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Cited by 617Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional DevelopmentChild and Animal Learning DevelopmentEarly Childhood Education and Development

Stability and social-behavioral consequences of toddlers’ inhibited temperament and parenting behaviors

Rubin, Kenneth H, Burgess, Kim B, Hastings, Paul D·2002·Child Development
DOI 10.1111/1467-8624.00419
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Abstract

A prospective longitudinal design was employed to ascertain whether different types of behavioral inhibition (i.e., traditional, peer-social) were stable from toddler to preschool age, and whether inhibited temperament and/or parenting style would predict children's subsequent social and behavioral problems. At Time 1, 108 toddlers (54 males, 54 females) and their mothers were observed in the Traditional Inhibition Paradigm and in a toddler-peer session; then at age 4 years, 88 children were observed with unfamiliar peers, and maternal ratings of psychological functioning were obtained. How mothers and their toddlers interacted was also observed. Results revealed meaningful connections between toddler inhibition, maternal intrusive control and derision, and nonsocial behaviors at age 4. Both forms of toddler inhibition predicted socially reticent behavior during free play at 4 years. If mothers demonstrated relatively high frequencies of intrusive control and/or derisive comments, then the association between their toddlers' peer inhibition and 4-year social reticence was significant and positive; whereas if mothers were neither intrusive nor derisive, then toddlers' peer inhibition and 4-year reticence were not significantly associated. Thus, maternal behaviors moderated the relation between toddlers' peer inhibition and preschoolers' social reticence.

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  • BI in toddlerhood predicts social avoidance during free play with unfamiliar peers at age four, and behaviorally inhibited children are quiet and socially avoidant in unfamiliar social situations at age seven.

    “Work has shown that BI in toddlerhood predicts social avoidance during free play with unfamiliar peers at age four (Rubin et al., 2002) and behaviorally inhibited children are quiet and socially avoidant in unfamiliar social situations at age seven (Kagan et al., 1988a, Kagan et al., 1988b).”

    From Gaining insight into adolescent vulnerability for social anxiety from developmental cognitive neuroscience (2014) · cites this paper as Rubin et al., 2002

  • Stronger associations between early BI and later social anxiety problems have been observed in females, children with insecure attachment styles, high parental trait anxiety, domineering parenting style and high maternal intrusive control, and significant exposure to maternal stress.

    “Stronger associations have been observed in females (Essex et al., 2010), children with insecure attachment styles (Muris et al., 2011, Nachmias et al., 1996), high parental trait anxiety (Muris et al., 2011), domineering parenting style and high maternal intrusive control (Rubin et al., 2002, Williams et al., 2009), and significant exposure to maternal stress (Essex et al., 2010).”

    From Gaining insight into adolescent vulnerability for social anxiety from developmental cognitive neuroscience (2014) · cites this paper as Rubin et al., 2002

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Authors
Rubin, K. H., Burgess, K. B., & Hastings, P. D.
Affiliations
  • University of Maryland, College Park (US)
  • Concordia University (CA)
ORCID
Venue
Child Development
Publisher
Oxford University Press (OUP)
Published
2002-03-01
Volume
73
Issue
2
Pages
483-495
ISSN
  • 0009-3920 (ISSN-L)
  • 1467-8624
DOI
10.1111/1467-8624.00419
OpenAlex
W2096180361
Cited by
617
References
45
Citations by year
2026: 5 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 32 · 2020: 26 · 2019: 34 · 2018: 35 · 2017: 35 · 2016: 30 · 2015: 46 · 2014: 36 · 2013: 35 · 2012: 31
FWCI
13.73
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Licence
Locations
  • Child Development (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders
Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Child and Animal Learning Development
  • Social Sciences › Education › Early Childhood Education and Development
Keywords
behavioral inhibition, inhibited temperament, maternal parenting behavior, social behavior problems, toddlers, preschool children, temperament stability, mother-child interaction
MeSH terms
Child Behavior Disorders, Child, Preschool, Female, Humans, Infant, Inhibition, Psychological, Internal-External Control, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Mother-Child Relations, Peer Group, Personality Assessment, Prospective Studies, Risk Factors, Social Adjustment, Social Behavior, Temperament, Parenting

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