The DOI matches its Crossref record; 76 of the 76 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The construction system of the brain
Open accessAbstract
The ability to construct a hypothetical situation in one's imagination prior to it actually occurring may afford greater accuracy in predicting its eventual outcome. The recollection of past experiences is also considered to be a reconstructive process with memories recreated from their component parts. Construction, therefore, plays a critical role in allowing us to plan for the future and remember the past. Conceptually, construction can be broken down into a number of constituent processes although little is known about their neural correlates. Moreover, it has been suggested that some of these processes may be shared by a number of other cognitive functions including spatial navigation and imagination. Recently, novel paradigms have been developed that allow for the isolation and characterization of these underlying processes and their associated neuroanatomy. Here, we selectively review this fast-growing literature and consider some implications for remembering the past and predicting the future.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“The ability of the hippocampus to support goal-directed learning and behaviour has been studied principally in spatial navigation (Buzsáki and Moser, 2013), but evidence suggests that this area also supports other advanced cognitive abilities that require prospection, such as imagination of fictive scenarios (Hassabis and Maguire, 2009).”
From Active Inference, homeostatic regulation and adaptive behavioural control (2015) · cites this paper as Hassabis and Maguire, 2009
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Further, the DMN is likely to support some of the most stable inferences available to embodied–embedded persons, with major nodes allowing for egocentric perspective—i.e., providing a subjective point of view in generating world models with spatial, temporal, and causal coherence—integrated memory, and even the foundations of selfhood (Dennett, 1992; Hassabis and Maguire, 2009; Northoff, 2012;”
From An Integrated World Modeling Theory (IWMT) of Consciousness (2020) · cites this paper as Hassabis and Maguire, 2009
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“These capacities afford the possibility of constructing rich causal world models (Hassabis and Maguire, 2009; Buchsbaum et al., 2012; Pearl and Mackenzie, 2018; MacKay, 2019), and as discussed below, preconditions for coherent conscious experience.”
From An Integrated World Modeling Theory (IWMT) of Consciousness (2020) · cites this paper as Hassabis and Maguire, 2009
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“as suggested by impaired counterfactual modeling with medial temporal lobe damage (Hassabis and Maguire, 2009; MacKay, 2019)”
From An Integrated World Modeling Theory (IWMT) of Consciousness (2020) · cites this paper as Hassabis and Maguire, 2009
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“I hypothesize, as others do (Mesulam, 2002; Hassabis and Maguire, 2009; Buckner, 2012), that the default mode network is necessary for the brain’s internal model.”
From The theory of constructed emotion: an active inference account of interoception and categorization (2016) · cites this paper as Hassabis and Maguire, 2009
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
In the citing paper
“This intimate connection between memory and imagination (Hassabis, Kumaran, and Maguire 2007; Hassabis, Kumaran, Vann et al. 2007; Hassabis and Maguire 2009; Romero and Moscovitch 2012) allows us not only to share our memories with others, but also to invent and share imaginary events with others.”
From How We Transmit Memories to Other Brains: Constructing Shared Neural Representations Via Communication (2017) · cites this paper as Hassabis and Maguire 2009
In the citing paper
“episodic memory retrieval causes activations in PFm and MFa that are specific for remembered events, as opposed to recently constructed (imagined) ones (106).”
From Localization of Dysfunction in Major Depressive Disorder: Prefrontal Cortex and Amygdala (2011) · cites this paper as [106]
In the citing paper
“Higher-level cognitive tasks such as prospective planning appear to share computational sub-problems with path-finding (Hassabis and Maguire, 2009)52.”
From Toward an integration of deep learning and neuroscience (2016) · cites this paper as Hassabis and Maguire, 2009
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
A default mode of brain function
Raichle, M. E., MacLeod, A. M., Snyder, A. Z., Powers, W. J., Gusnard, D. A., & Shulman, G. L. (2001) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.98.2.676 · Cited by 12,190
The Brain's Default Network: Anatomy, Function, and Relevance to Disease
Buckner, R. L., Andrews‐Hanna, J. R., & Schacter, D. L. (2008) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1196/annals.1440.011 · Cited by 9,761
(1978) · UA Campus Repository (The University of Arizona) · Cited by 8,010
LOSS OF RECENT MEMORY AFTER BILATERAL HIPPOCAMPAL LESIONS
Scoville, W. B., & Milner, B. (1957) · Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp.20.1.11 · Cited by 7,322
Episodic memory: from mind to brain
Tulving, E. (2002) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.53.100901.135114 · Cited by 4,950
The construction of autobiographical memories in the self-memory system
Conway, M. A., & Pleydell-Pearce, C. W. (2000) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.107.2.261 · Cited by 4,089
Meeting of minds: the medial frontal cortex and social cognition
Amodio, D. M., & Frith, C. D. (2006) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn1884 · Cited by 3,782
A cortical representation of the local visual environment
Epstein, R. A., & Kanwisher, N. (1998) · Nature · doi:10.1038/33402 · Cited by 3,096
Philosophical conceptions of the self: implications for cognitive science.
Gallagher, S. (2000) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/s1364-6613(99)01417-5 · Cited by 2,881
Wandering minds: the default network and stimulus-independent thought
Mason, M. F., Norton, M. I., Van Horn, J. D., Wegner, D. M., Grafton, S. T., & Macrae, C. N. (2007) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1131295 · Cited by 2,792
Simple memory: a theory for archicortex
Marr, D. (1971) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. B, Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.1971.0078 · Cited by 2,771
Buckner, R. L., & Carroll, D. C. (2007) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2006.11.004 · Cited by 2,691
Squire, L. R., Stark, C. E. L., & Clark, R. E. (2004) · Annual Review of Neuroscience · doi:10.1146/annurev.neuro.27.070203.144130 · Cited by 2,680
The human hippocampus and spatial and episodic memory
Burgess, N., Maguire, E. A., & O'Keefe, J. (2002) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/s0896-6273(02)00830-9 · Cited by 2,401
Self-citationRemembering the past to imagine the future: the prospective brain
Schacter, D. L., Addis, D. R., & Buckner, R. L. (2007) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn2213 · Cited by 2,394
Tau-mediated neurodegeneration in Alzheimer’s disease and related disorders
Ballatore, C., Lee, V. M.-Y., & Trojanowski, J. Q. (2007) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn2194 · Cited by 2,174
Spreng, R. N., Mar, R. A., & Kim, A. S. N. (2009) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn.2008.21029 · Cited by 2,143
Addis, D. R., Wong, A. T., & Schacter, D. L. (2007) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2006.10.016 · Cited by 1,949
Kosslyn, S. M., Ganis, G., & Thompson, W. L. (2001) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/35090055 · Cited by 1,894
The cognitive neuroscience of constructive memory: remembering the past and imagining the future
Schacter, D. L., & Addis, D. R. (2007) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2007.2087 · Cited by 1,836
Toward a theory of episodic memory: The frontal lobes and autonoetic consciousness.
Wheeler, M. A., Stuss, D. T., & Tulving, E. (1997) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.121.3.331 · Cited by 1,751
Parietal lobe contributions to episodic memory retrieval
Wagner, A. D., Shannon, B. J., Kahn, I., & Buckner, R. L. (2005) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2005.07.001 · Cited by 1,571
Memory, amnesia, and the hippocampal system
(1994) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.31-5148 · Cited by 1,533
Aging and autobiographical memory: dissociating episodic from semantic retrieval
Levine, B., Svoboda, E., Hay, J. F., Winocur, G., & Moscovitch, M. (2002) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/0882-7974.17.4.677 · Cited by 1,521
Patients with hippocampal amnesia cannot imagine new experiences
Hassabis, D., Kumaran, D., Vann, S. D., & Maguire, E. A. (2007) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0610561104 · Cited by 1,414
Self-citationUnilateral Neglect of Representational Space
Bisiach, E., & Luzzatti, C. (1978) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/s0010-9452(78)80016-1 · Cited by 1,390
The hippocampus and memory: insights from spatial processing
Bird, C. M., & Burgess, N. (2008) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn2335 · Cited by 1,313
Atance, C. M., & O'Neill, D. K. (2001) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/s1364-6613(00)01804-0 · Cited by 1,300
The functional neuroanatomy of autobiographical memory: a meta-analysis
Svoboda, E., McKinnon, M. C., & Levine, B. (2006) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2006.05.023 · Cited by 1,274
Prospection: experiencing the future
Gilbert, D. T., & Wilson, T. D. (2007) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1144161 · Cited by 1,238
Deconstructing episodic memory with construction
Hassabis, D., & Maguire, E. A. (2007) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2007.05.001 · Cited by 1,229
Self-citation(2006) · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195100273.001.0001 · Cited by 1,186
Mental time travel and the evolution of the human mind.
Suddendorf, T., & Corballis, M. C. (1997) · PubMed · Cited by 1,035
Remembering the past and imagining the future: A neural model of spatial memory and imagery.
Byrne, P., Becker, S., & Burgess, N. (2007) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.114.2.340 · Cited by 1,011
Coherent spontaneous activity identifies a hippocampal-parietal memory network
Vincent, J. L., Snyder, A. Z., Fox, M. D., Shannon, B. J., Andrews, J. R., Raichle, M. E., & Buckner, R. L. (2006) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.00048.2006 · Cited by 959
Kopelman, M., Wilson, B. A., & Baddeley, A. (1989) · Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/01688638908400928 · Cited by 939
Neural correlates of self-reflection
Johnson, S. C. (2002) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awf181 · Cited by 930
London taxi drivers and bus drivers: A structural MRI and neuropsychological analysis
Maguire, E. A., Woollett, K., & Spiers, H. J. (2006) · Hippocampus · doi:10.1002/hipo.20233 · Cited by 918
Self-citationMoscovitch, M., Rosenbaum, R. S., Gilboa, A., Addis, D. R., Westmacott, R., Grady, C., McAndrews, M. P., Levine, B., Black, S., Winocur, G., et al. (2005) · Journal of Anatomy · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2005.00421.x · Cited by 893
Memory's echo: vivid remembering reactivates sensory-specific cortex
Wheeler, M. E., Petersen, S. E., & Buckner, R. L. (2000) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.97.20.11125 · Cited by 865
Episodic Simulation of Future Events: Concepts, Data, and Applications
Schacter, D. L., Addis, D. R., & Buckner, R. L. (2008) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1196/annals.1440.001 · Cited by 840
Spatial memory: how egocentric and allocentric combine
Burgess, N. (2006) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2006.10.005 · Cited by 827
THE COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE OF CONSTRUCTIVE MEMORY
Schacter, D. L., Norman, K. A., & Koutstaal, W. (1998) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.49.1.289 · Cited by 827
Neural substrates of envisioning the future
Szpunar, K. K., Watson, J. M., & McDermott, K. B. (2007) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0610082104 · Cited by 784
Using Imagination to Understand the Neural Basis of Episodic Memory
Hassabis, D., Kumaran, D., & Maguire, E. A. (2007) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.4549-07.2007 · Cited by 744
Self-citationFunctional neuroimaging of autobiographical memory
Cabeza, R., & St Jacques, P. (2007) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2007.02.005 · Cited by 736
Category-Specific Cortical Activity Precedes Retrieval During Memory Search
Polyn, S. M., Natu, V. S., Cohen, J. D., & Norman, K. A. (2005) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1117645 · Cited by 690
Neural mechanisms mediating optimism bias
Sharot, T., Riccardi, A. M., Raio, C. M., & Phelps, E. A. (2007) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature06280 · Cited by 659
Belief and recollection of autobiographical memories
Rubin, D. C., Schrauf, R. W., & Greenberg, D. L. (2003) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/bf03196443 · Cited by 612
Thinking of the future and past: the roles of the frontal pole and the medial temporal lobes
Okuda, J., Fujii, T., Ohtake, H., Tsukiura, T., Tanji, K., Suzuki, K., Kawashima, R., Fukuda, H., Itoh, M., & Yamadori, A. (2003) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/s1053-8119(03)00179-4 · Cited by 607
The retrosplenial contribution to human navigation: a review of lesion and neuroimaging findings
Maguire, E. (2001) · Scandinavian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/1467-9450.00233 · Cited by 584
Self-citationKlein, S. B., Loftus, J., & Kihlstrom, J. F. (2002) · Social Cognition · doi:10.1521/soco.20.5.353.21125 · Cited by 553
Neuroimaging studies of autobiographical event memory
Maguire, E. A. (2001) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2001.0944 · Cited by 513
Self-citationGilboa, A. (2004) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhh082 · Cited by 505
The case of K.C.: contributions of a memory-impaired person to memory theory
Rosenbaum, R. S., Köhler, S., Schacter, D. L., Moscovitch, M., Westmacott, R., Black, S. E., Gao, F., & Tulving, E. (2005) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2004.10.007 · Cited by 433
Routes to remembering: the brains behind superior memory
Maguire, E. A., Valentine, E. R., Wilding, J. M., & Kapur, N. (2002) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn988 · Cited by 370
Self-citationBotzung, A., Denkova, E., & Manning, L. (2007) · Brain and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.bandc.2007.07.011 · Cited by 342
Navigation around London by a taxi driver with bilateral hippocampal lesions
Maguire, E. A., Nannery, R., & Spiers, H. J. (2006) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awl286 · Cited by 335
Self-citationThe neural basis of episodic memory: evidence from functional neuroimaging
Rugg, M. D., Otten, L. J., & Henson, R. N. A. (2002) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2002.1102 · Cited by 326
Gottfried, J. A., Smith, A. P. R., Rugg, M. D., & Dolan, R. J. (2004) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/s0896-6273(04)00270-3 · Cited by 279
Aging affects the engagement of the hippocampus during autobiographical memory retrieval
Maguire, E. A. (2003) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awg157 · Cited by 261
Self-citationCortical midline involvement in autobiographical memory
Summerfield, J. J., Hassabis, D., & Maguire, E. A. (2008) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2008.09.033 · Cited by 228
Self-citationLong-term retrograde amnesia… the crucial role of the hippocampus
Cipolotti, L., Shallice, T., Chan, D., Fox, N. C., Scahill, R. I., Harrison, G., Stevens, J., & Rudge, P. (2001) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/s0028-3932(00)00103-2 · Cited by 221
The Human Hippocampus: Cognitive Maps or Relational Memory?
Kumaran, D., & Maguire, E. A. (2005) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1103-05.2005 · Cited by 218
Self-citationNeural correlates of envisioning emotional events in the near and far future
D’Argembeau, A., Xue, G., Lu, Z., der Linden, M. V., & Bechara, A. (2007) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.11.025 · Cited by 216
MEMORY FOR REMOTE EVENTS IN AMNESIC PATIENTS
Sanders, H. I., & Warrington, E. K. (1971) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/94.4.661 · Cited by 215
Memory search and the neural representation of context
Polyn, S. M., & Kahana, M. J. (2008) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2007.10.010 · Cited by 202
Bayley, P. J., Hopkins, R. O., & Squire, L. R. (2003) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/s0896-6273(03)00156-9 · Cited by 178
Sugiura, M., Shah, N. J., Zilles, K., & Fink, G. R. (2005) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/0898929053124956 · Cited by 167
Theory of Mind Is Independent of Episodic Memory
Rosenbaum, R. S., Stuss, D. T., Levine, B., & Tulving, E. (2007) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1148763 · Cited by 136
Self in time: imagined self-location influences neural activity related to mental time travel
Arzy, S., Molnar-Szakacs, I., & Blanke, O. (2008) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.5712-07.2008 · Cited by 110
Detailed recollection of remote autobiographical memory after damage to the medial temporal lobe
Kirwan, C. B., Bayley, P. J., Galván, V. V., & Squire, L. R. (2008) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0712155105 · Cited by 99
Abraham, A., von Cramon, D. Y., & Schubotz, R. I. (2008) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn.2008.20059 · Cited by 94
Nadel, L., & Bohbot, V. D. (2001) · Hippocampus · doi:10.1002/1098-1063(2001)11:1 · Cited by 92
fMRI correlates of retrieval orientation
HORNBERGER, M., RUGG, M., & HENSON, R. (2006) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2005.12.009 · Cited by 54
Navigational expertise may compromise anterograde associative memory
Woollett, K., & Maguire, E. A. (2009) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2008.12.036 · Cited by 48
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Bartlett F.C. Remembering. 1932 Cambridge UK:Cambridge University Press.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
The brain basis of emotion: a meta-analytic review
Lindquist, K. A., Wager, T. D., Kober, H., Bliss-Moreau, E., & Barrett, L. F. (2012) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x11000446 · Cited by 2,320
Neuroscience-Inspired Artificial Intelligence
Hassabis, D., Kumaran, D., Summerfield, C., & Botvinick, M. (2017) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2017.06.011 · Cited by 1,557
Self-citationThe theory of constructed emotion: an active inference account of interoception and categorization
Barrett, L. F. (2016) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsw154 · Cited by 1,426
“I hypothesize, as others do (Mesulam, 2002; Hassabis and Maguire, 2009; Buckner, 2012), that the default mode network is necessary for the brain’s internal model.”
Mind-wandering as spontaneous thought: a dynamic framework
Christoff, K., Irving, Z. C., Fox, K. C. R., Spreng, R. N., & Andrews-Hanna, J. R. (2016) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn.2016.113 · Cited by 1,376
The future of memory: remembering, imagining, and the brain
Schacter, D. L., Addis, D. R., Hassabis, D., Martin, V. C., Spreng, R. N., & Szpunar, K. K. (2012) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2012.11.001 · Cited by 1,398
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Hassabis, D., & Maguire, E. A.
- Affiliations
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging (GB)
- Venue
- Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
- Publisher
- The Royal Society
- Published
- 2009-05-12
- Volume
- 364
- Issue
- 1521
- Pages
- 1263-1271
- ISSN
- 0962-8436 (ISSN-L)
- 1471-2970
- PMC
- PMC2666702
- OpenAlex
- W2159210250
- Cited by
- 483
- References
- 76
- Citations by year
- 2026: 25 · 2025: 37 · 2024: 36 · 2023: 23 · 2022: 24 · 2021: 25 · 2020: 31 · 2019: 28 · 2018: 22 · 2017: 42 · 2016: 42 · 2015: 30 · 2014: 30 · 2013: 29 · 2012: 25
- FWCI
- 1.43
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Wellcome Trust (084218)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Functions and Memory
- Keywords
- mental constructions, memory reconstruction, imagination, prediction, planning, neural correlates of memory, spatial navigation, cognitive neuroscience of memory, episodic memory
- MeSH terms
- Brain, Concept Formation, Humans, Imagination, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Memory, Models, Neurological
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
