Cellular senescence biomarker p16INK4a+ cell burden in thigh adipose is associated with poor physical function in older women
Open accessAbstract
Background: Ample evidence implicates cellular senescence as a contributor to frailty and functional decline in rodents, but considerable effort remains to translate these findings to human aging. Methods: We quantified senescence biomarker p16INK4a-expressing cells in thigh adipose tissue obtained from older women previously enrolled in a 5-month resistance training intervention, with or without caloric restriction (RT ± CR, n = 11 baseline, 8 pre-post-intervention pairs). Women in this subsample were older (72.9 ± 3.4 y) and overweight/obese (body mass index: 30.6 ± 2.4 kg/m2). p16INK4a+ cells were identified from 12 to 20 random visual fields/sample at 20× magnification (immunohistochemical, nuclear staining) and were present in all adipose samples. Results: Cross-sectional associations were observed between p16INK4a+ cell burden and physical function, including grip strength (r = -0.74), 400-m walk time (r = 0.74), 4-m gait speed (r = -0.73), and self-perceived mobility (r = -0.78) (p ≤ .05). These relationships remained significant after independent adjustments for age and adiposity (p ≤ .05). p16INK4a+ cell abundance was lower following the intervention (pre: 5.47 ± 3.4%, post: 2.17 ± 1.1% count p16INK4a+ cells, p ≤ .05). Conclusions: These results provide proof-of-concept that p16INK4a+ cells in thigh adipose are associated with physical function, and may be sensitive to change with RT ± CR in overweight/obese older women.
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The biomarker analyses included cytokines, chemo-attractants, MMPs, TIMPs, adhesion molecules, growth factors, binding proteins, and senescence markers measured in CD3 positive T lymphocytes.
“Blood biomarkers included cytokines and chemo-attractants, matrix metalloproteinases (MMP), tissue inhibitors of MMPs (TIMPs), adhesion molecules, growth factors, and their binding proteins.20,23,29 Expression of senescence markers (e.g., ARF, p16, p21, p16INK4a)41, 42, 43, 44 in CD3 positive T lymphocytes was measured by rt-PCR.”
From A pilot study of senolytics to improve cognition and mobility in older adults at risk for Alzheimer's disease (2025) · cites this paper as [20]
The Quantification of Adipose p16INK4a section describes measuring a senescence marker, but in thigh adipose biopsies by immunohistochemical staining, not in CD3-positive T lymphocytes by rt-PCR. The Discussion mentions T-cell p16INK4a expression as a finding from earlier work and proposes combining it with adipose measurements in future studies. The blood-biomarker categories appear in a separately cited sentence and are not attributed to this source. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredOther studies have shown reductions in p16INK4a in adipose tissue following senolytic treatment.
“Other studies have shown reductions in p16INK4a in adipose tissue following senolytic treatment.20,30”
From A pilot study of senolytics to improve cognition and mobility in older adults at risk for Alzheimer's disease (2025) · cites this paper as [20]
The Discussion reports that senolytic drugs reduce p16INK4a-expressing cells, but does not specify that those reductions were measured in adipose tissue. This paper measured adipose p16INK4a+ cells before and after resistance training with or without caloric restriction, not senolytic treatment (Participants and Study Design; Discussion). (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredExercise can effectively reduce the appearance of age-related markers, such as p16, so as to achieve the effect of delaying aging.
“These evidence suggest that exercise can effectively reduce the appearance of age-related markers, such as p16, so as to achieve the effect of delaying aging.”
From Inflammation and aging: signaling pathways and intervention therapies (2023) · cites this paper as [334]
The Abstract reports that p16INK4a-positive cell abundance in thigh adipose was lower after five months of resistance training with or without caloric restriction in a small sample of older women. The intervention-results section says physical function was unchanged, and the paper describes the biomarker finding as preliminary; it does not establish that exercise alone caused the reduction or delayed aging. Page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.90)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredResistance training for five months in older overweight or obese women reduced the number of P16-expressing cells in their thigh fat tissue.
“Correspondingly, resistance training for five months in older overweight or obese women reduced the number of P16-expressing cells in their thigh fat tissue.334”
From Inflammation and aging: signaling pathways and intervention therapies (2023) · cites this paper as [334]
The Abstract and ‘Thigh Adipose p16INK4a+ Cell Burden Before and After RT ± CR’ section report lower p16-expressing cell abundance after five months in older overweight or obese women. The analysis combined resistance-training-only and resistance-training-plus-caloric-restriction participants, so it does not establish that resistance training alone caused the reduction. Page numbers were not provided. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredSenescent cells and their SASPs contribute to the pathogenesis of many other age-related diseases.
“There is growing evidence that senescent cells and their SASPs contribute to the pathogenesis of many other age-related diseases as well”
From Single-cell RNA sequencing identifies senescent cerebromicrovascular endothelial cells in the aged mouse brain (2020) · cites this paper as Justice et al. 2018
The opening section describes senescent-cell accumulation as potentially harmful to health and function, and the Discussion reports that adipose p16INK4a+ cells express inflammatory SASP products. But the paper does not establish that senescent cells and their SASPs cause the pathogenesis of many age-related diseases; it says the role of SASP remains uncertain, and its human findings concern an association with physical function in older women. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Oxidative stress and macromolecular damage in aged cells induce cellular senescence, which can cause or exacerbate aging and several age-related pathologies.
“Oxidative stress and macromolecular damage in aged cells induce a complex stress response termed cellular senescence, which has been shown to cause or exacerbate aging and several age-related pathologies”
From Single-cell RNA sequencing identifies senescent cerebromicrovascular endothelial cells in the aged mouse brain (2020) · cites this paper as Justice et al. 2018
The Abstract (page unavailable) says DNA damage and oxidative stress can trigger cellular senescence and that the resulting phenotype has deleterious effects on health and function in animal models of aging. It does not establish that senescence causes or exacerbates aging and several age-related pathologies broadly; it says the clinical consequences in humans have yet to be determined. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredSenescent cell abundance is increased in multiple age-related diseases and disorders in experimental animals and humans.
“Senescent cell abundance is increased in multiple age-related diseases and disorders in experimental animals and humans.30, 31, 32”
From Orally-active, clinically-translatable senolytics restore α-Klotho in mice and humans (2022) · cites this paper as [32]
The paper reports greater senescent-cell accumulation in adipose tissue from obese versus non-obese adults and elevated burden in aging or diet-exposed rodents (Abstract; page unavailable). It also links a senescence marker to poor physical function in older women (Discussion; page unavailable). These passages support increased abundance in some human and animal conditions, but do not establish it across multiple age-related diseases and disorders in both groups. (LLM, conf=0.83)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredBlood biomarkers included cytokines, chemo-attractants, MMPs, TIMPs, adhesion molecules, growth factors, and their binding proteins.
“Blood biomarkers included cytokines and chemo-attractants, matrix metalloproteinases (MMP), tissue inhibitors of MMPs (TIMPs), adhesion molecules, growth factors, and their binding proteins.20,23,29”
From A pilot study of senolytics to improve cognition and mobility in older adults at risk for Alzheimer's disease (2025) · cites this paper as [20]
The Discussion says circulating SASP products and other blood-based biomarkers should be assessed in future work, not that the listed biomarkers were included in this study. Searches for the biomarker categories, including MMPs and TIMPs, found no passage in our copy specifying that panel. (LLM, conf=0.75)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredUsing P16-expressing cells, Justice et al. showed a very strong link between the abundance of senescent-like cells and IMAT, and that this was strongly and inversely associated with functional measures like gait speed and SPPB score.
“Using P16-expressing cells (associated with cellular senescence), Justice et al. (2018) showed a very strong link between the abundance of senescent-like cells and IMAT, and that this was strongly and inversely associated with functional measures like gait speed and Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) score.”
From Myosteatosis in the Context of Skeletal Muscle Function Deficit: An Interdisciplinary Workshop at the National Institute on Aging (2020) · cites this paper as Justice et al., 2018
Frequency of P16-expressing cells in IMAT is strongly and inversely associated with functional measures like gait speed and SPPB score.
“IMAT in older persons can also be a source of senescent cells; as reported previously, the frequency of P16-expressing cells in IMAT was strongly and inversely associated with functional measures like gait speed and SPPB score (Justice et al., 2018).”
From Myosteatosis in the Context of Skeletal Muscle Function Deficit: An Interdisciplinary Workshop at the National Institute on Aging (2020) · cites this paper as Justice et al., 2018
Five months of resistance training in older (~73 yr) overweight/obese women reduced P16-expressing cells in thigh adipose tissue.
“Five months of resistance training in older (~73 yr) overweight/obese women reduced P16-expressing cells in thigh adipose tissue, and P16+ cell content was negatively associated with several parameters of physical function, including grip strength and 400-m walk time (65).”
From Exercise Counters the Age-Related Accumulation of Senescent Cells (2022) · cites this paper as [65]
P16+ cell content in thigh adipose tissue was negatively associated with several parameters of physical function, including grip strength and 400-m walk time, in older overweight/obese women.
“Five months of resistance training in older (~73 yr) overweight/obese women reduced P16-expressing cells in thigh adipose tissue, and P16+ cell content was negatively associated with several parameters of physical function, including grip strength and 400-m walk time (65).”
From Exercise Counters the Age-Related Accumulation of Senescent Cells (2022) · cites this paper as [65]
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- Authors
- Justice, J. N., Gregory, H., Tchkonia, T., LeBrasseur, N. K., Kirkland, J. L., Kritchevsky, S. B., & Nicklas, B. J.
- Affiliations
- Wake Forest University Health Sciences (US)
- Mayo Clinic (US)
- Corresponding author
- Justice, Jamie N
- ORCID
- Venue
- The Journals of Gerontology: Series A
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2017-06-27
- Volume
- 73
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 939-945
- ISSN
- 1079-5006 (ISSN-L)
- 1758-535X
- PMC
- PMC6001887
- OpenAlex
- W2731074566
- Cited by
- 129
- References
- 35
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 21 · 2021: 22 · 2020: 23 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 9
- FWCI
- 8.70
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- The Journals of Gerontology Series A (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Wake Forest Claude D. Pepper Older Americans Independence Center (P30-AG21332)
- National Institutes of Health (R01AG020583 [BJN], T32-AG33534 [SKB, BJN; JNJ trainee], AG52958 [NKL], R37AG13925 [JLK])
- Noaber and Glenn Foundations
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Telomeres, Telomerase, and Senescence
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Nutrition and Health in Aging
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Adipose Tissue and Metabolism
- Keywords
- cellular senescence, p16INK4a, senescence biomarkers, physical function, older women, resistance training, caloric restriction, frailty, grip strength, walking speed, mobility (physical function), obesity, aging
- MeSH terms
- Frailty, Physical Functional Performance, Adipose Tissue, Aged, Aging, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Humans, Obesity, Thigh, Biomarkers, Body Mass Index, Frail Elderly, Cellular Senescence, Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p16, Caloric Restriction, Adiposity, Overweight, Resistance Training
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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