Associations between body composition and gait-speed decline: results from the health, aging, and body composition study
Open accessAbstract
Background In older adults, every 0.1-m/s slower gait speed is associated with a 12% higher mortality. However, little research has identified risk factors for gait-speed decline.Objective We assessed the association between several measures of body composition and age-related decline in gait speed.Design Data were from 2306 older adults who were participating in the Health, Aging, and Body Composition cohort and were followed for 4 y (50% women; 38% black). Usual walking speed (m/s) over 20 m was measured in years 2 through 6, and the baseline and changes in several measures of body composition were included in mixed-effects models.Results Gait speed declined by 0.06 ± 0.00 m/s over the 4-y period. Baseline thigh intermuscular fat predicted the annual gait-speed decline (±SE) in both men and women (-0.01 ± 0.00 and -0.02 ± 0.00 m/s per 0.57 cm(2), respectively; P < 0.01). In men, but not in women, this relation was independent of total body adiposity. In longitudinal analyses, changes in thigh intermuscular fat and total thigh muscle were the only body-composition measures that predicted gait-speed decline in men and women combined. When modeled together, every 5.75-cm(2) increase in thigh intermuscular fat was associated with a 0.01 ± 0.00-m/s decrease in gait speed, whereas every 16.92-cm(2) decrease in thigh muscle was associated with a 0.01 ± 0.00-m/s decrease in gait speed.Conclusions High and increasing thigh intermuscular fat are important predictors of gait-speed decline, implying that fat infiltration into muscle contributes to a loss of mobility with age. Conversely, a decreasing thigh muscle area is also predictive of a decline in gait speed.
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Greater IMAT in the thigh region is associated with poorer lower-extremity physical function including slower gait speed and chair rise times.
“Greater IMAT in the thigh region is associated with lower knee extensor strength and power (11)(12)(13)(14) and poorer lower-extremity physical function including slower gait speed and chair rise times (15,16).”
From Effects of resistance training with and without caloric restriction on physical function and mobility in overweight and obese older adults: a randomized controlled trial (2015) · cites this paper as [16]
The Results section (‘Relative contributions of fat- and lean-mass measures as predictors of gait-speed decline’; page unavailable) reports that increasing thigh intermuscular fat predicts declining gait speed. The cited paper does not report an association with chair-rise times, so that part of the claim is unsupported. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThigh IMAT is a strong predictor of aging-related declines in gait speed and the onset of mobility disability.
“Thigh IMAT is a strong predictor of aging-related declines in gait speed (16) and the onset of mobility disability (17).”
In longitudinal data from the Health ABC study, only thigh muscle area and intramuscular fat were significant predictors of changes in gait speed.
“Only thigh muscle area and intramuscular fat were significant predictors.”
From Myosteatosis in the Context of Skeletal Muscle Function Deficit: An Interdisciplinary Workshop at the National Institute on Aging (2020) · cites this paper as Beavers et al., 2013
Fat deposition in and around the thigh muscle (especially intermuscular fat) is an important body composition predictor of decline in gait speed, loss of muscle strength and onset of mobility disability among older adults.
“These data may be even more clinically relevant as fat deposition in and around the thigh muscle (especially intermuscular fat) is an important body composition predictor of decline in gait speed, loss of muscle strength and onset of mobility disability among older adults.5, 6, 7”
From Legacy effects of short-term intentional weight loss on total body and thigh composition in overweight and obese older adults (2016) · cites this paper as [7]
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- Authors
- Beavers, K. M., Beavers, D. P., Houston, D. K., Harris, T. B., Hue, T. F., Koster, A., Newman, A. B., Simonsick, E. M., Studenski, S. A., Nicklas, B. J., & Kritchevsky, S. B.
- Affiliations
- Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist (US)
- Corresponding author
- Beavers, Kristen M
- ORCID
- Venue
- The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2013-03
- Volume
- 97
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 552-560
- ISSN
- 0002-9165 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3578402
- OpenAlex
- W2156131785
- Cited by
- 259
- References
- 35
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 20 · 2024: 22 · 2023: 21 · 2022: 24 · 2021: 23 · 2020: 22 · 2019: 19 · 2018: 21 · 2017: 22 · 2016: 22 · 2015: 16 · 2014: 16 · 2013: 2
- FWCI
- 13.00
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- American Journal of Clinical Nutrition (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Publications (Maastricht University) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- Research Publications (Maastricht University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- Wake Forest University (P30 AG21332)
- National Institutes of Health (N01-AG-6-2103, N01‐AG‐6‐2106, N01-AG-6-2101)
- National Institute on Aging (N01‐AG‐6–2101, R01‐NR012459, N01-AG-6-2101, N01-AG-6-2103, and N01-AG-6-2106, R01AG028050, N01AG62106, P30AG-21332, N01-AG-62103, P30AG021332)
- National Institute of Nursing Research (R01NR012459)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Nutrition and Health in Aging
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation › Balance, Gait, and Falls Prevention
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Geriatrics and Gerontology › Frailty in Older Adults
- Keywords
- gait speed decline, body composition, thigh muscle area, older adults, aging, mobility loss, adiposity, sex differences, Health, Aging, and Body Composition Study
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Aging, Body Composition, Female, Gait, Health Status, Humans, Male, Prospective Studies, Risk Factors, Walking, Muscle, Skeletal
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