whole-day movement patterns that target both enhanced MVPA and restriction of sedentary time (ST).6”
From A mixed-studies systematic review and meta-analysis of school-based interventions to promote physical activity and/or reduce sedentary time in children (2020) · cites this paper as [6]
A Japanese policy limiting distance between homes and public elementary and junior high schools, plus high density in Hong Kong, Japanese, and South Korean cities, allows children and youth to live close to school, which can reduce motorized vehicle use and promote active travel.
“A specific policy in Japan (limiting the distance between the children and youth homes and the public elementary and junior high schools) 77 and the high density of Hong Kong, Japanese, and South Korean cities, allow children and youth to live a short trip away from their school, which can minimize the use of cars or other forms of motorized vehicles, and promote active travel.25,78,79”
From Global Matrix 3.0 Physical Activity Report Card Grades for Children and Youth: Results and Analysis From 49 Countries (2018) · cites this paper as [78]
The Canadian 24-Hour Movement Guidelines for Children and Youth (aged 5-17 years) recommend ≥60 min/day of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity, ≤2 h/day of recreational screen time, and 9-11 h of sleep per day for 5- to 13-year-olds or 8-10 h of sleep per day for 14- to 17-year-olds.
“the Canadian 24-Hour Movement Guidelines for Children and Youth (aged 5 to 17 years) have been released in 2016 and recommend ≥60 min/day of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA), ≤2 h/day of recreational screen time, and 9 to 11 h of sleep per day for 5- to 13-year-olds or 8 to 10 h of sleep per day for 14- to 17-year-olds to support healthy development [17].”
This is the first systematic review of the evidence regarding the associations between 24-h movement guidelines and mental health indicators in children and adolescents since the release of the guidelines in 2016.
“To our knowledge, this is the first time the relationship between 24-h movement guidelines and mental health indicators in children and adolescents has been systematically reviewed since the release of aforementioned guidelines in 2016 [17].”
Current recommendations and previous research show that MVPA, screen time and sleep duration are the components of the 24-h day that are more strongly associated with obesity and other health outcomes.
“This is in line with current recommendations and previous research showing that MVPA, screen time and sleep duration are the components of the 24-h day that are more strongly associated with obesity and other health outcomes [2, 4, 11, 14].”
From Proportion of children meeting recommendations for 24-hour movement guidelines and associations with adiposity in a 12-country study (2016) · cites this paper as [4]
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Sedentary Behavior Research Network (SBRN)—Terminology Consensus Project process and outcome
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“Following the rationale to develop the Canadian 24Hour Movement Guidelines for Children and Youth [1], extending this whole-day approach to movement behaviours to the early years is a natural evolution of this work.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationRollo, S., Antsygina, O., & Tremblay, M. S. (2020) · Journal of sport and health science/Journal of Sport and Health Science · doi:10.1016/j.jshs.2020.07.004 · Cited by 620 · see citing works
Self-citationTremblay, M. S., Barnes, J. D., González, S. A., Katzmarzyk, P. T., Onywera, V. O., Reilly, J. J., Tomkinson, G. R., & _, _. (2016) · Journal of Physical Activity and Health · doi:10.1123/jpah.2016-0594 · Cited by 451 · see citing works
Self-citationAubert, S., Barnes, J. D., Demchenko, I., Hawthorne, M., Abdeta, C., Nader, P. A., Adsuar, J. C., Aguilar-Farías, N., Aznar, S., Bakalár, P., et al. (2022) · Journal of Physical Activity and Health · doi:10.1123/jpah.2022-0456 · Cited by 448 · see citing works
Self-citationSampasa-Kanyinga, H., Colman, I., Goldfield, G. S., Janssen, I., Wang, J., Podinic, I., Tremblay, M. S., Saunders, T. J., Sampson, M., & Chaput, J.-P. (2020) · International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity · doi:10.1186/s12966-020-00976-x · Cited by 430 · see citing works
Self-citationOkely, A. D., Ghersi, D., Hesketh, K. D., Santos, R., Loughran, S., Cliff, D. P., Shilton, T., Grant, D., Jones, R. A., Stanley, R. M., et al. (2017) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-017-4867-6 · Cited by 427 · see citing works
“lines for school-aged children and youth [5].”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationSleeping hours: what is the ideal number and how does age impact this?
Chaput, J., Dutil, C., & Sampasa‐Kanyinga, H. (2018) · Nature and Science of Sleep · doi:10.2147/nss.s163071 · Cited by 435 · see citing works
“In Canada, robust and evidence-informed sleep guidelines became available in 2016.(50,51) The sleep recommendations in Canada for children of all ages, also known as the 24-hour guidelines, are integrated with physical activity and sedentary behavior recommendations to cover the entire 24-hour period (sleep/wake perio…”
BackgroundSelf-citationThe 24-Hour Activity Cycle: A New Paradigm for Physical Activity
Rosenberger, M. E., Fulton, J. E., Buman, M. P., Troiano, R. P., Grandner, M. A., Büchner, D. M., & Haskell, W. L. (2018) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000001811 · Cited by 378 · see citing works
Grgić, J., Dumuid, D., Bengoechea, E. G., Shrestha, N., Bauman, A. E., Olds, T., & Pedišić, Ž. (2018) · International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity · doi:10.1186/s12966-018-0691-3 · Cited by 373 · see citing works
“The findings of studies employing ISM may improve our understanding of the interrelationships between different movement-related behaviours and their relationships to health and may also help in shaping public health guidelines and promotion strategies [11].”
BackgroundSelf-citationDu, Y., Liu, B., Sun, Y., Snetselaar, L., Wallace, R. B., & Bao, W. (2019) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.7597 · Cited by 377 · see citing works
Dumuid, D., Pedišić, Ž., Stanford, T., Fernández, J. A. M., Hron, K., Maher, C. A., Lewis, L. K., & Olds, T. (2017) · Statistical Methods in Medical Research · doi:10.1177/0962280217737805 · Cited by 369 · see citing works
Self-citationDale, L. P., Vanderloo, L., Moore, S., & Faulkner, G. (2019) · Mental Health and Physical Activity · doi:10.1016/j.mhpa.2018.12.001 · Cited by 366 · see citing works
Self-citationfor the ISCOLE Research Group, Roman-Viñas, B., Chaput, J.-P., Katzmarzyk, P. T., Fogelholm, M., Lambert, E. V., Maher, C., Maia, J., Olds, T., Onywera, V., et al. (2016) · International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity · doi:10.1186/s12966-016-0449-8 · Cited by 368 · see citing works
“We also calculated the proportion of children meeting the weekly average MVPA (≥60 min/day), screen time (≤2 h/day), and sleep duration (9–11 h/night) [4, 32] recommendations, and combinations of these recommendations, by study site.”
BackgroundMethodResultSelf-citationSleep duration and health in adults: an overview of systematic reviews
Chaput, J., Dutil, C., Featherstone, R. B., Ross, R., Giangregorio, L., Saunders, T. J., Janssen, I., Poitras, V. J., Kho, M. E., Ross‐White, A., et al. (2020) · Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism · doi:10.1139/apnm-2020-0034 · Cited by 359 · see citing works
“While public health guidelines are informed by the best available evidence, they are also informed by expert consensus, stakeholder consultations, and consideration of values and preferences, applicability, feasibility, and equity (Tremblay et al. 2016).”
BackgroundSelf-citationPaterson, D. C., Ramage, K., Moore, S. A., Riazi, N. A., Tremblay, M. S., & Faulkner, G. (2021) · Journal of sport and health science/Journal of Sport and Health Science · doi:10.1016/j.jshs.2021.07.001 · Cited by 353 · see citing works
“However, it was reported that only 17% of Canadian children were meeting the guidelines.(6,7) On March 11, 2020, the World Health Organization declared the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) a global pandemic.”
Self-citationTremblay, M. S., Carson, V., & Chaput, J. (2016) · Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism · doi:10.1139/apnm-2016-0203 · Cited by 338 · see citing works
Self-citationTapia‐Serrano, M. Á., Sevil‐Serrano, J., Miguel, P. A. S., López‐Gil, J. F., Tremblay, M. S., & García‐Hermoso, A. (2022) · Journal of sport and health science/Journal of Sport and Health Science · doi:10.1016/j.jshs.2022.01.005 · Cited by 343 · see citing works
“Children and adolescents should accumulate at least 60 min per day of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity, 2 h/day of recreational screen time, and 9 11 h of sleep per day (5 13 years old) or 8 10 h of sleep per day (14 17 years old).(4) Meeting all three 24-Hour Movement Guidelines has been associated in preschool…”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationRhodes, R. E., Guerrero, M., Vanderloo, L. M., Barbeau, K., Birken, C. S., Chaput, J., Faulkner, G., Janssen, I., Madigan, S. L., Mâsse, L. C., et al. (2020) · International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity · doi:10.1186/s12966-020-00973-0 · Cited by 335 · see citing works
Self-citationKovacs, V. A., Starc, G., Brandes, M., Kaj, M., Blagus, R., Leskošek, B., Suesse, T., Dinya, E., Guinhouya, B. C., Zito, V., et al. (2021) · European Journal of Sport Science · doi:10.1080/17461391.2021.1897166 · Cited by 304 · see citing works
“Similar to insufficient PA, increased screen time has been shown to be an independent predictor of adverse health outcomes, (Tremblay et al., 2011) meaning that future interventions need to be designed to mitigate this effect and to avoid this higher level of screen time becoming the new normal.”
BackgroundSelf-citation2020 WHO guidelines on physical activity and sedentary behavior
Okely, A. D., Васильевна, К. А., Ng, J. Y. Y., & Abdeta, C. (2021) · Sports Medicine and Health Science · doi:10.1016/j.smhs.2021.05.001 · Cited by 303 · see citing works
Self-citationBates, L., Zieff, G., Stanford, K., Moore, J., Kerr, Z., Hanson, E., Barone Gibbs, B., Kline, C., & Stoner, L. (2020) · Children · doi:10.3390/children7090138 · Cited by 413 · see citing works
“For 5–17-year-olds, 9–11 h of uninterrupted sleep are recommended [18,19].”
BackgroundInfluentialCompositional Data Analysis in Time-Use Epidemiology: What, Why, How
Dumuid, D., Pedišić, Ž., Palarea‐Albaladejo, J., Fernández, J. A. M., Hron, K., & Olds, T. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17072220 · Cited by 294 · see citing works
“The conceptual framework for an integrated 24-h time-use epidemiology paradigm, rather than individual behavior paradigms, is now widely accepted [4–9]; recently, 24-h activity guidelines have been released in Canada [10], Australia [11], New Zealand [12], South Africa [13], Finland [14], Croatia [15] and by the World…”
Self-citationJanssen, X., Martin, A., Hughes, A. R., Hill, C. M., Kotronoulas, G., & Hesketh, K. R. (2020) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2019.101226 · Cited by 290 · see citing works
Tamana, S. K., Ezeugwu, V. E., Chikuma, J., Lefebvre, D. L., Azad, M. B., Moraes, T. J., Subbarao, P., Becker, A. B., Turvey, S. E., Sears, M. R., et al. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0213995 · Cited by 289 · see citing works
Self-citationHealth associations with meeting new 24-hour movement guidelines for Canadian children and youth
Carson, V., Chaput, J.-P., Janssen, I., & Tremblay, M. S. (2017) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2016.12.005 · Cited by 285 · see citing works
“Therefore, the overall findings across studies support the integrated paradigm that underpins the new 24-hour movement guidelineswhere the focus is on the combined or synergistic effects of movement behaviors on health; rather, than on the individual or independent effects (Tremblay et al., 2016).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationCliff, D. P., McNeill, J., Vella, S. A., Howard, S. J., Santos, R., Batterham, M. J., Melhuish, E. C., Okely, A. D., & de Rosnay, M. (2017) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-017-4858-7 · Cited by 277 · see citing works
“school-aged children and adolescents support this approach and, as a result, Canada released the first 24-h Movement Guidelines for Children and Youth in 2016 that integrated recommendations for physical activity, sedentary behaviour, and sleep [10].”
BackgroundSelf-citationWalsh, J. J., Barnes, J. D., Cameron, J. D., Goldfield, G. S., Chaput, J.-P., Gunnell, K. E., Ledoux, A.-A., Zemek, R. L., & Tremblay, M. S. (2018) · The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/s2352-4642(18)30278-5 · Cited by 264 · see citing works
Self-citationGariépy, G., Danna, S. M., Gobiņa, I., Rasmussen, M., de Matos, M. G., Tynjälä, J., Janssen, I., Kalman, M., Villeruša, A., Husárová, D., et al. (2020) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2020.03.013 · Cited by 265 · see citing works
“The cutpoints used to define minimal sleep recommendations [26,27] were based on a systematic review of the best available evidence [13].”
MethodSelf-citationScreen Time and Problem Behaviors in Children: Exploring the Mediating Role of Sleep Duration
Guerrero, M. D., Barnes, J. D., Chaput, J.-P., & Tremblay, M. S. (2019) · International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity · doi:10.1186/s12966-019-0862-x · Cited by 240 · see citing works
“, the Canadian Society for Exercise Physiology) [4] have issued guidelines on recreational ST that recommend no more than 2 h per day for children and youth (5–17 years), no more than 1 h for preschoolers (3–4 years) and older toddlers (2–3 years), and avoiding all screens for young toddlers and infants (< 2 years).”
BackgroundSelf-citationMitra, R., Moore, S. A., Gillespie, M. A. M., Faulkner, G., Vanderloo, L. M., Chulak-Bozzer, T., Rhodes, R. E., BRUSSONI, M. J., & Tremblay, M. S. (2020) · Health & Place · doi:10.1016/j.healthplace.2020.102418 · Cited by 252 · see citing works
“, no more than 2 h of recreational screen time), and eight to 11 h of uninterrupted sleep depending on their age (Canadian Society for Exercise Physiology, 2020a; Tremblay et al., 2016).”
BackgroundSelf-citationPedišić, Ž., Dumuid, D., & Olds, T. (2017) · Victoria University Research Repository (Victoria University) · Cited by 248 · see citing works
Self-citationKuzik, N., Poitras, V. J., Tremblay, M. S., Lee, E.-Y., Hunter, S., & Carson, V. (2017) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-017-4851-1 · Cited by 246 · see citing works
“As a reflection of these trends, in 2016, Canada released the world’s first 24-Hour Movement Guidelines for Children and Youth (5-17 years), which provide recommendations for movement behaviours over the course of a 24-h period [9].”
BackgroundSelf-citationLack of sleep as a contributor to obesity in adolescents: impacts on eating and activity behaviors
Chaput, J.-P., & Dutil, C. (2016) · International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity · doi:10.1186/s12966-016-0428-0 · Cited by 243 · see citing works
“Population-based estimates indicate that approximately one-fourth to one-third of adolescents in USA and Canada sleep less than the recommended amount [15, 16].”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationStamatakis, E., Ekelund, U., Ding, D., Hamer, M., Bauman, A. E., & Lee, I.-M. (2019) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsports-2018-099131 · Cited by 284 · see citing works
Physical activity and health in Chinese children and adolescents: expert consensus statement (2020)
Chen, P., Wang, D., Shen, H., Yu, L., Gao, Q., Mao, L., Jiang, F., Luo, Y., Xie, M., Zhang, Y., et al. (2020) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsports-2020-102261 · Cited by 225 · see citing works
“For example, the Canadian 24-Hour Movement Guidelines 42 46 have been proposed that integrate the balance of time spent per day in light to vigorous-intensity physical activity, sedentary behaviours and sleep to enhance health outcomes in those aged 5–17 years.”
Saunders, T. J., & Vallance, J. K. (2016) · Applied Health Economics and Health Policy · doi:10.1007/s40258-016-0289-3 · Cited by 223 · see citing works
Self-citationChampion, K. E., Parmenter, B., McGowan, C., Spring, B., Wafford, Q. E., Gardner, L. A., Thornton, L., McBride, N., Barrett, E. L., Teesson, M., et al. (2019) · The Lancet Digital Health · doi:10.1016/s2589-7500(19)30088-3 · Cited by 197 · see citing works
Wilhite, K. L., Booker, B., Huang, B., Antczak, D., Corbett, L., Parker, P. D., Noetel, M., Rissel, C. E., Lonsdale, C., Cruz, B. D. P., et al. (2022) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwac212 · Cited by 240 · see citing works
Canada’s Physical Literacy Consensus Statement: process and outcome
Tremblay, M. S., Costas-Bradstreet, C., Barnes, J. D., Bartlett, B., Dampier, D., Lalonde, C., Leidl, R., Longmuir, P. E., McKee, M., Patton, R., et al. (2018) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-018-5903-x · Cited by 201 · see citing works
Self-citationJones, M., Defever, E., Letsinger, A., Steele, J., & Mackintosh, K. A. (2020) · Journal of Sport and Health Science · doi:10.1016/j.jshs.2019.06.009 · Cited by 189 · see citing works
“Recent 24-h movement guidelines have promoted whole-day movement patterns that target both enhanced MVPA and restriction of sedentary time (ST).(6) PA behaviors develop in early childhood and track through to adolescence and adulthood.”
BackgroundBelanger, K., Barnes, J. D., Longmuir, P. E., Anderson, K. D., Bruner, B., Copeland, J. L., Gregg, M. J., Hall, N., Kolen, A. M., Lane, K. N., et al. (2018) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-018-5897-4 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
Self-citationU.S. Children Meeting Physical Activity, Screen Time, and Sleep Guidelines
Friel, C. P., Duran, A. T., Shechter, A., & Diaz, K. M. (2020) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2020.05.007 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
“Children with a total of ≤2 hours per day of recreational screen time were classified as meeting screen time guidelines.(15,20) Sleep was assessed by parental response to the question: During the past week, how many hours of sleep did this child get on most weeknights? Response options were: <6 hours, 7 hours, 8 hours…”
Guerrero, M., Vanderloo, L. M., Rhodes, R. E., Faulkner, G., Moore, S. A., & Tremblay, M. S. (2020) · Journal of sport and health science/Journal of Sport and Health Science · doi:10.1016/j.jshs.2020.06.005 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
“and non-adherence to all three recommendations combined and to each individual recommendation (PA, screen time, and sleep).(7) A total of 11 unique characteristics best predicted non (adherence) to the movement behavior recommendations.”
Self-citationSystematic review of the correlates of outdoor play and time among children aged 3-12 years
Lee, E., Bains, A., Hunter, S., Ament, A., Brazo‐Sayavera, J., Carson, V., Hakimi, S., Huang, Y., Janssen, I., Lee, M., et al. (2021) · International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity · doi:10.1186/s12966-021-01097-9 · Cited by 172 · see citing works
Self-citationFairclough, S. J., Dumuid, D., Taylor, S., Curry, W. B., McGrane, B., Stratton, G., Maher, C. A., & Olds, T. (2017) · International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity · doi:10.1186/s12966-017-0521-z · Cited by 167 · see citing works
“However, a recent shift has seen sleep included in the 2016 Canadian 24 h movement guidelines for children and youth which integrate physical activity, sedentary behaviour, and sleep [13].”
BackgroundSelf-citationJovanović, G. K., Zubalj, N. D., Majanović, S. K., Rahelić, D., Rahelić, V., Lončar, J. V., & Žeželj, S. P. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13113788 · Cited by 170 · see citing works
Breidokienė, R., Jusienė, R., Urbonas, V., Praninskienė, R., & Girdzijauskienė, S. (2021) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare9060756 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
“, walking or playing) should be practiced daily [6].”
BackgroundDraper, C. E., Tomaz, S. A., Biersteker, L., Cook, C. J., Couper, J., de Milander, M., Flynn, K., Giese, S., Krog, S., Lambert, E. V., et al. (2019) · Journal of Physical Activity and Health · doi:10.1123/jpah.2019-0187 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Ubiquity of the Screen: An Overview of the Risks and Benefits of Screen Time in Our Modern World
LeBlanc, A. G., Gunnell, K. E., Prince, S. A., Saunders, T. J., Barnes, J. D., & Chaput, J. (2017) · Translational Journal of the American College of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1249/tjx.0000000000000039 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Self-citationChastin, S., McGregor, D., Palarea-Albaladejo, J., Diaz, K. M., Hagströmer, M., Hallal, P. C., van Hees, V. T., Hooker, S., Howard, V. J., Lee, I.-M., et al. (2021) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsports-2020-102345 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Okely, A. D., Ghersi, D., Loughran, S., Cliff, D. P., Shilton, T., Jones, R. A., Stanley, R. M., Sherring, J., Toms, N., Eckermann, S. D., et al. (2022) · International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity · doi:10.1186/s12966-021-01236-2 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
Self-citationAcademic Stress, Physical Activity, Sleep, and Mental Health among Chinese Adolescents
Zhu, X., Haegele, J. A., Liu, H., & Yu, F. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18147257 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
Chen, P., Mao, L., Nassis, G. P., Harmer, P., Ainsworth, B. E., & Li, F. (2020) · Journal of sport and health science/Journal of Sport and Health Science · doi:10.1016/j.jshs.2020.04.003 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
“Per current guidelines, children aged 5 13 years should have 9 11 h of uninterrupted sleep per night and those aged 14 17 years should have 8 10 h of uninterrupted sleep per night.(23)”
Chen, S., Liu, Y., Tremblay, M. S., Hong, J., Tang, Y., Cao, Z., Zhuang, J., Zhu, Z., Wu, X., Wang, L., et al. (2020) · Journal of sport and health science/Journal of Sport and Health Science · doi:10.1016/j.jshs.2020.07.002 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
“Therefore, if researchers use 24-h movement guidelines, they can better examine the relationship between integrated behaviors within a 24-h cycle and health outcomes, and the implications of their findings for promoting young people’s health will be increased.(23,24,32) The relationships between meeting the 24-h movem…”
Self-citationThomas, G., Bennie, J. A., De Cocker, K., Castro, O., & Biddle, S. J. H. (2020) · Child Indicators Research · doi:10.1007/s12187-019-09663-1 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Measurement of sedentary behaviour in population health surveys: a review and recommendations
Prince, S. A., LeBlanc, A. G., Colley, R. C., & Saunders, T. J. (2017) · PeerJ · doi:10.7717/peerj.4130 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Self-citationVella, S. A., Aidman, E., Teychenne, M. J., Smith, J. J., Swann, C., Rosenbaum, S., White, R. L., & Lubans, D. R. (2023) · Journal of science and medicine in sport · doi:10.1016/j.jsams.2023.01.001 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Chaput, J., Saunders, T. J., & Carson, V. (2017) · Obesity Reviews · doi:10.1111/obr.12508 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
“For instance, an updated systematic review on the associations between sedentary behaviour and health indicators (52) conducted to inform the Canadian 24-Hour Movement Guidelines for Children and Youth (40) reported that 52% of studies examining the association between objectively measured sedentary time and body comp…”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationThe Transition from Childhood to Adolescence: Between Health and Vulnerability
Mastorci, F., Lazzeri, M. F. L., Vassalle, C., & Pingitore, A. (2024) · Children · doi:10.3390/children11080989 · Cited by 219 · see citing works
“Traditionally, a healthy day should include a high level of physical activity (PA) and thus a low level of sedentary behaviors, a well-balanced diet, and good sleep [30].”
BackgroundJanssen, I., Roberts, K. C., & Thompson, W. (2017) · Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism · doi:10.1139/apnm-2016-0681 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Self-citationStandardizing Analytic Methods and Reporting in Activity Monitor Validation Studies
Welk, G. J., Bai, Y., Lee, J. M., Godino, J., Saint‐Maurice, P. F., & Carr, L. J. (2019) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000001966 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Jones, A., Armstrong, B., Weaver, R. G., Parker, H., von Klinggraeff, L., & Beets, M. W. (2021) · International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity · doi:10.1186/s12966-021-01189-6 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
“As children age, screen time guidelines are adjusted to recommend no more than 2 h per day of recreational screen time for children and adolescents (5–17 years old) [5].”
Replacing Sedentary Time: Meta-analysis of Objective-Assessment Studies
del Pozo-Cruz, J., García‐Hermoso, A., Alfonso‐Rosa, R. M., Álvarez‐Barbosa, F., Owen, N. G., CHASTIN, S. F. M., & Cruz, B. D. P. (2018) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2018.04.042 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Behavioral Correlates of Muscular Fitness in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review
Smith, J. J., Eather, N., Weaver, R. G., Riley, N., Beets, M. W., & Lubans, D. R. (2019) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-019-01089-7 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
“, from vigorous intensity physical activity through to sleep) [36].”
BackgroundA short history of time use research; implications for public health
Bauman, A., Bittman, M., & Gershuny, J. (2019) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-019-6760-y · Cited by 125 · see citing works
“Physical activity researchers have become interested in the ‘spectrum of activity’ across the day, including sleep time, and 24 h guidelines are proposed in Canada; although these are based on continuous accelerometry data, they build on the time use concept, and are attempting to define the health thresholds for diff…”
BackgroundWhiting, S., Buoncristiano, M., Gelius, P., Abu-Omar, K., Pattison, M., Hyska, J., Duleva, V., Musić Milanović, S., Zamrazilová, H., Hejgaard, T., et al. (2021) · Obesity Facts · doi:10.1159/000511263 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
Sociodemographic Correlates of Contemporary Screen Time Use among 9- and 10-Year-Old Children
Nagata, J. M., Ganson, K. T., Iyer, P., Chu, J., Baker, F. C., Pettee Gabriel, K., Garber, A. K., Murray, S. B., & Bibbins-Domingo, K. (2022) · The Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2021.08.077 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Inadequate sleep as a contributor to type 2 diabetes in children and adolescents
Dutil, C., & Chaput, J. (2017) · Nutrition and Diabetes · doi:10.1038/nutd.2017.19 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Self-citationParrish, A., Tremblay, M. S., Carson, S., Veldman, S. L. C., Cliff, D. P., Vella, S. A., Chong, K. H., Nácher, M., Cruz, B. D. P., Ellis, Y., et al. (2020) · International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity · doi:10.1186/s12966-020-0914-2 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Self-citationEvans, B., Shirazipour, C. H., Allan, V., Zanhour, M., Sweet, S., Ginis, K. M. M., & Latimer-Cheung, A. (2018) · Psychology of Sport And Exercise · doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2018.04.009 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Self-citationParental Correlates of Outdoor Play in Boys and Girls Aged 0 to 12—A Systematic Review
Boxberger, K., & Reimers, A. K. (2019) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph16020190 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
“According to the Canadian 24-Hour Movement Guidelines for Children and Youth, children should perform at least 60 min of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) per day [2].”
MethodPhysical Activity Habit: Complexities and Controversies
Rhodes, R. E., & Rebar, A. L. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-97529-0_6 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Social Media Use, School Connectedness, and Academic Performance Among Adolescents
Sampasa‐Kanyinga, H., Chaput, J., & Hamilton, H. A. (2019) · The Journal of Primary Prevention · doi:10.1007/s10935-019-00543-6 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Self-citationCarson, V., Tremblay, M. S., & CHASTIN, S. F. M. (2017) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-017-4852-0 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
“This is not a surprise, given it is recommended in Canada that preschool-aged children sleep 10–13 h/night [37], compared to 8–10 or 9–11 h/night for school-aged children and youth [1].”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationNon-wear or sleep? Evaluation of five non-wear detection algorithms for raw accelerometer data
Ahmadi, M. N., Nathan, N., Sutherland, R., Wolfenden, L., & Trost, S. G. (2019) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/02640414.2019.1703301 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
“On the weight of this evidence, public health organisations have issued 24-hour movement guidelines recommending a healthy combination of physical activity, screen time, and sleep across the day (Okely et al., 2017; Tremblay et al., 2016; World Health Organization, 2019).”
BackgroundSevil‐Serrano, J., García‐González, L., Abós, Á., Lanaspa, E. G., & Solana, A. A. (2018) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2018.09.027 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Physical activity for children with chronic disease; a narrative review and practical applications
West, S., Banks, L., Schneiderman, J. E., Caterini, J. E., Stephens, S., White, G., Dogra, S., & Wells, G. D. (2019) · BMC Pediatrics · doi:10.1186/s12887-018-1377-3 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Lin, Y., Tremblay, M. S., Katzmarzyk, P. T., Fogelholm, M., Hu, G., Lambert, E. V., Maher, C. A., Maia, J. A. R., Olds, T., Sarmiento, O. L., et al. (2017) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2017.12.006 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
“Recently, the Canadian 24-Hour Movement Guidelines for Children and Youth provided evidence-informed recommendations for a healthy day, comprising an integration of sleep, physical activity (PA) and sedentary time (SED).(1) For instance, longer sleep duration is”
BackgroundSelf-citationO’Brien, K. T., Vanderloo, L. M., Bruijns, B. A., Truelove, S., & Tucker, P. (2018) · International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity · doi:10.1186/s12966-018-0745-6 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
“29 minutes during the childcare day [8].”
BackgroundTassitano, R. M., Weaver, R. G., Tenório, M. C. M., Brazendale, K., & Beets, M. W. (2020) · International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity · doi:10.1186/s12966-020-01054-y · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Sampasa-Kanyinga, H., Standage, M., Tremblay, M. S., Katzmarzyk, P. T., Hu, G., Kuriyan, R., Maher, C., Maia, J., Olds, T., Sarmiento, O. L., et al. (2017) · Public Health · doi:10.1016/j.puhe.2017.07.010 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Self-citationZhu, X., Haegele, J. A., & Healy, S. (2019) · Mental Health and Physical Activity · doi:10.1016/j.mhpa.2019.04.002 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Sleep duration and consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages and energy drinks among adolescents
Sampasa‐Kanyinga, H., Hamilton, H. A., & Chaput, J. (2017) · Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.nut.2017.11.013 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Self-citationAssociation between sedentary time and mortality across levels of frailty
Theou, O., Blodgett, J. M., Godin, J., & Rockwood, K. J. (2017) · Canadian Medical Association Journal · doi:10.1503/cmaj.161034 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Kim, S., Favotto, L., Halladay, J., Wang, L., Boyle, M. H., & Georgiades, K. (2020) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-020-01833-9 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
McCormack, G. R., Doyle–Baker, P. K., Petersen, J. A., & Ghoneim, D. (2020) · Preventive Medicine Reports · doi:10.1016/j.pmedr.2020.101275 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
“We dichotomized each sedentary activity to reflect the children ’ s SB recommendations included in Canada ’ s 24-hour movement guidelines ( < 2 h/day) (Tremblay et al., 2016).”
InfluentialPhysical Education Classes, Physical Activity, and Sedentary Behavior in Children
Silva, D. A. S., Chaput, J., Katzmarzyk, P. T., Fogelholm, M., Hu, G., Maher, C. A., Olds, T., Onywera, V. O., Sarmiento, O. L., Standage, M., et al. (2017) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000001524 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
“used where the dependent variable was meeting the MVPA recommendations (5,23).”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citationRiazi, N. A., Wunderlich, K. B., Gierc, M. S. H., BRUSSONI, M. J., Moore, S. A., Tremblay, M. S., & Faulkner, G. (2021) · Children · doi:10.3390/children8030219 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
“With the chance of future waves and consequent calls to stay-at-home, it may be prudent to devise evidence-based resources to help families cope with pandemic-related restrictions and support 24-hour movement guidelines for children and youth [1] and adults [24].”
BackgroundSelf-citationOkely, A. D., Reilly, J. J., Tremblay, M. S., Kariippanon, K. E., Draper, C. E., Hamdouchi, A. E., Florindo, A. A., Green, J. P., Guan, H., Katzmarzyk, P. T., et al. (2021) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2021-049267 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Self-citationExercise Improves Physical Activity and Comorbidities in Obese Adults with Asthma
Freitas, P., Silva, A. G., Ferreira, P. G., da Silva, A., Salge, J., Carvalho-Pinto, R., Cukier, A., Brito, C. M., Mancini, M., & Carvalho, C. (2018) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000001574 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
“Based on these findings, progressive changes toward an active lifestyle with a daily balance of sleep, sedentary behaviors and physical activities is recommended for optimal health benefits (11).”
BackgroundNyström, C. D., Alexandrou, C., Henström, M., Nilsson, E., Okely, A. D., Masri, S. W. E., & Löf, M. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17228491 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Self-citationFaught, E. L., Gleddie, D., Storey, K. E., Davison, C. M., & Veugelers, P. J. (2017) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0181938 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
- Authors
- Tremblay, M. S., Carson, V., Chaput, J.-P., Connor Gorber, S., Dinh, T., Duggan, M., Faulkner, G., Gray, C. E., Gruber, R., Janson, K., Janssen, I., Katzmarzyk, P. T., Kho, M. E., Latimer-Cheung, A. E., LeBlanc, C., Okely, A. D., Olds, T., Pate, R. R., Phillips, A., Poitras, V. J., Rodenburg, S., Sampson, M., Saunders, T. J., Stone, J. A., Stratton, G., Weiss, S. K., & Zehr, L.
- Affiliations
- University of Ottawa (CA)
- University of Alberta (CA)
- Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0K9, Canada.
- Conference Board of Canada (CA)
- Canadian Society for Exercise Physiology (CA)
- University of British Columbia (CA)
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario (CA)
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute (CA)
- ParticipACTION (CA)
- Queen's University (CA)
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center (US)
- McMaster University (CA)
- Healthy Active Living and Obesity Research Group, Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L1, Canada.
- McGill University (CA)
- University of Wollongong (AU)
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), Sansom Institute of Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide 5001, Australia.
- University of South Carolina (US)
- No affiliation.
- University of Prince Edward Island (CA)
- University of Calgary (CA)
- Swansea University (GB)
- University of Toronto (CA)
- Camosun College (CA)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism
- Publisher
- Canadian Science Publishing
- Published
- 2016-06
- Volume
- 41
- Issue
- 6 (Suppl. 3)
- Pages
- S311-S327
- ISSN
- 1715-5312 (ISSN-L)
- 1715-5320
- OpenAlex
- W2435437921
- Cited by
- 2,024
- References
- 49
- Citations by year
- 2026: 178 · 2025: 241 · 2024: 246 · 2023: 264 · 2022: 285 · 2021: 270 · 2020: 223 · 2019: 129 · 2018: 108 · 2017: 61 · 2016: 19
- FWCI
- 84.97
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Online (University of Wollongong) (submittedVersion)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- IslandScholar (University of Prince Edward Island) (submittedVersion)
- QSpace (Queen's University Library) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- UniSA Research Outputs Repository (University of South Australia) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Physical Activity and Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Clinical practice guidelines implementation
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
- Keywords
- 24-hour movement guidelines, children and young people, physical activity, sedentary behavior, sleep, light physical activity, moderate physical activity, high-intensity exercise, health indicators, AGREE II, GRADE, Canadian Health Measures Survey, stakeholder engagement
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adolescent Behavior, Canada, Child, Child Behavior, Child, Preschool, Cross-Sectional Studies, Humans, Sleep, Health Behavior, Exercise, Focus Groups, Guidelines as Topic, Sedentary Behavior
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