Functional Segregation within Pars Opercularis of the Inferior Frontal Gyrus: Evidence from fMRI Studies of Imitation and Action Observation
Abstract
Recent neuroimaging studies have suggested that the inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) is important for action observation and imitation. In order to further explore the role of IFG in action observation and imitation, we pooled data from seven functional magnetic resonance imaging studies involving observation and imitation of simple finger movements performed in our laboratory. For imitation we found two peaks of activation in the pars opercularis, one in its dorsal sector and the other in its ventral sector. The dorsal sector of the pars opercularis was also activated during action observation, whereas the ventral sector was not. In addition, the pars triangularis was activated during action observation but not during imitation. This large dataset suggests a functional parcellation of the IFG that we discuss in terms of human mirror areas and the computational motor control architecture of internal models.
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The IFG (an inferior part of the PMC) is involved in identifying the goals of hand movements as opposed to action execution alone.
“Two recent studies also identified the IFG (an inferior part of the PMC) as an area involved in identifying the goals of hand movements (e.g., during behaviors like drinking and cleaning) as opposed to action execution alone [Iacoboni et al., 2005; Molnar-Szakacs et al., 2005].”
From Social cognition and the brain: A meta-analysis (2009) · cites this paper as Molnar-Szakacs et al., 2005
The Discussion (pp. 5–7) links IFG activity to observing and understanding actions, rather than execution alone. But the study examined observation and imitation of mostly simple finger movements; it does not establish that IFG identifies the goals of hand movements such as drinking or cleaning. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredWithin the pars opercularis, the dorsal part is activated by action observation as well as imitation, while the ventral part is activated by imitation more than observation.
“Within the pars opercularis, a distinction was made between dorsal and ventral parts with the dorsal part activated by action observation as well as imitation but the ventral part activated by imitation more than observation (Molnar-Szakacs et al., 2005).”
From A review and synthesis of the first 20years of PET and fMRI studies of heard speech, spoken language and reading (2012) · cites this paper as Molnar-Szakacs et al., 2005
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Background
- Authors
- Molnar-Szakacs, I., Iacoboni, M., Koski, L., & Mazziotta, J. C.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- Corresponding author
- Molnar-Szakacs, Istvan
- Venue
- Cerebral Cortex
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2004-10-28
- Volume
- 15
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 986-994
- ISSN
- 1047-3211 (ISSN-L)
- 1460-2199
- OpenAlex
- W2144823029
- Cited by
- 266
- References
- 74
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 18 · 2013: 17 · 2012: 19
- FWCI
- 18.96
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Cerebral Cortex (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Center for Research Resources (RR08655, P41RR013642, RR12169, RR 13642, C06RR012169)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Action Observation and Synchronization
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Motor Control and Adaptation
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neurobiology of Language and Bilingualism
- Keywords
- inferior frontal gyrus, pars opercularis, pars triangularis, action observation, imitation, finger movement, functional parcellation, mirror system, internal models, motor control
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Cognition, Female, Fingers, Frontal Lobe, Humans, Language, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Photic Stimulation, Psychomotor Performance, Databases, Factual
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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