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The brain response to personally familiar faces in autism: findings of fusiform activity and beyond
Abstract
Past functional MRI (FMRI) studies of autism have reported reduced activation in response to the faces of strangers primarily in the 'fusiform face area' (FFA). An alternative and potentially stronger test of FFA function in autism is one that attempts to affect levels of FFA activity using factors believed to modulate function in this brain region, such as face familiarity and the perception of face identity. The current study presented personally meaningful faces, such as mother and co-worker, as well as stranger faces in a rapid event-related FMRI design. Seven autistic and nine normal control adults participated and pressed a button in response to all female faces. A deconvolution analysis revealed significant FFA activity in response to familiar and stranger faces in both autism and normal control groups. Individuals with autism also showed greater fusiform activity in response to familiar faces than stranger faces, as well as the prototypical right hemisphere dominance in response to both types of faces. Normal subjects showed additional activation to familiar faces in the posterior cingulate, amygdala and medial frontal lobes, including the anterior cingulate. Subjects with autism showed a similar, but more limited, network in response to familiar faces. This network included the amygdala and implies that this structure, involved in multiple socio-emotional functions, can be responsive in autism in the presence of stimuli that represent high reward value, such as mother's face. Furthermore, the presence of a distinct network to process familiar faces in autism, one that included limbic structures and was not found in response to the faces of strangers, suggests socio-emotional processing in autism. A potentially noteworthy trend, however, was evidence for a reduction in medial frontal lobe function in the autism group. The main finding of FFA activity in autism stands in contrast to most past FMRI studies of face processing in this disorder. This positive result may reflect the use of personally significant faces that enhanced attention and motivation in the autistic participants. Furthermore, given the proposed role of the FFA in establishing person identity, the use of almost a dozen different personally familiar faces for each participant (totalling 32 non-repeating faces) may have additionally maximized FFA involvement. Therefore, dysfunction in the FFA found in other studies of autism may reflect defects in systems that modulate the FFA, rather than the FFA itself.
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“However, three studies, those of Ogai et al. (2003), Pierce et al. (2004) and Piggot et al. (2004), failed to find any significant differences in amygdala activation for the ASD samples compared to controls.”
From Vision in autism spectrum disorders (2009) · cites this paper as Pierce et al. (2004)
In the citing paper
“Dalton et al.'s (2005) study, together with Ogai et al. (2003), Pierce et al. (2004) and Piggot et al. (2004) suggest that it is possible to obtain functional activations of the amygdala in individuals with ASD, given appropriate control of the participant (with regard to fixation) and appropriate levels of stimulation (familiar or highly evocative faces).”
From Vision in autism spectrum disorders (2009) · cites this paper as Pierce et al. (2004)
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A failure to grasp the affective meaning of actions in autism spectrum disorder subjects
Grèzes, J., Wicker, B., Berthoz, S., & de Gelder, B. (2009) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2009.02.021 · Cited by 130
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Neural mechanisms of empathy in adolescents with autism spectrum disorder and their fathers
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“, 2004; for a review see Schultz, 2005), although a few studies reported normal FG activation in ASD subjects compared to controls (Hadjikhani et al., 2007; Kleinhans et al., 2008; Pierce et al., 2004).”
BackgroundResultKilroy, E., Aziz‐Zadeh, L., & Cermak, S. A. (2019) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci9030068 · Cited by 170
“Emotion-related regions such as the amygdala and insula play important roles in identifying salient information; in ASD these regions respond abnormally when attending to relevant social and sensory information [50,52,75,93].”
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“Clinical Study Effect of Anodal Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation on Autism: A Randomized Double-Blind Crossover Trial Anuwat Amatachaya,1 Narong Auvichayapat,2 Niramol Patjanasoontorn,3 Chanyut Suphakunpinyo,2 Niran Ngernyam,1 Benchaporn Aree-uea,1 Keattichai Keeratitanont,1 and Paradee Auvichayapat1 1 Departme…”
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“Thus, when controlling for factors such as facial familiarity and motivation (Pierce et al., 2004), attention (Hadjikhani et al.”
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Conturo, T. E., Williams, D. L., Smith, C. D., Gultepe, E., Akbudak, E., & Minshew, N. J. (2008) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s1355617708081381 · Cited by 119
“This mechanism is also consistent with f MRI observations that some autism participants use alternative brain mechanism to process faces (Hubl et al., 2003; Pierce et al., 2001; Schultz et al., 2000), which could bypass an abnormal right HF.”
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“As our study did not use personally familiar faces as controls, we cannot address the interesting question of whether the response of the rIFG of children with ASD is modulated by personal familiarity, as has been suggested for the fusiform face area [48].”
MethodAmeis, S. H., Fan, J., Rockel, C. P., Voineskos, A. N., Lobaugh, N. J., Soorya, L. V., Wang, A. T., Hollander, E., & Anagnostou, E. A. (2011) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0028044 · Cited by 113
“Our work also aligns with functional imaging studies highlighting reduced activation of frontal regions across social and cognitive tasks [59,68] and reduced functional connectivity with frontal regions in ASD [60,69,70,71,72].”
ResultThe Role of Face Familiarity in Eye Tracking of Faces by Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorders
Sterling, L., Dawson, G., Webb, S. J., Murias, M., MUNSON, J. A., Panagiotides, H., & Aylward, E. (2008) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-008-0550-1 · Cited by 120
“…faces by individuals with ASD (Critchley et al. 2000; Hall, Szechtman et al. 2003; Hubl et al. 2003; Pierce et al. 2001; Piggot et al. 2004; Schultz et al. 2000; Wang et al. 2004), but normal patterns of neural activation for highly familiar faces (Aylward et al. 2004; Pierce et al. 2004).”
BackgroundInfluentialDeeley, Q., Daly, E., Surguladze, S., Page, L., Toal, F., Robertson, D., Curran, S. R., Giampietro, V., Seal, M. L., Brammer, M. J., et al. (2007) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.09.037 · Cited by 110
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“…al., 2003; Pierce et al., 2001; Schultz et al., 2000] have found reduced BOLD activation in the fusiform face area [FFA; Kanwisher et al., 1997], but five studies have failed to replicate this finding [Bird et al., 2006; Hadjikhani et al., 2004, 2007; Kleinhans et al., 2008; Pierce et al., 2004].”
ResultFinding a face in the crowd: Testing the anger superiority effect in Asperger Syndrome
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Multi-voxel pattern analysis of fMRI data predicts clinical symptom severity
Coutanche, M. N., Thompson‐Schill, S. L., & Schultz, R. T. (2011) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.04.016 · Cited by 107
“robust for familiar faces (Pierce et al., 2004; Pierce and Redcay, 2008), but this is not”
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Visual Perception in Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Review of Neuroimaging Studies
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Lepagnol-Bestel, A.-M., Maussion, G., Boda, B., Cardona, A., Iwayama, Y., Delezoide, A.-L., Moalic, J.-M., Muller, D., Dean, B., Yoshikawa, T., et al. (2008) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/sj.mp.4002120 · Cited by 93
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“…autistics display this desired brain activity when previous oversights in experimental design are addressed (e.g., Hadjikhani et al., 2004; Pierce et al., 2004) raise questions about the foundations of interventions that target core deficits and exploit task-related brain activity as…”
BackgroundScherf, K. S. (2010) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2010.00026 · Cited by 95
Executive function deficits and neural discordance in children with Autism Spectrum Disorders
Chan, A. S.-Y., Cheung, M., Han, Y. M. Y., Sze, S. L., Leung, W. W.-M., Man, H. S., & To, C. Y. (2009) · Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2009.04.002 · Cited by 96
“…functional imaging studies have also found altered patterns of activation, perfusion, and glucose metabolism in various areas of the frontal lobes in individuals with ASD during neuropsychological tasks involving executive function (Ohnishi et al., 2000; Pierce et al., 2004; Schmitz et al., 2006).”
Experimental manipulation of face-evoked activity in the fusiform gyrus of individuals with autism
Perlman, S. B., Hudac, C. M., Pegors, T. K., Minshew, N. J., & Pelphrey, K. A. (2010) · Social Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/17470911003683185 · Cited by 87
“Three reported equivalent amygdalae activity in affected and unaffected individuals (Kleinhans et al., 2009; Pierce et al., 2004; Piggot et al., 2004).”
InfluentialNeural Correlates of Own Name and Own Face Detection in Autism Spectrum Disorder
Cygan, H. B., Tacikowski, P., Ostaszewski, P., Chojnicka, I., & Nowicka, A. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0086020 · Cited by 97
“Taking into account that they spent most of the time at home, extensive contact with that person and his/her significance in fulfilling daily needs may result in intensive stimulus- reward learning [104].”
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“It may be relevant in this context that apparently normal activity in the fusiform face area was recently observed when autistic individuals processed personally familiar faces (Pierce et al., 2004).”
Backgroundde Wit, T. C. J., Falck‐Ytter, T., & von Hofsten, C. (2008) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2008.01.004 · Cited by 86
“A recent study on adults with ASD found that they were also slower at discriminating between faces (e.g., Behrmann et al., 2006) This impairment in face processing is congruent with neuroimaging findings showing atypical activation of the fusiform gyrus, the preeminent area in face processing (e.g., Pierce, Muller, Am…”
ResultWebb, S. J., Jones, E. J. H., Merkle, K., Murias, M., Greenson, J., Richards, T., Aylward, E., & Dawson, G. (2010) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2010.04.011 · Cited by 85
Brain MRI in Autism Spectrum Disorder: Narrative Review and Recent Advances
Rafiee, F., Habibabadi, R. R., Motaghi, M., Yousem, D. M., & Yousem, I. J. (2021) · Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging · doi:10.1002/jmri.27949 · Cited by 100
Farzin, F., Rivera, S. M., & Hessl, D. R. (2009) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-009-0744-1 · Cited by 83
“…fMRI studies report reduced activity in the fusiform gyrus (FG) when individuals with autism perform face processing tasks (Dalton et al. 2005; Pierce et al. 2004; Schultz et al. 2000), and fMRI in conjunction with eye tracking has shown that eye-gaze in individuals with autism is positively…”
Jung, M., Tu, Y., Lang, C., Ortiz, A., Park, J., Jorgenson, K., Kong, X., & Kong, J. (2017) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.09.031 · Cited by 90
The Neuroscience of Adolescence
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Neural networks related to dysfunctional face processing in autism spectrum disorder
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Abnormalities of cortical minicolumnar organization in the prefrontal lobes of autistic patients
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Fronto-limbic functioning in children and adolescents with and without autism
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Oxytocin, sexually dimorphic features of the social brain, and autism
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Amygdala connectivity and implications for social cognition and disorders
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Advances in autism neuroimaging research for the clinician and geneticist
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“…with autism appear to be using different cognitive strategies and some different brain areas to process information [Muller et al., 2003; Gervais et al., 2004; Hadjikhani et al., 2004; Pierce et al., 2004; Piggot et al., 2004; Wang et al., 2004; Grelotti et al., 2005; Williams et al., 2005].”
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The cortical microstructural basis of lateralized cognition: a review
Chance, S. A. (2014) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00820 · Cited by 74
“Dr. Steven A. Chance was supported by a project grant (#6026) from Autism Speaks, USA, and is supported by a grant from the Shirley Foundation, UK.”
BackgroundEvent-related potentials of self-face recognition in children with pervasive developmental disorders
Gunji, A., Inagaki, M., Inoue, Y., Takeshima, Y., & Kaga, M. (2008) · Brain and Development · doi:10.1016/j.braindev.2008.04.011 · Cited by 73
Effective connectivity in autism
Rolls, E. T., Zhou, Y., Cheng, W., Gilson, M., Deco, G., & Feng, J. (2019) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.2235 · Cited by 71
“In the same study, activation to familiar faces was reported to be greater in medial prefrontal cortex areas than in people with autism [Pierce et al., 2004].”
BackgroundHyperbaric oxygen therapy may improve symptoms in autistic children
Rossignol, D. A., & Rossignol, L. W. (2006) · Medical Hypotheses · doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2006.02.009 · Cited by 72
“This was confirmed by a recent study of autistics demonstrating diminished blood flow to the ‘‘fusiform face area’’ responsible for recognizing familiar faces [58].”
ResultNuske, H. J., Vivanti, G., & Dissanayake, C. (2014) · Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders · doi:10.1186/1866-1955-6-14 · Cited by 78
“In terms of amplitude of emotional response, as expected, the children with ASD reacted normatively to the fearful expressions of familiar people, which is consistent with previous findings on brain activity to familiar neutral faces in ASD [36-38].”
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Schelinski, S., Borowiak, K., & von Kriegstein, K. (2016) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsw089 · Cited by 77
“A large number of neuroimaging studies have investigated the face processing and face recognition impairment in ASD and revealed an altered functioning of visual association cortices specialised for faces (Schultz et al., 2000; Pierce et al., 2001; Pierce et al., 2004; Kleinhans et al., 2008; Domes et al., 2013).”
BackgroundUnderstanding autism and related disorders: What has imaging taught us?
Williams, D. L., & Minshew, N. J. (2007) · Neuroimaging Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.nic.2007.07.007 · Cited by 71
Reduced Gray Matter Volume in the Social Brain Network in Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder
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“…(e.g., Baron-Cohen et al., 1999; Hall et al., 2003; Dapretto et al., 2006), OFC (e.g., Ashwin et al., 2007; Kana et al., 2009; Kaiser et al., 2010), and DMPFC (e.g., Castelli et al., 2002; Pierce et al., 2004; Wang et al., 2007) (for reviews, see Philip et al., 2012; Nickl-Jockschat et al., 2015).”
BackgroundEye Movement and Visual Search: Are There Elementary Abnormalities in Autism?
Brenner, L. A., Turner, K. C., & Müller, R. (2006) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-006-0277-9 · Cited by 64
The integration of prosodic speech in high functioning autism: a preliminary FMRI study
Hesling, I., Dilharreguy, B., Peppé, S., Amirault, M., Bouvard, M., & Allard, M. (2010) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0011571 · Cited by 67
“Even if the first hypothesis cannot be excluded, several functional imaging studies in autism have revealed abnormalities in middle anterior and posterior regions involved in the default mode network during a variety of tasks, either in socioemotional [33–64] or non-socioemotional tasks [65,66].”
BackgroundSui, L., & Chen, M. (2012) · Brain Research Bulletin · doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2012.01.011 · Cited by 63
Hyperbaric oxygen therapy might improve certain pathophysiological findings in autism
Rossignol, D. A. (2006) · Medical Hypotheses · doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2006.09.064 · Cited by 65
“Diminished blood flow to the fusiform gyrus has been correlated with difficulty in recognizing familiar faces [25].”
BackgroundChanel, G., Pichon, S., Conty, L., Berthoz, S., Chevallier, C., & Grèzes, J. (2015) · NeuroImage Clinical · doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2015.11.010 · Cited by 62
“…et al., 1997; Puce et al., 1996); of the posterior STS, which plays a role in processing gaze direction (Allison et al., 2000), emotional displays (Pitcher, 2014) and biological motion (Giese and Poggio, 2003); and of the TPJ which is part of the mental state attribution network (Castelli et al.,…”
BackgroundFeature selection and classification of imbalanced datasets
Duchesnay, E., Cachia, A., Boddaert, N., Chabane, N., Mangin, J.-F., Martinot, J.-L., Brunelle, F., & Zilbovicius, M. (2011) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.05.011 · Cited by 60
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“An exception to this pattern is the fusiform face area, a region that is especially sensitive to faces which tends to exhibit reduced (Critchley et al. 2000; Hubl et al. 2003; Schultz et al. 2000, 2005; Pierce et al. 2001; Wang et al. 2004) or similar (Hadjikhani et al. 2004; Pierce et al. 2004 ) activation to faces i…”
BackgroundCerebral hypoperfusion in autism spectrum disorder
Bjørklund, G., Kern, J. K., Urbina, M. A., Saad, K., Elhoufey, A. A., Geier, D. A., Chirumbolo, S., Geier, M. R., Mehta, J. A., & Aaseth, J. (2018) · Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis · doi:10.21307/ane-2018-005 · Cited by 63
“Difficul‑ ties in recognizing familiar faces were correlated with a decreased blood flow to the fusiform gyrus (Pierce et al. 2004), and decreased blood flow to the Wernicke’s and Brodmann’s areas was correlated to impairments in lan‑ guage development and auditory processing (Boddaert and…”
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“We found that familiar faces elicited a significantly higher response in the FFA compared to unfamiliar faces (see also Elfgren et al. (2006), Gobbini et al. (2004), Pierce et al. (2004), Sergent et al. (1992) ).”
Kleinhans, N. M., Schweinsburg, B. C., Cohen, D. N., Müller, R.-A., & Courchesne, E. (2007) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2007.04.081 · Cited by 59
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“…Malisza et al. 2011; Mason et al. 2008; Monk et al. 2010; Nishitani et al. 2004; Noonan et al. 2009; Oktem et al. 2001; Pelphrey et al. 2005, 2007; Pierce et al. 2001, 2004; Pierce and Redcay 2008; Piggot et al. 2004; Scott-Van Zeeland et al. 2010a; Schmitz et al. 2008; Schulte-Ruther et al.…”
BackgroundAutism, attachment, and social learning: Three challenges and a way forward
Vivanti, G., & Nuske, H. J. (2016) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2016.10.025 · Cited by 67
“For examle, recent studies documented that preschoolers with ASD show ormative pupillary responses (indexing emotional reactivity) to he emotions expressed by personally familiar versus unfamiliar eople [82], and school-aged children and adults with ASD actiate normative neural networks whilst viewing faces of people…”
Processing of novel and familiar faces in infants at average and high risk for autism
Key, A. P. F., & Stone, W. L. (2011) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2011.12.003 · Cited by 57
Hemispheric asymmetry in the fusiform gyrus distinguishes Homo sapiens from chimpanzees
Chance, S. A., Sawyer, E. K., Clover, L. M., Wicinski, B. A., Hof, P. R., & Crow, T. J. (2012) · Brain Structure and Function · doi:10.1007/s00429-012-0464-8 · Cited by 56
“…a selective deficit in perceiving facial expressions categorically (Teunisse and De Gelder 2001) which affects activation of the fusiform gyrus (Pierce et al. 2004), and one of the few neuropathological features of the disorder is altered minicolumn organisation (Casanova et al. 2006)…”
BackgroundCharbonneau, G., Bertone, A., Lepore, F., Nassim, M., Lassonde, M., Mottron, L., & Collignon, O. (2013) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2013.02.009 · Cited by 54
Carson, A. M., Salowitz, N. M. G., Scheidt, R. A., Dolan, B. K., & Hecke, A. V. V. (2014) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.1367 · Cited by 60
“For example, the fusiform gyrus exhibits dramatically reduced activity when people with ASD process faces of strangers [Pierce, Müller, Ambrose, Allen, & Courchesne, 2001], whereas familiarity with social partners may result in a more neuro-typical response in the temporal area of the “social brain” [Pierce et al., 20…”
BackgroundNeural bases of gaze and emotion processing in children with autism spectrum disorders
Davies, M. S., Dapretto, M., Sigman, M., Sepeta, L. N., & Bookheimer, S. Y. (2011) · Brain and Behavior · doi:10.1002/brb3.6 · Cited by 54
“…for such a hypothesis showing reduced activity in the region of the fusiform gyrus typically associated with face processing, a finding taken to reflect reduced social experience and face-processing specialization (Schultz et al. 2000; Grelotti et al. 2002; Pierce et al. 2001; Wang et al. 2004).”
BackgroundThe human posterior cingulate and the stress-response benefits of viewing green urban landscapes
Chang, D. H. F., Jiang, B., Wong, N., Wong, J. J., Webster, C. J., & Lee, T. M. C. (2020) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.117555 · Cited by 57
A threat-detection advantage in those with autism spectrum disorders
Krysko, K. M., & Rutherford, M. D. (2008) · Brain and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.bandc.2008.10.002 · Cited by 59
Children with autism show altered autonomic adaptation to novel and familiar social partners
Neuhaus, E., Bernier, R. A., & Beauchaine, T. P. (2016) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.1543 · Cited by 50
“Thus parasympathetic influence allows quicker, more sensitive, and more finely tuned social responses than would be possible from sympathetic input alone [Porges, 2001].”
BackgroundInfluentialScherf, K. S., Elbich, D., Minshew, N., & Behrmann, M. (2015) · NeuroImage Clinical · doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2014.11.003 · Cited by 53
“…not likely to be related to the familiarity of the face stimuli since findings of both hypo- and comparable face-related activation have been observed when the face stimuli are familiar to participants (hypo-active, Dalton et al., 2005; comparable, Pierce et al., 2004; Pierce and Redcay, 2008).”
BackgroundThe Nature of Facial Emotion Recognition Impairments in Children on the Autism Spectrum
Shanok, N. A., Jones, N. A., & Lucas, N. N. (2019) · Child Psychiatry & Human Development · doi:10.1007/s10578-019-00870-z · Cited by 55
Voice identity processing in autism spectrum disorder
Schelinski, S., Roswandowitz, C., & von Kriegstein, K. (2017) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.1639 · Cited by 60
Neural Correlates of Visuomotor Learning in Autism
Sharer, E. A., Crocetti, D., Muschelli, J., Barber, A. D., Nebel, M. B., Caffo, B. S., Pekar, J. J., & Mostofsky, S. H. (2015) · Journal of Child Neurology · doi:10.1177/0883073815600869 · Cited by 57
“Abnormalities in posterior cingulate responses during interpersonal interaction correlate with the severity of autistic symptoms.(65,66) Furthermore ASD is associated with structural and metabolic abnormalities of the posterior cingulate cortex.”
BackgroundNishimura, M., Rutherford, M. D., & Maurer, D. M. (2008) · Visual Cognition · doi:10.1080/13506280701538514 · Cited by 51
Young adolescents with autism show abnormal joint attention network: A gaze contingent fMRI study
Oberwelland, E., Schilbach, L., Barišic, I., Krall, S. C., Vogeley, K. T., Fink, G. R., Herpertz‐Dahlmann, B., Konrad, K., & Schulte‐Rüther, M. (2017) · NeuroImage Clinical · doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2017.01.006 · Cited by 51
“This is consistent with previous studies suggesting differential brain activity for familiar and unfamiliar faces in individuals with ASD (Pierce et al., 2004; Pierce and Redcay, 2008; Sterling et al., 2008).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialYang, S., Liu, Z., Xiong, X., Cai, K., Zhu, L., Dong, X., Wang, J., Zhu, H., Shi, Y., & Chen, A. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18105132 · Cited by 50
Zilbovicius, M., Meresse, I., & Boddaert, N. (2006) · Brazilian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1590/s1516-44462006000500004 · Cited by 49
Chawarska, K., & Volkmar, F. R. (2006) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-7687.2006.00543.x · Cited by 53
Abnormal Neural Activation to Faces in the Parents of Children with Autism
Yucel, G., Belger, A., Bizzell, J., Parlier, M., Adolphs, R., & Piven, J. (2014) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhu147 · Cited by 50
Imaging-Genetics in Autism Spectrum Disorder: Advances, Translational Impact, and Future Directions
Ameis, S. H., & Szatmári, P. (2012) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2012.00046 · Cited by 49
Early functional brain development in autism and the promise of sleep fMRI
Pierce, K. (2011) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2010.09.028 · Cited by 43
“In contrast, when salient, attention grabbing stimuli are used, such as mother's face, the face processing system has been shown to become more normally activated (Pierce et al., 2004; Pierce and Redcay, 2008).”
Hypersensitivity to low intensity fearful faces in autism when fixation is constrained to the eyes
Lassalle, A., Johnels, J. Å., Zürcher, N. R., Hippolyte, L., Billstedt, E., Ward, N., Lemonnier, É., Gillberg, C., & Hadjikhani, N. K. (2017) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.23800 · Cited by 48
“…et al., 2006; Bookheimer et al., 2008; Dapretto et al., 2006; Hadjikhani et al., 2004, 2007; Kleinhans et al., 2008, 2009; Pierce et al., 2004; Piggot et al., 2004; Pinkham et al., 2008; Sato et al., 2012; Wang et al., 2004; Wicker et al., 2008; Z€urcher et al., 2013a; Z€urcher et al., 2013b].”
Poor Facial Affect Recognition Among Boys with Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy
Hinton, V. J., Fee, R. J., Vivo, D. C. D., & Goldstein, E. (2006) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-006-0325-5 · Cited by 50
Repetition suppression and memory for faces is reduced in adults with autism spectrum conditions
Ewbank, M. P., Pell, P. J., Powell, T. E., von dem Hagen, E. A. H., Baron-Cohen, S., & Calder, A. J. (2017) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhw373 · Cited by 45
Reduced Acetylcholinesterase Activity in the Fusiform Gyrus in Adults With Autism Spectrum Disorders
Suzuki, K., Sugihara, G., Ouchi, Y., Nakamura, K., Tsujii, M., Futatsubashi, M., Iwata, Y., Tsuchiya, K. J., Matsumoto, K., Takebayashi, K., et al. (2011) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.4 · Cited by 43
“3) [5-13] Communication NA 4.”
Understanding the Visual Symptoms of Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)
Coulter, R. A. (2009) · Cited by 44
Yang, S.-S., Mack, N. R., Shu, Y., & Gao, W. (2021) · Frontiers in Neural Circuits · doi:10.3389/fncir.2021.716408 · Cited by 44
Neuronal mechanisms of face perception [Review]
Dekowska, M., Kuniecki, M., & Jaśkowskí, P. (2008) · Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis · doi:10.55782/ane-2008-1692 · Cited by 47
Prefrontal-amygdalar oscillations related to social behavior in mice
Kuga, N., Abe, R., Takano, K., Ikegaya, Y., & Sasaki, T. (2022) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.78428 · Cited by 47
Atypical Asymmetry for Processing Human and Robot Faces in Autism Revealed by fNIRS
Jung, C. E., Strother, L., Feil-Seifer, D., & Hutsler, J. J. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0158804 · Cited by 45
“Based on research that suggests NTs generalize across different categories of faces[31], this may not hold true in ASD.”
BackgroundInfluentialKelly, E., Escamilla, C. O., & Tsai, P. T. (2020) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.11.012 · Cited by 46
Yoo, T., Cho, H., Park, H., Lee, J., & Kim, E. (2019) · Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncel.2019.00458 · Cited by 41
Wilson, R. E., Pascalis, O., & Blades, M. (2006) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-006-0169-z · Cited by 40
“On the one hand we could have expected abnormalities in processing style for familiar faces, because Rondan et al. (2003) found that children with ASD had an abnormal use of face feature information in an unfamiliar face recognition task.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialHall, G. B., Doyle, K. A. R., Goldberg, J., West, D., & Szatmári, P. (2010) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010804 · Cited by 39
“Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies have also produced discrepant findings, with some studies identifying amygdala hyporesponsiveness during the discrimination of emotional states [27,28], and others reporting normal amygdala activation during cognitive tasks involving facial familiarity judgment and…”
ResultDoes bilateral damage to the human amygdala produce autistic symptoms?
Paul, L. K., Corsello, C. M., Tranel, D., & Adolphs, R. (2010) · Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s11689-010-9056-1 · Cited by 41
“A number of other neuroimaging studies have noted abnormal amygdala activation when people with ASD process faces (Pelphrey et al. 2007; Pierce et al. 2004).”
BackgroundTam, F. I., King, J. A., Geisler, D., Korb, F. M., Sareng, J., Ritschel, F., Steding, J., Albertowski, K. U., Roessner, V., & Ehrlich, S. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-017-14097-2 · Cited by 38
Jiang, X., Bollich, A. M., Cox, P., Hyder, E., James, J. D., Gowani, S. A., Hadjikhani, N. K., Blanz, V., Manoach, D. S., Barton, J. J. S., et al. (2013) · NeuroImage Clinical · doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2013.02.002 · Cited by 41
“(FFA) (Kanwisher et al., 1997), a central brain region in human face processing (Grill-Spector et al., 2004; Jiang et al., 2006; Kanwisher and Yovel, 2006), others have suggested more typical activation levels (Pierce et al., 2004; Hadjikhani et al., 2007; Perlman et al., 2011).”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Metadata
- Authors
- Pierce, K.
- Affiliations
- University of California San Diego (US)
- Corresponding author
- Pierce, K.
- ORCID
- Pierce, K.
- Venue
- Brain
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2004-11-10
- Volume
- 127
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 2703-2716
- ISSN
- 0006-8950 (ISSN-L)
- 1460-2156
- OpenAlex
- W2025319978
- Cited by
- 432
- References
- 91
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 20 · 2020: 21 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 22 · 2017: 18 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 18 · 2014: 26 · 2013: 18 · 2012: 25
- FWCI
- 10.76
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Brain (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01-MH36840, K01-MH01814, R01MH036840, K01MH001814)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Face Recognition and Perception
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Action Observation and Synchronization
- Keywords
- autism spectrum disorder, fusiform face area, face familiarity, face processing, face identity, amygdala, socio-emotional processing, right hemisphere dominance, medial frontal lobe, posterior cingulate cortex
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Amygdala, Autistic Disorder, Brain Mapping, Discrimination, Psychological, Face, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Pattern Recognition, Visual, Photic Stimulation, Photography, Temporal Lobe, Case-Control Studies, Recognition, Psychology
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