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Cited by 4,558Frailty in Older AdultsBalance, Gait, and Falls PreventionNutrition and Health in Aging

Gait speed and survival in older adults.

Open access
Studenski, Stephanie·2011·JAMA
DOI 10.1001/jama.2010.1923PMC PMC3080184
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Abstract

CONTEXT: Survival estimates help individualize goals of care for geriatric patients, but life tables fail to account for the great variability in survival. Physical performance measures, such as gait speed, might help account for variability, allowing clinicians to make more individualized estimates. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the relationship between gait speed and survival. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Pooled analysis of 9 cohort studies (collected between 1986 and 2000), using individual data from 34,485 community-dwelling older adults aged 65 years or older with baseline gait speed data, followed up for 6 to 21 years. Participants were a mean (SD) age of 73.5 (5.9) years; 59.6%, women; and 79.8%, white; and had a mean (SD) gait speed of 0.92 (0.27) m/s. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Survival rates and life expectancy. RESULTS: There were 17,528 deaths; the overall 5-year survival rate was 84.8% (confidence interval [CI], 79.6%-88.8%) and 10-year survival rate was 59.7% (95% CI, 46.5%-70.6%). Gait speed was associated with survival in all studies (pooled hazard ratio per 0.1 m/s, 0.88; 95% CI, 0.87-0.90; P < .001). Survival increased across the full range of gait speeds, with significant increments per 0.1 m/s. At age 75, predicted 10-year survival across the range of gait speeds ranged from 19% to 87% in men and from 35% to 91% in women. Predicted survival based on age, sex, and gait speed was as accurate as predicted based on age, sex, use of mobility aids, and self-reported function or as age, sex, chronic conditions, smoking history, blood pressure, body mass index, and hospitalization. CONCLUSION: In this pooled analysis of individual data from 9 selected cohorts, gait speed was associated with survival in older adults.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1001/jama.2010.1923

Cites

73 of 73 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

0 of 52 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged

  • Findingown data

    Stratification by sex-specific median height failed to show systematic differences in survival rates between short and tall participants.

    “Stratification by sex-specific median height failed to show systematic differences in survival rates between short and tall participants, so results presented are not stratified by height.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Findingown data

    In some subsets of slow walkers of Hispanic descent, survival rates were 10% to 20% higher than in other groups.

    “In some subsets of slow walkers of Hispanic descent, survival rates were 10% to 20% higher than in other groups (eTable 2).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Findingown data

    At age 75, predicted 10-year survival across the range of gait speeds ranged from 19% to 87% in men and from 35% to 91% in women.

    “At age 75, predicted 10-year survival across the range of gait speeds ranged from 19% to 87% in men and from 35% to 91% in women.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    Stratification by race/ethnicity suggested generally similar survival rates by gait speed among age and sex groups.

    “Stratification by race/ethnicity (non-Hispanic white, black, Hispanic) suggested generally similar survival rates by gait speed among age and sex groups.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Findingown data

    In a pooled analysis of 9 cohorts of older adults, higher gait speed was associated with better survival; the pooled hazard ratio per 0.1 m/s higher gait speed was 0.88 (95% CI, 0.87-0.90; P<.001).

    “Gait speed was associated with survival in all studies (pooled hazard ratio per 0.1 m/s, 0.88; 95% CI, 0.87–0.90; P<. 001).”
    • Also stated in: § RESULTS · plain
      “The overall HR for survival per each 0.1 m/s faster gait speed was 0.88 (95% CI, 0.87–0.90; P<.001) when pooled across all studies using a random-effects meta-analytic statistical approach”
    • Also stated in: § Conclusion · plain
      “In this pooled analysis of individual data from 9 selected cohorts, gait speed was associated with survival in older adults.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 30
  • May combine two claims. 40

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Study follow-up time ranged from 6.0 to 21.0 years, with a mean of 12.2 years and a median of 13.8 years.

    “Study follow-up time ranged from 6.0 to 21.0 years, with participants followed up for a mean of 12.2 and a median of 13.8 years.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    Of the total participants, 59.6% were women.

    “Of the total, 59.6% were women.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Predicted years of remaining life for each sex and age increased as gait speed increased, with a gait speed of about 0.8 m/s at the median life expectancy at most ages for both sexes.

    “Predicted years of remaining life for each sex and age increased as gait speed increased, with a gait speed of about 0.8 m/s at the median life expectancy at most ages for both sexes (Figure 2; a PDF of enlarged graphs is available at http://www.jama.com).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    There was a wide range of gait speeds, from less than 0.4 m/s (n=1247) to more than 1.4 m/s (n=1491).

    “Similarly, there was a wide range of gait speeds, from less than 0.4 m/s (n=1247) to more than 1.4 m/s (n=1491).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The relationship of gait speed with remaining years of life was consistent across age groups, but the absolute number of expected remaining years of life was larger at younger ages.

    “In this older adult population, the relationship of gait speed with remaining years of life was consistent across age groups, but the absolute number of expected remaining years of life was larger at younger ages.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    For 70-year-old men, life expectancy ranged from 7 to 23 years, and for women, from 10 to 30 years.

    “For 70-year-old men, life expectancy ranged from 7 to 23 years and for women, from 10 to 30 years.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    There were substantial numbers of African American (n=3852) and Hispanic (n=2650) participants.

    “There were substantial numbers of African American (n=3852) and Hispanic (n=2650) participants.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    Mortality rates appeared to be related to length of follow-up.

    “Mortality rates appear to be related to length of follow-up (Table 1).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Predicted survival based on age, sex, and gait speed was as accurate as predicted survival based on age, sex, mobility aids, and self-reported function, or based on age, sex, chronic conditions, smoking history, blood pressure, body mass index, and hospitalization.

    “Predicted survival based on age, sex, and gait speed was as accurate as predicted based on age, sex, use of mobility aids, and self-reported function or as age, sex, chronic conditions, smoking history, blood pressure, body mass index, and hospitalization.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    In women, the probability of 5-year survival remained greater than 0.5 until advanced age; 10-year survival at age 75 ranged from 0.34 to 0.92 and at age 80 from 0.22 to 0.86.

    “In women, the probability of 5-year survival remained greater than 0.5 until advanced age (eFigure 3B), but 10-year survival at age 75 years ranged from 0.34 to 0.92 and at age 80 years from 0.22 to 0.86 (eFigure 4B).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    For functional status, the pooled hazard ratio per 0.1 m/s increase in gait speed was 0.92 (P=.005) for independent participants, 0.92 (P<.001) for those with difficulty in instrumental activities, and 0.94 (P=.02) for those dependent in ADLs.

    “For the 3 levels of functional status (independent, difficulty with instrumental ADLs, and dependent in ADLs), the pooled HR per 0.1-m/s increase in gait speed for those who were independent was 0.92 (P= .005), for those with difficulty in instrumental activities was also 0.92 (P<.001) but was 0.94 (P=.02) among those dependent in ADLs.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The studies had a wide age range, including 1765 persons older than 85 years.

    “The studies had a wide age range, including 1765 persons older than 85 years.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Associations between gait speed and survival were consistent across studies, although Q statistics were often statistically significant given the large sample sizes.

    “There were consistent associations across studies, although given the large sample sizes, Q statistics were often statistically significant (details available in eFigure 1A–M available at http://www.jama.com).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Age-adjusted hazard ratios for death per 0.1 m/s higher gait speed by study ranged from 0.83 to 0.94, and all were significant (P<.001).

    “Age-adjusted HRs by study ranged from 0.83 to 0.94 and all were significant (P<.001; Figure 1).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    In the MrOS study, hazard ratios for low physical activity (0.85; 95% CI, 0.81-0.88) and high physical activity (0.87; 95% CI, 0.84-0.90) were consistent and statistically significant.

    “When dichotomized at a score of 100 into low and high activity, MrOS had consistent and statistically significant HRs for low (HR, 0.85; 95% CI, 0.81–0.88) and high (HR, 0.87; 95% CI, 0.84–0.90) physical”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Median survival in years was 12.6 for men and 16.8 for women aged 65 through 74; 7.9 for men and 10.5 for women aged 75 through 84; and 4.6 for men and 6.4 for women aged 85 or older.

    “In the pooled sample, median survival in years for the age groups 65 through 74 years was 12.6 for men and 16.8 for women; for 75 through 84 years, 7.9 for men and 10.5 for women; and for 85 years or older, 4.6 for men and 6.4 years for women (eTable 3 available at http://www.jama.com).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Gait speed was associated with differences in the probability of survival at all ages in both sexes, but was especially informative after age 75 years.

    “Gait speed was associated with differences in the probability of survival at all ages in both sexes, but was especially informative after age 75 years.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    In the pooled sample, the overall 5-year survival rate was 84.8% (95% CI, 79.6%-88.8%) and the 10-year survival rate was 59.7% (95% CI, 46.5%-70.6%).

    “There were 17 528 deaths; the overall 5-year survival rate was 84.8% (confidence interval [CI], 79.6%–88.8%)and 10-year survival rate was 59.7% (95%CI, 46.5%–70.6%).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Further adjustment for sex, BMI, smoking status, systolic blood pressure, diseases, prior hospitalization, and self-reported health did not change the results; the overall hazard ratio was 0.90 (95% CI, 0.89-0.91; P<.001).

    “Further adjustment for sex, BMI, smoking status, systolic blood pressure, diseases, prior hospitalization, and self-reported health did not change the results (overall HR, 0.90; 95% CI, 0.89–0.91; P<.001).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    In men, the probability of 5-year survival at age 85 ranged from 0.3 to 0.88, and the probability of 10-year survival at age 75 ranged from 0.18 to 0.86.

    “In men, the probability of 5-year survival at age 85 ranged from 0.3 to 0.88 (eFigure 3A) and the probability of 10-year survival at age 75 years ranged from 0.18 to 0.86 (eFigure 4A).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Survival increased across the full range of gait speeds, with significant increments per 0.1 m/s.

    “Survival increased across the full range of gait speeds, with significant increments per 0.1 m/s.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    The 9 participating studies contributed a total of 34,485 participants.

    “The 9 participating studies contributed a total of 34 485 participants (Table 1).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    There were 17,528 total deaths across all studies, with rates varying from 18.40% to 91.87% in individual studies.

    “There were 17 528 total deaths across all studies, with rates varying from 18.40% to 91.87% in individual studies.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    In the Hispanic EPESE, the hazard ratio for low physical activity was significant (0.92; 95% CI, 0.88-0.96), but the hazard ratio for higher physical activity was not (0.99; 95% CI, 0.95-1.04).

    “In the Hispanic EPESE, the HR for low physical activity was significant (0.92; 95% CI, 0.88–0.96) but the HR for higher physical activity was not (0.99; 95% CI, 0.95–1.04).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Pooled hazard ratios for all subgroups except functional status were consistently in the range of 0.81 to 0.92, and all were significant (P<.002).

    “Pooled HRs for all subgroups except functional status were consistently in the range of 0.81 to 0.92 and all were significant (P<.002).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    C statistics for age, sex, and gait speed were greater than those for age, sex, and chronic diseases in 4 of 9 studies, approximately equivalent in 5 studies, and inferior in no studies.

    “C statistics for age, sex, and gait speed were greater than those for age, sex, and chronic diseases in 4 of 9 studies, approximately equivalent in 5 studies and inferior in no studies.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    For 10-year survival, 6 studies had sufficient follow-up time to perform many of the analyses.

    “For 10-year survival, 6 studies had sufficient follow-up time to perform many of the analyses (Table 3).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    In the InCHIANTI study, usual gait speed had a C statistic of 0.727 (95% CI, 0.678-0.776) and fast gait speed had a C statistic of 0.684 (95% CI, 0.630-0.739), suggesting fast walks did not have an advantage in survival prediction over usual-paced walks.

    “We assessed usual vs fast gait speed in the single study with both measures (Invecciare in Chianti18 study: usual, 0.727 [95% CI, 0.678–0.776]; fast, 0.684 [95% CI, 0.630–0.739]), suggesting that fast walks did not have an advantage in survival prediction over usual-paced walks.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    For 4 studies with sufficiently consistent functional status data, gait speed, age, and sex yielded a C statistic of 0.741, not significantly different (P=.78) from age, sex, mobility aids, and functional status (P=.75).

    “For these studies, gait speed, age, and sex yielded a C statistic (0.741) that was not significantly different (P=.78) from age, sex, mobility aids, and functional status (P=.75; Table 3).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Gait speed added predictive ability to age and sex for 10-year survival in 4 of 6 studies and in the pooled analysis.

    “Gait speed added predictive ability to age and sex in 4 of 6 studies and in the pooled analysis.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    In these data, predicted life expectancy at the median for age and sex occurs at about 0.8 m/s, and faster gait speeds predict life expectancy beyond the median.

    “In our data, predicted life expectancy at the median for age and sex occurs at about 0.8 m/s; faster gait speeds predict life expectancy beyond the median.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Gait speed has been recommended as a potentially useful clinical indicator of well-being among older adults.

    “Gait speed has been recommended as a potentially useful clinical indicator of well-being among the older adults.14”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [14]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    Physical activity measures were not sufficiently consistent across studies, so effects could not be pooled.

    “Because physical activity measures were not sufficiently consistent across studies, effects could not be pooled.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

    Interpretationreasoning

    Gait speed could be considered a simple and accessible summary indicator of vitality because it integrates known and unrecognized disturbances in multiple organ systems, many of which affect survival.

    “Gait speed could be considered a simple and accessible summary indicator of vitality because it integrates known and unrecognized disturbances in multiple organ systems, many of which affect survival.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Only a few mortality prediction models assess overall predictive capacity using C statistics; their reported values are in the range found in the present study (published area under the curve range, 0.66-0.82 vs this study, 0.717 and 0.737).

    “Only a few models assess overall predictive capacity using C statistics; the reported values are in the range found in the present study (published area under the curve range, 0.66–0.8261 vs this study, 0.717 and 0.737).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [61]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Gait speed can be assessed by nonprofessional staff using a 4-m walkway and a stopwatch, making it relatively simple to measure compared with many medical assessments.

    “Because gait speed can be assessed by nonprofessional staff using a 4-m walkway and a stopwatch,21 it is relatively simple to measure compared with many medical assessments.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [21]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Several authors have proposed that gait speeds faster than 1.0 m/s suggest healthier aging, while gait speeds slower than 0.6 m/s increase the likelihood of poor health and function.

    “Several authors have proposed that gait speeds faster than 1.0 m/s suggest healthier aging while gait speeds slower than 0.6 m/s increase the likelihood of poor health and function.7,21”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [7]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites [21]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    The participating study cohorts, while large and diverse, do not represent the universe of possible data.

    “The participating study cohorts, while large and diverse, do not represent the universe of possible data.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductnone given

    The study's strengths include a very large sample of individual participant data from multiple diverse populations of community-dwelling elders followed up for many years and use of consistent measures of performance and outcome.

    “The strengths of this study are the very large sample of individual participant data from multiple diverse populations of community-dwelling elders who were followed up for many years and use of consistent measures of performance and outcome.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

    Interpretationreasoning

    Gait speed might help refine survival estimates in clinical practice or research because it is simple and informative.

    “Gait speed might help refine survival estimates in clinical practice or research because it is simple and informative.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Although the gait speed-survival relationship seems continuous across the entire range, cut points may help interpretation.

    “Although the gait speed–survival relationship seems continuous across the entire range, cut points may help interpretation.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Study design and conductnone given

    Participants in these studies had no prior knowledge about the meaning of walking speed.

    “Also, participants in these studies had no prior knowledge about the meaning of walking speed.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    Slowing gait may reflect both damaged systems and a high energy cost of walking.

    “Slowing gait may reflect both damaged systems and a high-energy cost of walking.13,39–54”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 10 sources checked
    • cites [13]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites [39]

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    • cites [40]

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    • cites [41]

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    • cites [42]

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    • cites [43]

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    • cites [44]

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    • cites [45]

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    • cites [46]

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    • cites [47]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Gait speed, age, and sex may give clinicians tools for assessing expected survival and for tailoring goals of care in older adults.

    “Gait speed, age, and sex may offer the clinician tools for assessing expected survival to contribute to tailoring goals of care in older adults.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductown data

    The association of physical activity with survival could not be assessed in pooled analyses because measures of activity were highly variable across studies.

    “We were unable to assess the association of physical activity with survival in pooled analyses because measures of activity were highly variable across studies.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationcitation

    Median years of survival in this study resemble estimates for US adults across the sex and age range assessed.

    “However, median years of survival in this study resemble estimates for US adults across the sex and age range assessed.62”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [62]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductcitation

    Only 1 of the 9 studies was based in clinical practice, and advanced dementia is rare in populations who are competent to consent for research.

    “Only 1 of the 9 studies was based in clinical practice,21 and advanced dementia is rare in populations who are competent to consent for research.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [21]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Prior analyses used single cohorts and presented results as relative rather than absolute risk.

    “Prior analyses used single cohorts and presented results as relative rather than absolute risk, as done herein.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 8 sources checked
    • cites [6]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites [7]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites [9]

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    • cites [10]

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    • cites [11]

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    • cites [12]

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    • cites [55]

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    • cites [56]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Some mortality prediction models use self-reported information, while others also include physiological or performance data, for a total of 4 to more than 10 predictive factors.

    “Some models use self-reported information but others also include physiological or performance data, for a total of 4 to more than 10 predictive factors.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 7 sources checked
    • cites [3]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites [4]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites [5]

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    • cites [57]

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    • cites [58]

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    • cites [59]

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    • cites [60]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductreasoning

    This study has the limitations of observational research: it cannot establish causal relationships and is vulnerable to various forms of healthy volunteer bias.

    “This study has the limitations of observational research; it cannot establish causal relationships and is vulnerable to various forms of healthy volunteer bias.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    The research studies analyzed used trained staff to measure gait speed; staff in clinical settings would need initial training and may produce more variable results.

    “The research studies analyzed herein used trained staff to measure gait speed. Staffin clinical settings would need initial training and may produce more variable results.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S1 (asserted), S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Others propose one cutoff around 0.8 m/s.

    “Others propose one cutoff around 0.8 m/s.13”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [13]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Long-distance walks have become accepted in some medical fields and may contribute information beyond short walks.

    “Long-distance walks have become accepted in some medical fields and may contribute information beyond short walks.66–68”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [66]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites [67]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites [68]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    The results suggest that gait speed appears especially informative in older persons who report either no functional limitations or only difficulty with instrumental ADLs, and may be less helpful for older adults who already report dependence in basic ADLs.

    “The results found herein suggest that gait speed appears to be especially informative in older persons who report either no function all imitations or only difficulty with instrumental ADLs and may be less helpful for older adults who already report dependence in basic ADLs.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Mortality prediction models have been developed.

    “Similarly, mortality prediction models have been developed.3–5,57–60”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 7 sources checked
    • cites [3]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites [4]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites [5]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites [57]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites [58]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites [59]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites [60]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationreasoning

    The longer distance and time required for long-distance walks may limit feasibility in many clinical settings.

    “However, the longer distance and time to perform the test may limit feasibility in many clinical settings.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
56 of 56

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    There are currently no well-established approaches to predicting life expectancy that incorporate health and function.

    “There are currently no well-established approaches to predicting life expectancy that incorporate health and function, although several models have been developed from individual data sources.3–5”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Survival estimates help individualize goals of care for geriatric patients.

    “Survival estimates help individualize goals of care for geriatric patients, but life tables fail to account for the great variability in survival.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Advanced dementia is rare in populations who are competent to consent for research.

    “Only 1 of the 9 studies was based in clinical practice,21 and advanced dementia is rare in populations who are competent to consent for research.”
3 of 3

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • The Edmonton Frail Scale is quick to administer (less than 5 minutes) and is valid, reliable and feasible for routine use by non-geriatricians.

    “The Edmonton Frail Scale is a multi-dimensional assessment instrument that includes the TUGT, and a test for cognitive impairment (108). It is quick to administer (less than 5 minutes) and is valid, reliable and feasible for routine use by non-geriatricians”

    From Frailty in elderly people (2013) · cites this paper as [108]

  • Gait speed was associated with survival in pooled analysis of individual data from 9 cohort studies (pooled HR per 0.1 m/s: 0.88, 95% CI 0.87-0.90, P < 0.001).

    “Moreover, gait speed was associated with survival in pooled analysis of individual data from 9 cohort studies (pooled HR per 0.1 m/s: 0.88, 95% CI: 0.87–0.90, P < 0.001) (78).”

    From Health Consequences of Sarcopenic Obesity: A Narrative Review (2020) · cites this paper as [78]

  • Gait speed is significantly associated with survival at increments of 0.1 m/s.

    “including a significant association with survival at increments of 0.1 m/s.84”

    From Prioritizing Functional Capacity as a Principal End Point for Therapies Oriented to Older Adults With Cardiovascular Disease: A Scientific Statement for Healthcare Professionals From the American Heart Association (2017) · cites this paper as [84]

  • Mitochondria have a key role in the pathogenesis of age-related functional decline, marked by slower walking speed.

    “accumulating evidence from both preclinical studies and recent human clinical trials strongly suggests that Mt have a key role in the pathogenesis of age-related functional decline, marked by slower walking speed.(Hiona and Leeuwenburgh 2008;Studenski, Perera, Patel, Rosano, Faulkner, Inzitari, Brach, Chandler, Cawthon, Connor, Nevitt, Visser, Kritchevsky, Badinelli, Harris, Newman, Cauley, Ferru”

    From Successful aging: Advancing the science of physical independence in older adults (2015) · cites this paper as Studenski et al. 2011

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

  • SPPB estimate falls outside its confidence interval

    Minor

    The reported SPPB C statistic is 0.738, above the upper limit of its reported 95% confidence interval, 0.735.

  • Conflicting 10-year survival ranges at age 75

    Minor

    The abstract gives age-75 survival ranges of 19%-87% for men and 35%-91% for women. The results give 18%-86% and 34%-92%, respectively, for the same predicted outcome.

2 of 2

Cites

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Cited by

Sorted by citations

Related

Authors
Studenski, S.
Affiliations
Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (ES)
Corresponding author
Studenski, Stephanie
ORCID
Studenski, Stephanie
Venue
JAMA
Publisher
American Medical Association (AMA)
Published
2011-01-05
Volume
305
Issue
1
Pages
50
ISSN
  • 0002-9955 (ISSN-L)
  • 0098-7484
DOI
10.1001/jama.2010.1923
PMC
PMC3080184
OpenAlex
W2159296038
Semantic Scholar
25de2f67035336224c9f1e37f58c5b531d34b9ed
Cited by
4,558
References
73
Citations by year
2026: 377 · 2025: 333 · 2024: 267 · 2023: 311 · 2022: 355 · 2021: 399 · 2020: 389 · 2019: 358 · 2018: 272 · 2017: 301 · 2016: 255 · 2015: 273 · 2014: 243 · 2013: 184 · 2012: 166
FWCI
100.86
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • JAMA (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Amsterdam UMC (VU Amsterdam) - Institutional Repository (publishedVersion)
  • VU Research Portal (publishedVersion)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
  • D-Scholarship@Pitt (University of Pittsburgh) (acceptedVersion)
  • Pure Amsterdam UMC (submittedVersion)
  • Radboud Repository (Radboud University) (submittedVersion)
  • Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
Funders
  • National Institutes of Health (UL1TR000005)
  • National Institute on Aging (AG023641, AG 024827, K07AG023641, P30AG024827, P30AG021332)
  • National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Geriatrics and Gerontology › Frailty in Older Adults
  • Health Sciences › Health Professions › Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation › Balance, Gait, and Falls Prevention
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Nutrition and Health in Aging
Keywords
walking speed, survival, older adults, life expectancy, physical performance, mortality prediction, goals of care, community-dwelling older adults
MeSH terms
Aged, Female, Gait, Humans, Life Expectancy, Male, United States, Cohort Studies, Geriatric Assessment, Survival Analysis

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Claims read by deepseek-v4.1-flash under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-09-28.

Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-09-28.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

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