Did I do that? Abnormal predictive processes in schizophrenia when button pressing to deliver a tone
Open accessAbstract
Motor actions are preceded by an efference copy of the motor command, resulting in a corollary discharge of the expected sensation in sensory cortex. These mechanisms allow animals to predict sensations, suppress responses to self-generated sensations, and thereby process sensations efficiently and economically. During talking, patients with schizophrenia show less evidence of pretalking activity and less suppression of the speech sound, consistent with dysfunction of efference copy and corollary discharge, respectively. We asked if patterns seen in talking would generalize to pressing a button to hear a tone, a paradigm translatable to less vocal animals. In 26 patients [23 schizophrenia, 3 schizoaffective (SZ)] and 22 healthy controls (HC), suppression of the N1 component of the auditory event-related potential was estimated by comparing N1 to tones delivered by button presses and N1 to those tones played back. The lateralized readiness potential (LRP) associated with the motor plan preceding presses to deliver tones was estimated by comparing right and left hemispheres' neural activity. The relationship between N1 suppression and LRP amplitude was assessed. LRP preceding button presses to deliver tones was larger in HC than SZ, as was N1 suppression. LRP amplitude and N1 suppression were correlated in both groups, suggesting stronger efference copies are associated with stronger corollary discharges. SZ have reduced N1 suppression, reflecting corollary discharge action, and smaller LRPs preceding button presses to deliver tones, reflecting the efference copy of the motor plan. Effects seen during vocalization largely extend to other motor acts more translatable to lab animals.
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Electrophysiological studies showed less N1 suppression in SCZ compared to healthy controls.
“Electrophysiological studies showed a consistent pattern of reduced P3 in response to predictable stimuli (Fogelson et al., 2014), less N1 suppression (Ford et al., 2014), and higher P50 ratio (Whitton et al., 2021) in SCZ compared to HC.”
From Predictive coding in neuropsychiatric disorders: a systematic transdiagnostic review. (2025) · cites this paper as Ford et al., 2014
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“…studies showed a consistent pattern of reduced P3 in response to predictable stimuli (Fogelson et al., 2014), less N1 suppression (Ford et al., 2014), and higher P50 ratio (Whitton et al., 2021) in SCZ compared to HC. Additionally, they showed diminished MMN responses (i.e.,…”
- Authors
- Ford, J. M., Palzes, V. A., Roach, B. J., & Mathalon, D. H.
- Affiliations
- San Francisco VA Medical Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- Ford, Judith M.
- Venue
- Schizophrenia Bulletin
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2013-07-10
- Volume
- 40
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 804-812
- ISSN
- 0586-7614 (ISSN-L)
- 1745-1701
- PMC
- PMC4059422
- OpenAlex
- W2150991704
- Cited by
- 210
- References
- 54
- Citations by year
- 2026: 14 · 2025: 22 · 2024: 27 · 2023: 30 · 2022: 22 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 20 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 9 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 4.98
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Schizophrenia Bulletin (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (I01CX000497)
- Bristol-Myers Squibb
- National Institutes of Health (5r01mh058262-17)
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH-58262, R01MH-058262)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Free Will and Agency
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Philosophy › Mental Health and Psychiatry
- Keywords
- schizophrenia, efference copy
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Auditory Cortex, Contingent Negative Variation, Evoked Potentials, Auditory, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Motor Activity, Psychotic Disorders, Schizophrenia, Schizophrenic Psychology, Case-Control Studies, Young Adult
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