The pro‐cognitive mechanisms of physical exercise in people with schizophrenia
Open accessAbstract
Schizophrenia is associated with pervasive cognitive deficits which are unresponsive to antipsychotic medications. Physical exercise has been shown to improve cognitive functioning in people with schizophrenia, although the mechanisms for this are unclear. We conducted a systematic review of all exercise intervention studies which reported changes in brain structure, connectivity or peripheral biomarkers which could underlie cognitive improvements from exercise in schizophrenia. An electronic database search was conducted on 22 September 2016 using keywords relevant to exercise and neurocognition in schizophrenia. The search returned 2342 articles. Sixteen were eligible for inclusion, reporting data from 14 independent trials of 423 patients with schizophrenia. Seven studies used neuroimaging to examine the impact of exercise on brain structure and connectivity in schizophrenia, whereas seven other studies examined peripheral biomarkers to assess the effects of exercise. Imaging studies collectively indicated that exercise can increase brain volume in people with schizophrenia, although the regions which responded to exercise varied across studies. Most biomarker studies assessed the effects of exercise on serum levels of BDNF. Several studies found significant increases from exercise along with positive correlations between BDNF and cognitive enhancements (indicating a mechanistic link), although other studies did not observe this relationship. In conclusion, the cognitive benefits of exercise in schizophrenia may be due to exercise stimulating neurogenesis, perhaps by up‐regulating BDNF, although current evidence is insufficient to draw definitive conclusions. Further exploration of the pro‐cognitive mechanisms of exercise in schizophrenia would inform the development of optimal interventions for reducing cognitive impairments in this population. Linked Articles: This article is part of a themed section on Pharmacology of Cognition: a Panacea for Neuropsychiatric Disease? To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v174.19/issuetoc
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Exercise may have important effects on psychiatric symptoms and neurocognitive functioning across many conditions, potentially acting as a transdiagnostic treatment for mental disorders.
“there is increasing recognition that exercise may have important effects on psychiatric symptoms [32][33][34] and neurocognitive functioning [32], across many conditions, thus potentially acting as a transdiagnostic treatment for mental disorders.”
From Exercise as Medicine for Mental and Substance Use Disorders: A Meta-review of the Benefits for Neuropsychiatric and Cognitive Outcomes (2020) · cites this paper as [32]
The Introduction (page not available) reports cognitive benefits of exercise in schizophrenia and cites benefits in older adults, healthy adults and people with dementia. The paper therefore supports the neurocognitive part of the citation, but its review focuses on schizophrenia and does not establish exercise as a treatment for psychiatric symptoms across many mental disorders. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredNeurocognitive improvements following exercise in schizophrenia may be linked to increased levels of BDNF.
“Nonetheless, neurocognitive improvements following exercise in schizophrenia may again be linked to increased levels of BDNF [32].”
From Exercise as Medicine for Mental and Substance Use Disorders: A Meta-review of the Benefits for Neuropsychiatric and Cognitive Outcomes (2020) · cites this paper as [32]
In individuals with schizophrenia, increases in brain volume and connectivity and elevated serum BDNF are observed after 8 weeks to 6 months of physical activity.
“Further, increases in brain volume and connectivity and elevated levels of serum BDNF are observed following 8 weeks to 6 months of PA in individuals with schizophrenia (70).”
From Physical Activity, Cognition, and Brain Outcomes: A Review of the 2018 Physical Activity Guidelines (2019) · cites this paper as [70]
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- Authors
- Firth, J., Cotter, J., Carney, R., & Yung, A. R.
- Affiliations
- University of Manchester (GB)
- Greater Manchester Mental Health NHS Foundation Trust (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Yung, Alison R
- Venue
- British Journal of Pharmacology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2017-04-20
- Volume
- 174
- Issue
- 19
- Pages
- 3161-3172
- ISSN
- 0007-1188 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-5381
- PMC
- PMC5595765
- OpenAlex
- W2593048872
- Cited by
- 79
- References
- 57
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 3
- FWCI
- 1.33
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- British Journal of Pharmacology (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Deakin Research Online (Deakin University) (submittedVersion)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Minerva Access (University of Melbourne) (submittedVersion)
- Research Explorer (The University of Manchester) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Physical Activity and Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Keywords
- schizophrenia, physical activity, cognitive impairment, neurocognitive function, brain structure, brain connectivity, peripheral biomarkers, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, neurogenesis, exercise intervention
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Cognition, Exercise Therapy, Humans, Schizophrenia
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