Expression of p16 INK4a in peripheral blood T‐cells is a biomarker of human aging
Open accessAbstract
Summary: Expression of the p16 INK4a tumor suppressor sharply increases with age in most mammalian tissues, and contributes to an age‐induced functional decline of certain self‐renewing compartments. These observations have suggested that p16 INK4a expression could be a biomarker of mammalian aging. To translate this notion to human use, we determined p16 INK4a expression in cellular fractions of human whole blood, and found highest expression in peripheral blood T‐lymphocytes (PBTL). We then measured INK4/ARF transcript expression in PBTL from two independent cohorts of healthy humans (170 donors total), and analyzed their relationship with donor characteristics. Expression of p16 INK4a , but not other INK4/ARF transcripts, appeared to exponentially increase with donor chronologic age. Importantly, p16 INK4a expression did not independently correlate with gender or body‐mass index, but was significantly associated with tobacco use and physical inactivity. In addition, p16 INK4a expression was associated with plasma interleukin‐6 concentration, a marker of human frailty. These data suggest that p16 INK4a expression in PBTL is an easily measured, peripheral blood biomarker of molecular age.
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Elimination of senescent cells alleviates age-related pathologies in BubR1 and Ercc1 mutant mice, but does not restore their lifespan to that of wild-type animals.
“For example, while the elimination of senescent cells alleviates age-related pathologies in BubR1 and Ercc1 mutant mice, it does not restore their lifespan to that of wild-type animals86,102.”
From Guidelines for minimal information on cellular senescence experimentation in vivo (2024) · cites this paper as [102]
The Introduction (page unavailable) reports that inactivating p16 partially rescues several age-related phenotypes in a progeroid mouse strain. It does not say that senescent cells were eliminated, address Ercc1 mutant mice, or compare the mutants’ lifespan with that of wild-type animals. (LLM, conf=0.83)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredATTAC was not induced in peripheral blood T lymphocytes that robustly engage endogenous p16Ink4a with aging without concomitant expression of multiple senescence markers.
“ATTAC was also not induced in peripheral blood T lymphocytes that robustly engage endogenous p16 Ink4a with aging without concomitant expression of multiple senescence markers 2 , 13 (Extended Data Fig. 2h), further implying that transgene induction is quite selective for senescence.”
From Naturally occurring p16Ink4a-positive cells shorten healthy lifespan (2016) · cites this paper as [13]
The section ‘Increased p16 INK4a expression is associated with chronological age’ reports that p16 INK4a expression in peripheral blood T lymphocytes increases with age (page unavailable). It does not address ATTAC induction or establish whether those cells express multiple senescence markers, so it supports only the aging-related p16 portion of the attributed claim. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredCirculating CD3+ T cells expressing p16INK4a was identified as one of the first markers linked to senescent cells that correlates with chronological ageing.
“circulating CD3+ T cells expressing p16INK4a was identified as one the first markers linked to senescent cells that correlates with chronological ageing,44,57”
From A pilot study of senolytics to improve cognition and mobility in older adults at risk for Alzheimer's disease (2025) · cites this paper as [44]
The ‘Expression of p16INK4a in human peripheral blood cells’ section identifies CD3+ T cells as the blood fraction with the highest p16INK4a expression. The ‘Increased p16INK4a expression is associated with chronological age’ section reports a strong correlation with donor age, and the Introduction links p16INK4a to aging-related loss of replicative capacity. The paper does not establish the historical claim that this was one of the first markers linked to senescent cells. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredT cell p16 levels increase with physical inactivity.
“T cell p16 levels have been demonstrated to increase with age20, physical inactivity20 and smoking20”
From Effects of intermittent senolytic therapy on bone metabolism in postmenopausal women: a phase 2 randomized controlled trial (2024) · cites this paper as [20]
T cell p16 levels are associated with plasma IL-6 levels.
“to be associated with plasma interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels (a marker of human frailty)20”
From Effects of intermittent senolytic therapy on bone metabolism in postmenopausal women: a phase 2 randomized controlled trial (2024) · cites this paper as [20]
T cell p16 levels increase with smoking.
“T cell p16 levels have been demonstrated to increase with age20, physical inactivity20 and smoking20”
From Effects of intermittent senolytic therapy on bone metabolism in postmenopausal women: a phase 2 randomized controlled trial (2024) · cites this paper as [20]
T cell p16 levels increase with age.
“T cell p16 levels have been demonstrated to increase with age20”
From Effects of intermittent senolytic therapy on bone metabolism in postmenopausal women: a phase 2 randomized controlled trial (2024) · cites this paper as [20]
Sensitivity of p16INK4a to senolytics has not been tested previously.
“sensitivity of it to senolytics has not been tested previously.”
From A pilot study of senolytics to improve cognition and mobility in older adults at risk for Alzheimer's disease (2025) · cites this paper as [44]
The Discussion addresses p16INK4a as an aging biomarker and mentions caloric restriction, but does not address senolytics. Searches for senolytics and treatment response found no passage saying whether p16INK4a sensitivity to senolytics had previously been tested. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.72)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredTime-dependent accumulation of senescent cells, likely through decreased immunoclearance, occurs in virtually all vertebrates.
“However, time-dependent accumulation of senescent cells, likely through decreased immunoclearance, occurs in virtually all vertebrates (Jeyapalan et al., 2007; Liu et al., 2009) and has been definitively shown to drive aging (Baker et al., 2016), rather than simply occur with aging.”
From DNA damage-how and why we age? (2021) · cites this paper as Liu et al., 2009
Senescent cells accumulate exponentially with ageing in different organs and tissues in model organisms and humans.
“Studies have shown that senescent cells accumulate exponentially with ageing in different organs and tissues, both in model organisms and in humans97–100.”
From Inflammageing: chronic inflammation in ageing, cardiovascular disease, and frailty (2018) · cites this paper as [99]
p16 levels positively associate with age in T cells.
“p16 levels also positively associate with age in this cell type (Liu et al, 2009).”
From The struggle of a good friend getting old: cellular senescence in viral responses and therapy (2021) · cites this paper as Liu et al, 2009
P53 can cause cellular senescence by regulating the cell cycle via inhibition of CDK4 and CDK6.
“P53 can cause cellular senescence [42] by regulating the cell cycle via inhibition of cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) 4 and CDK6 [5, 43] (Fig. 2).”
From Immunosenescence: a key player in cancer development (2020) · cites this paper as [43]
Cellular senescence is associated with expression of p16(INK4a), a protein that inhibits replication and is a biomarker of human aging.
“Cellular senescence, commonly reached by cell replication (eg, critically short telomeres) or excess cell stress (eg, DNA damage) (Blackburn, 2000,Campisi andd'Adda di Fagagna, 2007) is associated with the expression of p16(INK4a), a protein that inhibits cells from replicating (ie, a potent biomarker of human aging) (Liu et al, 2009).”
From Sleep health: Reciprocal regulation of sleep and innate immunity (2017) · cites this paper as Liu et al, 2009
In 170 healthy participants aged 18-80 yr, those with more than 240 min a month of habitual physical activity had lower expression levels of P16 in circulating T cells than those who did not.
“A study of 170 healthy participants aged 18–80 yr found that those with more than 240 min a month of habitual physical activity had lower expression levels of P16 in circulating T cells than those who did not (60).”
From Exercise Counters the Age-Related Accumulation of Senescent Cells (2022) · cites this paper as [60]
Early T-lymphoid progenitors are exquisitely dependent on CDK4/6 activity.
“early T-lymphoid progenitors are exquisitely dependent on CDK4/6 activity”
From Total body irradiation causes long-term mouse BM injury via induction of HSC premature senescence in an Ink4a- and Arf-independent manner (2014) · cites this paper as [42]
Upregulation of p16 and Arf has been implicated in mediating induction of HSC senescence in a variety of pathological conditions and during aging.
“upregulation of p16 and Arf has been implicated in mediating induction of HSC senescence in a variety of pathological conditions and during aging,8,41,42”
From Total body irradiation causes long-term mouse BM injury via induction of HSC premature senescence in an Ink4a- and Arf-independent manner (2014) · cites this paper as [42]
Early T-lymphoid progenitors are very sensitive to p16 upregulation for induction of senescence during aging.
“are very sensitive to p16 upregulation for induction of senescence during aging.42,43”
From Total body irradiation causes long-term mouse BM injury via induction of HSC premature senescence in an Ink4a- and Arf-independent manner (2014) · cites this paper as [42]
Levels of p16 expression in circulating T-cells, which exhibit a strong correlation with chronological age, are inversely associated with self-reported levels of physical activity in humans.
“Levels of p16 expression in circulating T-cells, which exhibit a strong correlation with chronological age, are inversely associated with self-reported levels of physical activity in humans (Liu et al., 2009).”
From Skeletal muscle aging, cellular senescence, and senotherapeutics: current knowledge and future directions (2021) · cites this paper as Liu et al., 2009
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<i>Cdkn2a</i> Is an Atherosclerosis Modifier Locus That Regulates Monocyte/Macrophage Proliferation
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Psychiatric disorders, morbidity, and mortality: tracing mechanistic pathways to accelerated aging
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- Authors
- Liu, Y., Sanoff, H. K., Cho, H., Burd, C. E., Torrice, C., Ibrahim, J. G., Thomas, N. E., & Sharpless, N. E.
- Affiliations
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (US)
- Corresponding author
- Sharpless, Norman E.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Aging Cell
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2009-07-21
- Volume
- 8
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 439-448
- ISSN
- 1474-9718 (ISSN-L)
- 1474-9726
- PMC
- PMC2752333
- OpenAlex
- W2038998835
- Cited by
- 509
- References
- 61
- Citations by year
- 2026: 41 · 2025: 25 · 2024: 63 · 2023: 39 · 2022: 40 · 2021: 45 · 2020: 44 · 2019: 24 · 2018: 32 · 2017: 19 · 2016: 24 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 20 · 2013: 23 · 2012: 17
- FWCI
- 11.71
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Aging Cell (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Carolina Digital Repository (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill) (submittedVersion)
- UNC Libraries
- Funders
- Burroughs Wellcome Fund
- Ellison Medical Foundation
- Wellcome Trust
- National Institutes of Health (5r01ag024379-15, ES014635, AG024379)
- National Institute on Aging (AG024379, R01-AG024379)
- National Cancer Institute (T32CA009156, R01CA112243, CA009156-34)
- National Institute of General Medical Sciences (R01GM070335)
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (P01ES014635, ES014635, T32ES007126)
- National Center for Research Resources (RR023248, K12RR023248)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Telomeres, Telomerase, and Senescence
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Aging › Genetics, Aging, and Longevity in Model Organisms
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology › Aging and Gerontology Research
- Keywords
- p16INK4a, aging biomarkers, peripheral blood T cells, tobacco use, physical inactivity, interleukin-6, frailty, tumor suppressor protein expression
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Aging, Female, Gene Expression Regulation, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Smoking, T-Lymphocytes, Transcription, Genetic, Biomarkers, Exercise, Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p16, ADP-Ribosylation Factors
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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