The Impact of Aerobic Exercise on Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor and Neurocognition in Individuals With Schizophrenia: A Single-Blind, Randomized Clinical Trial
Open accessAbstract
Individuals with schizophrenia display substantial neurocognitive deficits for which available treatments offer only limited benefits. Yet, findings from studies of animals, clinical and nonclinical populations have linked neurocognitive improvements to increases in aerobic fitness (AF) via aerobic exercise training (AE). Such improvements have been attributed to up-regulation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). However, the impact of AE on neurocognition, and the putative role of BDNF, have not been investigated in schizophrenia. Employing a proof-of-concept, single-blind, randomized clinical trial design, 33 individuals with schizophrenia were randomized to receive standard psychiatric treatment (n = 17; "treatment as usual"; TAU) or attend a 12-week AE program (n = 16) utilizing active-play video games (Xbox 360 Kinect) and traditional AE equipment. Participants completed assessments of AF (indexed by VO2 peak ml/kg/min), neurocognition (MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery), and serum-BDNF before and after and 12-week period. Twenty-six participants (79%) completed the study. At follow-up, the AE participants improved their AF by 18.0% vs a -0.5% decline in the TAU group (P = .002) and improved their neurocognition by 15.1% vs -2.0% decline in the TAU group (P = .031). Hierarchical multiple regression analyses indicated that enhancement in AF and increases in BDNF predicted 25.4% and 14.6% of the neurocognitive improvement variance, respectively. The results indicate AE is effective in enhancing neurocognitive functioning in people with schizophrenia and provide preliminary support for the impact of AE-related BDNF up-regulation on neurocognition in this population. Poor AF represents a modifiable risk factor for neurocognitive dysfunction in schizophrenia for which AE training offer a safe, nonstigmatizing, and side-effect-free intervention.
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Few studies have evaluated the effect of lifestyle interventions on cardiorespiratory fitness in patients with schizophrenia, but they reported promising findings.
“For our key secondary outcome, cardiorespiratory fitness, few studies have evaluated the effect of lifestyle interventions in patients with schizophrenia, but they reported promising findings [43][44][45] .”
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- Authors
- Kimhy, D., Vakhrusheva, J., Bartels, M. N., Armstrong, H. F., Ballon, J. S., Khan, S., Chang, R. W., Hansen, M. C., Ayanruoh, L., Lister, A., Castrén, E., Smith, E. E., & Sloan, R. P.
- Affiliations
- New York State Psychiatric Institute (US)
- Columbia University (US)
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine (US)
- Corresponding author
- Kimhy, David
- ORCID
- Venue
- Schizophrenia Bulletin
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2015-03-23
- Volume
- 41
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 859-868
- ISSN
- 0586-7614 (ISSN-L)
- 1745-1701
- PMC
- PMC4466187
- OpenAlex
- W2161120457
- Cited by
- 207
- References
- 72
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 21 · 2018: 19 · 2017: 21 · 2016: 26 · 2015: 18 · 2013: 1
- FWCI
- 22.60
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Schizophrenia Bulletin (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (R21MH096132)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Physical Activity and Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
- Keywords
- aerobic exercise, brain-derived neurotrophic factor
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Cognition Disorders, Exercise Therapy, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Physical Fitness, Schizophrenia, Exercise, Single-Blind Method, Treatment Outcome, Video Games, Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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