The default-mode, ego-functions and free-energy: a neurobiological account of Freudian ideas
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This article explores the notion that Freudian constructs may have neurobiological substrates. Specifically, we propose that Freud's descriptions of the primary and secondary processes are consistent with self-organized activity in hierarchical cortical systems and that his descriptions of the ego are consistent with the functions of the default-mode and its reciprocal exchanges with subordinate brain systems. This neurobiological account rests on a view of the brain as a hierarchical inference or Helmholtz machine. In this view, large-scale intrinsic networks occupy supraordinate levels of hierarchical brain systems that try to optimize their representation of the sensorium. This optimization has been formulated as minimizing a free-energy; a process that is formally similar to the treatment of energy in Freudian formulations. We substantiate this synthesis by showing that Freud's descriptions of the primary process are consistent with the phenomenology and neurophysiology of rapid eye movement sleep, the early and acute psychotic state, the aura of temporal lobe epilepsy and hallucinogenic drug states.
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Feelings originate in subcortical structures and serve as expressions of basic unmet emotional needs and motivations.
“These findings suggest that feelings originate in subcortical structures and serve as expressions of basic unmet emotional needs and motivations.”
From Psychoanalytically informed MDMA-assisted therapy for pathological narcissism: a novel theoretical approach (2025) · cites this paper as [116]
The Functional anatomy of the default-mode section (page unavailable) links limbic and subcortical systems to emotional processing and motivational salience, which supports part of the claim. It does not say that feelings generally originate in those structures or that they express unmet emotional needs; searches for “basic emotional needs” and “feelings originate” found no such account. (LLM, conf=0.82)
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“These predictions suppress or cancel prediction-errors (free-energy) until they can be minimized no further (Friston, 2003, 2005).”
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Carhart-Harris, R. L. (2018) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2018.03.010 · Cited by 522 · see citing works
Self-citationIncreased global functional connectivity correlates with LSD-induced ego dissolution
Tagliazucchi, E., Roseman, L., Kaelen, M., Orban, C., Muthukumaraswamy, S. D., Murphy, K., Laufs, H., Leech, R., McGonigle, J., Crossley, N., et al. (2016) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2016.02.010 · Cited by 503 · see citing works
Self-citationEgo-dissolution and psychedelics: validation of the ego-dissolution inventory (EDI).
Nour, M. M., Evans, L., Nutt, D., & Carhart-Harris, R. L. (2016) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2016.00269 · Cited by 470 · see citing works
Self-citationGasser, P., Kirchner, K., & Passie, T. (2015) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/0269881114555249 · Cited by 456 · see citing works
Finding the self by losing the self: neural correlates of ego-dissolution under psilocybin
Lebedev, A. V., Lövdén, M., Rosenthal, G., Feilding, A., Nutt, D. J., & Carhart-Harris, R. L. (2015) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.22833 · Cited by 339 · see citing works
Self-citationLSD enhances suggestibility in healthy volunteers
Carhart-Harris, R. L., Kaelen, M., Whalley, M. G., Bolstridge, M., Feilding, A., & Nutt, D. J. (2015) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-014-3714-z · Cited by 320 · see citing works
Self-citationSolms, M. (2013) · Neuropsychoanalysis · doi:10.1080/15294145.2013.10773711 · Cited by 284 · see citing works
Mason, N. L., Kuypers, K. P. C., Müller, F., Reckweg, J., Tse, D. H. Y., Toennes, S. W., Hutten, N. R. P. W., Jansen, J. F. A., Stiers, P., Feilding, A., et al. (2020) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/s41386-020-0718-8 · Cited by 258 · see citing works
Functional Connectivity Measures After Psilocybin Inform a Novel Hypothesis of Early Psychosis
Carhart-Harris, R. L., Leech, R., Erritzoe, D., Williams, T. M., Stone, J. M., Evans, J., Sharp, D. J., Feilding, A., Wise, R. G., & Nutt, D. J. (2013) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbs117 · Cited by 256 · see citing works
Self-citationSmigielski, L., Scheidegger, M., Kometer, M., & Vollenweider, F. X. (2019) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.04.009 · Cited by 248 · see citing works
Solms, M., & Panksepp, J. (2012) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci2020147 · Cited by 254 · see citing works
Carhart-Harris, R. L., Leech, R., Williams, T. M., Erritzoe, D., Abbasi, N., Bargiotas, T., Hobden, P., Sharp, D. J., Evans, J., Feilding, A., et al. (2012) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.111.103309 · Cited by 237 · see citing works
Self-citationTemporal circuit of macroscale dynamic brain activity supports human consciousness
Huang, Z., Zhang, J., Wu, J., Mashour, G. A., & Hudetz, A. G. (2020) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.aaz0087 · Cited by 217 · see citing works
The Hard Problem of Consciousness and the Free Energy Principle
Solms, M. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02714 · Cited by 239 · see citing works
Northoff, G., Wiebking, C., Feinberg, T., & Panksepp, J. (2011) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2010.12.007 · Cited by 222 · see citing works
From many to (n)one: Meditation and the plasticity of the predictive mind
Laukkonen, R. E., & Slagter, H. A. (2021) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.06.021 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
Prediction error, ketamine and psychosis: An updated model
Corlett, P. R., Honey, G. D., & Fletcher, P. C. (2016) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/0269881116650087 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Safron, A. (2020) · Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.3389/frai.2020.00030 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
“In order for goal-oriented behavior to proceed, this free energy must be buffered by other systems capable of acting as temporary thermodynamic reservoirs (Carhart-Harris and Friston, 2010).”
BackgroundHallucinations as Top-Down Effects on Perception
Powers, A. R., Kelley, M., & Corlett, P. R. (2016) · Biological Psychiatry: Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.bpsc.2016.04.003 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Dark control: The default mode network as a reinforcement learning agent
Dohmatob, E., Dumas, G., & Bzdok, D. (2020) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.25019 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Threat response system: Parallel brain processes in pain vis-à-vis fear and anxiety
Elman, I., & Borsook, D. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00029 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Greenway, K. T., Garel, N., Jerome, L., & Feduccia, A. A. (2020) · Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology · doi:10.1080/17512433.2020.1772054 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Psychedelic therapy's transdiagnostic effects: A research domain criteria (RDoC) perspective
Kelly, J. R., Gillan, C. M., Prenderville, J., Kelly, C., Harkin, A., Clarke, G., & O'Keane, V. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.800072 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Why should any body have a self?
Hohwy, J., & Michael, J. (2017) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/fm4cr · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Close, J. B., Hajien, E. C., Watts, R., Roseman, L., & Carhart-Harris, R. L. (2020) · Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science · doi:10.1016/j.jcbs.2020.01.005 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Self-citationWiest, G. (2012) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00516 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
The doxastic shear pin: Delusions as errors of learning and memory
Fineberg, S. K., & Corlett, P. R. (2016) · Cognitive Neuropsychiatry · doi:10.1080/13546805.2015.1136206 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Pain Asymbolia as Depersonalization for Pain Experience. An Interoceptive Active Inference Account
Gerrans, P. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.523710 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Onofrj, M., Russo, M., Delli Pizzi, S., De Gregorio, D., Inserra, A., Gobbi, G., & Sensi, S. L. (2023) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-023-02691-0 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Do psychedelics facilitate emergence of unconscious psychological processes
Lindegaard, T. (2023) · Psychodynamic Psychiatry · doi:10.1521/pdps.2023.51.3.270 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Albert, A. E., & Back, A. L. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1529427 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
- Authors
- Carhart-Harris, R. L., & Friston, K. J.
- Affiliations
- Imperial College London (GB)
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Carhart-Harris, R. L.
- Venue
- Brain
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2010-02-28
- Volume
- 133
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 1265-1283
- ISSN
- 0006-8950 (ISSN-L)
- 1460-2156
- PMC
- PMC2850580
- OpenAlex
- W2107557962
- Cited by
- 574
- References
- 279
- Citations by year
- 2026: 19 · 2025: 45 · 2024: 40 · 2023: 62 · 2022: 47 · 2021: 78 · 2020: 49 · 2019: 26 · 2018: 30 · 2017: 30 · 2016: 25 · 2015: 18 · 2014: 27 · 2013: 26 · 2012: 27
- FWCI
- 3.59
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Brain (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Wellcome Trust (088130)
- Beckley Foundation
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychoanalysis and Psychopathology Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Philosophy and Theoretical Science
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Embodied and Extended Cognition
- Keywords
- Freudian theory, primary process, secondary processes, ego, default mode network, free energy principle, Helmholtz machine, self-organization, REM sleep, psychosis, temporal lobe epilepsy, hallucinations, psychoanalysis and neuroscience
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Mental Disorders, Brain, Brain Mapping, Cognition, Ego, Freudian Theory, Humans
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